The selection of the most appropriate traffic control actions to solve non-recurrent traffic congestion is a complex task which requires significant expert knowledge and experience. In this thesis we develop and investigate the application of an intelligent traffic control decision support system for road traffic management to assist the human operator to identify the most suitable control actions in order to deal with non-recurrent and non-predictable traffic congestion in a real-time situation. Our intelligent system employs a Fuzzy Neural Networks (FNN) Tool that combines the capabilities of fuzzy reasoning in measuring imprecise and dynamic factors and the capabilities of neural networks in terms of learning processes. In this work we present an effective learning approach with regard to the FNN-Tool, which consists of three stages: initializing the membership functions of both input and output variables by determining their centres and widths using self-organizing algorithms; employing an evolutionary Genetic Algorithm (GA) based learning method to identify the fuzzy rules; tune the derived structure and parameters using the back-propagation learning algorithm. We evaluate experimentally the performance and the prediction capability of this three-stage learning approach using well-known benchmark examples. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of the learning approach to identify all relevant fuzzy rules from the training data. A comparative analysis shows that the proposed learning approach has a higher degree of predictive capability than existing models. We also address the scalability issue of our intelligent traffic control decision support system by using a multi-agent based approach. The large network is divided into sub-networks, each of which has its own associated agent. Finally, our intelligent traffic control decision support system is applied to a number of road traffic case studies using the traffic network in Riyadh, in Saudi Arabia. The results obtained are promising and show that our intelligent traffic control decision support system can provide an effective support for real-time traffic control.

投資人在投資決策之過程中，所分析之資料可分為財務性與非財務性資訊兩大類，然而受限於傳統財務資料格式之不一致，可能需花費額外之財力與物力來處理，甚至浪費精力於資料的重新輸入。另一方面，非財務資訊在投資決策過程中日益重要，但其龐大的資訊揭露量卻往往徒增投資人閱讀與搜尋上之不便，甚至降低了可閱讀性。 有鑑於上述兩大投資分析不便之處，本研究運用文字探勘(Text mining)技術，嘗試處理股東會年報中與企業策略相關之非財務性資訊，以協助閱讀者有效率地分析、整理這些半結構化，甚至是非結構化文字資訊。另一方面，本研究利用可延伸企業報導語言(eXtensible Business Reporting Language, XBRL)不受軟體平台限制，可於網路上自由下載流通等特性，作為財務資訊之資料來源，同時建立一種新的分析模式，透過連結機制之設計以連接非財務性與財務性資訊，並運用ROMC系統分析法與雛型系統設計法完成本企業策略分析決策支援系統，希冀能協助投資人能於短時間內瞭解並印證標的公司之產業發展與競爭策略，提升決策品質。 / There are two main data types in investment decision process: financial and non-financial. Because the inconsistent of data type in traditional financial data, investors may have more additional costs to solve this problem. In addition, non-financial data become more and more important in investment decision process, but huge amount of non-financial disclosure may reduce the readability and increase the difficulty of searching. To solve the above problems, we try to use text mining technology to handle the semi-structured or unstructured non-financial data related to business strategies in the annual reports of public companies effectively and efficiently. In addition, we use XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) to be our financial data resources because of its interoperability and re-usability. We also develop a new analytic method to link financial and non-financial data together. Finally, we use two system methodologies: R.O.M.C. and prototyping to design and build our business strategy analysis decision support system in order to help investors understand and prove strategies in companies, and improve the decision quality which they make.

This work focuses on the need for new knowledge to allow hierarchical multi-project management to be conducted in the construction industry, which is characterised by high uncertainty, fragmentation, complex decisions, dynamic changes and long-distance communication. A dynamic integrated project management approach is required at strategic, tactical and operational levels in order to achieve adaptability. The work sees the multi-project planning and control problem in the context of supply chain management at main contractor companies. A portfolio manager must select and prioritise the projects, bid and negotiate with a wide range of clients, while project managers are dealing with subcontractors, suppliers, etc whose relationships and collaborations are critical to the optimisation of schedules in which time, cost and safety (etc) criteria must be achieved. Literature review and case studies were used to investigate existing approaches to hierarchical multi-project management, to identify the relationships and interactions between the parties concerned, and to investigate the possibilities for integration. A system framework was developed using a multi-agent-system architecture and utilising procedures adapted from literature to deal with short, medium and long-term planning. The framework is based on in-depth case study and integrates time-cost trade-off for project optimisation with multi-attribute utility theory to facilitate project scheduling, subcontractor selection and bid negotiation at the single project level. In addition, at the enterprise level, key performance indicator rule models are devised to align enterprise supply chain configuration (strategic decision) with bid selection and bid preparation/negotiation (tactical decision) and project supply chain selection (operational decision). Across the hierarchical framework the required quantitative and qualitative methods are integrated for project scheduling, risk assessment and subcontractor evaluation. Thus, experience sharing and knowledge management facilitate project planning across the scattered construction sites. The mathematical aspects were verified using real data from in-depth case study and a test case. The correctness, usefulness and applicability of the framework for users was assessed by creating a prototype Multi Agent System-Decision Support System (MAS-DSS) which was evaluated empirically with four case studies in national, international, large and small companies. The positive feedback from these cases indicates strong acceptance of the framework by experienced practitioners. It provides an original contribution to the literature on planning and supply chain management by integrating a practical solution for the dynamic and uncertain complex multi-project environment of the construction industry.

The research presented in this thesis is based in the Humanities discipline of Ancient History and begins by attempting to understand the interpretation process involved in reading ancient documents and how this process can be aided by computer systems such as Decision Support Systems (DSS). The thesis balances between the use of IT tools to aid Humanities research and the understanding that Humanities research must involve human beings. It does not attempt to develop a system that can automate the reading of ancient documents. Instead it seeks to demonstrate and develop tools that can support this process in the five areas: remembering complex reasoning, searching huge datasets, international collaboration, publishing editions, and image enhancement. This research contains a large practical element involving the development of a DSS prototype. The prototype is used to illustrate how a DSS, by remembering complex reasoning, can aid the process of interpretation that is reading ancient documents. It is based on the idea that the interpretation process goes through a network of interpretation. The network of interpretation illustrates a recursive process where scholars move between reading levels such as ‘these strokes look like the letter c’ or ‘these five letters must be the word primo’. Furthermore, the thesis demonstrates how technology such as Web Services and XML can be used to make a DSS even more powerful through the development of the APPELLO word search Web Service. Finally, the conclusion includes a suggestion for a future development of a working DSS that incorporates the idea of a layer-based system and focuses strongly on user interaction.

Il ne passe pas une semaine sans que l'on entende les termes « crise », « catastrophe » ou « désastre ». Ces notions font donc maintenant partie de notre quotidien, mais connaît- n vraiment leur signification. Sait-on réagir face à ces situations, et surtout comment peut- n être sûrs de les résoudre de la façon la plus performante possible ? Ces interrogations sont le point de départ de ce travail. En effet, nos recherches ont consisté à mettre en œuvre une méthode pour aider les acteurs d'une crise à mieux contrôler la réponse à apporter pour la résoudre. Lors de la survenu d'une crise, quelle qu'elle soit, le système est déstabilisé, il faut donc réagir vite afin de revenir à une situation stable. Or, actuellement les décideurs ne disposent pas de suffisamment d'éléments (1) pour prendre des décisions sereinement et (2) pour suivre l'impact de leur décision. C'est pour pallier ce manque que nous avons développé une méthode d'évaluation de performance qui permet aux décideurs de suivre et d'évaluer, selon les critères qu'ils ont définis, de façon précise le déroulement de la réponse à la crise. Ainsi les décideurs peuvent réagir, c'est-à-dire prendre une décision a posteriori, lorsqu'ils découvrent un problème dans la réponse et également anticiper, c'est-à-dire, prendre une décision a priori avant même que le problème ait lieu, en se fondant sur des prévisions renseignant sur l'état futur de la crise. Ces travaux ont un intérêt d'un point de vue académique étant donné qu'ils se positionnent sur une problématique en plein essor dans la recherche et d'un point de vue opérationnel car la méthode mise en oeuvre répond à un réel besoin émis par des acteurs de la réponse aux crises. De plus, comme le montre le dernier chapitre, nos travaux sont déjà applicables. Ce sujet est donc utile à tous, puisque chacun peut être victime d'une crise et en particulier aux acteurs de la gestion de crise qui y sont confrontés quotidiennement. / During a crisis, the main goal for decision-makers consists in restoring a stabilized nominal mode. The stakeholders face considerable pressure and drastic constraints in response time and coordination. This study proposes a method to support these stakeholders in making responsive and accurate decisions while carrying out a performance evaluation of the activities run during the crisis response process. This method is composed of four steps: (1) characterization of the crisis response system, (2) selection of system components to evaluate in priority, (3) determination of performance dimensions to consider and (4) creation of indicators. Currently, performance evaluation is only used subsequent to a crisis, due to difficulties in gathering and aggregating information into trustable performance indicators. This paper proposes a method to obtain a relevant and dynamic decision-support system. Decision-makers will use it to resolve the crisis based on performance evaluation, in addition to the essential experience they undergo. A case study of crisis management within the French Red Cross non-governmental organization is developed, through a web-based prototype, in order to explain how performance indicators can both support crisis response management and also improve the collaboration of stakeholders.

Il existe différents systèmes de localisation de navires en mer qui favorisent une aide à la navigation et une sécurisation du trafic maritime. Ces systèmes sont également utilisés en tant qu’outils de surveillance et d’aide à la décision par les centres de surveillance basés à terre. Le Système d’Identification Automatique (AIS) déployé par l’Organisation Maritime Internationale, bien qu’étant le système de localisation de navires le plus utilisé de nos jours, est faiblement sécurisé. Cette vulnérabilité est illustrée par des cas réels et détectés tels que des usurpations d’identité ou des disparitions volontaires de navires qui sont sources de risques pour les navires, les infrastructures offshores et côtières et l’environnement.Nous proposons dans cette thèse une démarche méthodologique d’analyse et d’évaluation des messages AIS fondée sur les dimensions de la qualité de la donnée, dont l’intégrité considérée comme la plus importante de ces dimensions. Du fait de la structure complexe de l’AIS, une liste d'indicateurs a été établie, afin d’évaluer l'intégrité de la donnée, sa conformité avec les spécifications techniques du système et la cohérence des champs des messages entre eux et au sein d’un seul ou plusieurs messages. Notre démarche repose également sur l’usage d’informations additionnelles telles que des données géographiques ou des registres de navires afin d’évaluer la véracité et l’authenticité d’un message AIS et de son expéditeur.Enfin, une évaluation des risques associés est proposée, permettant une meilleurecompréhension de la situation maritime ainsi que l’établissement de liens de causalité entre les vulnérabilités du système et les risques relevant de la sécurité et sûreté de la navigation maritime. / At sea, various systems enable vessels to be aware of their environment and on the coast, those systems, such as radar, provide a picture of the maritime traffic to the coastal states. One of those systems, the Automatic Identification System (AIS) is used for security purposes (anti-collision) and as a tool for on-shore bodies as a control and surveillance and decision-support tool.An assessment of AIS based on data quality dimensions is proposed, in which integrity is highlighted as the most important of data quality dimensions. As the structure of AIS data is complex, a list of integrity items have been established, their purpose being to assess the consistency of the data within the data fields with the technical specifications of the system and the consistency of the data fields within themselves in a message and between the different messages. In addition, the use of additional data (such as fleet registers) provides additional information to assess the truthfulness and the genuineness of an AIS message and its sender.The system is weekly secured and bad quality data have been demonstrated, such as errors in the messages, data falsification or data spoofing, exemplified in concrete cases such as identity theft or vessel voluntary disappearances. In addition to message assessment, a set of threats have been identified, and an assessment of the associated risks is proposed, allowing a better comprehension of the maritime situation and the establishment of links between the vulnerabilities caused by the weaknesses of the system and the maritime risks related to the safety and security of maritime navigation.

O presente trabalho apresenta-se como um marco inovador na área de gestão de recursos hídricos, já que o mesmo consegue inserir aspectos de qualidade da água para os processos de outorga e cobrança pelo uso da água, de forma articulada a todos os instrumentos da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (Lei 9.433 de 1997), possibilitando a efetiva aplicação da Política e da Resolução n° 48, de 21 de março de 2005, que estabelece critérios gerais para a cobrança pelo uso dos recursos hídricos. Traz também para a Política um novo conceito, o de Justiça Hídrica, ou seja, quem capta água com qualidade superior paga mais do que quem capta água com qualidade inferior, assim como, quem mais polui e prejudica os usuários de jusante, mais paga. Neste trabalho, a variável de decisão do sistema é o volume outorgado e o estudo leva em consideração a capacidade de autodepuração, o enquadramento em classes de uso, o regime de vazão do corpo hídrico, a qualidade da água captada e os prejuízos, em termos de qualidade da água, ocasionados pelos usuários-poluidores aos usuários de jusante. A ferramenta de auxílio aqui oferecida é um Sistema de Suporte a Decisão (SSD), denominado RB, que apresenta: um módulo Interface, um módulo Modelos, constituído pelo modelo de outorga e cobrança pelo uso da água RM1 e pelo modelo de qualidade das águas QUAL2E e, por fim, um módulo Dados, que representa os dados de entrada e saída do sistema. O SSD RB foi aplicado à bacia do rio Jundiaí, afluente do rio Tietê, localizado no Estado de São Paulo. Na aplicação do SSD RB, foi realizada uma análise comparativa para a variação de cenários relativa a Classes de Uso do corpo hídrico, vazões de referência e diferentes valores de cobrança que podem ser utilizados. A aplicação do SSD RB reflete a necessidade de uma articulação sistemática entre os instrumentos da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, apoiada na diretriz de gestão integrada de recursos hídricos, ou seja, existe um único corpo de trabalho (a gestão de recursos hídricos) cujos membros (instrumentos de gestão) só ganham sentido quanto articulados entre si com um mesmo objetivo: a garantia de água de boa qualidade com a quantidade necessária à atual e às futuras gerações. / The main objective of this study is to develop a set of tools to help with the implementation of water management mechanisms such as the analysis of authorization of water uses (permits) and water charging. An integrated analysis of both water quality and quantity is needed and the decision process must also take into account watershed plans and the designated uses of the water. In this study, the decision variable is the volume of water authorized in each permit. The tool developed in this study is a Decision Support System named RB, based on the QUAL2E model and an water permit and charging simulation system named RM1. The RB system was tested in the Jundiaí watershed, a tributary of the Tietê river located in the State of São Paulo. In this case study, several scenarios with different classification of water bodies, reference flows and water values were tested. The application of the system shows that water management tools must be applied in an integrated manner, mainly to reflect both aspects of water quality and quantity. Water management tools are to be articulated so that the main objective of supplying water with good quality and in an adequate amount is sustainable in the long run.

A necessidade de investimento em saneamento no Brasil é essencial, pois está vinculada à melhoria da qualidade de vida da sociedade. Os projetos de saneamento exigem altos investimentos e, para garantir a prestação dos serviços, é necessário um sistema complexo de infraestrutura. Os elevados custos envolvidos e a limitação de recursos financeiros fazem com que seja preciso estabelecer prioridades para execução de projetos de saneamento. Com efeito, o objetivo desta pesquisa é propor um modelo multicritério de decisão para apoiar decisões de hierarquia de projetos de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário. A pesquisa abordada tem enfoque qualitativo, sendo também vista como metodológica, pois sua finalidade é envolver métodos e procedimentos adotados como científicos. Assim, traz como escopo apoiar e estruturar o processo de decisão em que são definidos: os elementos (intervenientes, alternativas potenciais, critérios, problemática); tipos de decisão em grupo; escolha dos métodos multicritérios (PROMETHEE II & GAIA e ELECTRE IV); modelagem de preferência; sistemas de apoio à decisão (D-SIGHT e ELECTRE III-IV); avaliação de resultados e análise de sensibilidade. Procura-se garantir que a pesquisa tenha caráter prático, razão por que foi realizada a aplicação numérica do modelo no contexto da bacia dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí, região sudeste do Brasil. / The need of investment in water supply and sewage projects in Brazil is substantial to improve the quality of life. These projects require high investments and, mostly, to ensure the provision of these services it is necessary a complex infrastructure. Due to the high costs associated with the lack of resources, it is relevant to prioritize projects. Thus, the purpose of this research is to propose a multicriteria decision model to support decisions hierarchy of water supply and sewage projects. This work has a qualitative and methodological approach; the goal is to inquire a scientific procedure. The object is to structure the decision-making process defined by its main concepts (actors, potential alternatives, criteria, problems), group decision making; selection of multiple criteria methods (PROMETHEE II & GAIA, ELECTRE IV); preference modeling, decision support systems (D-SIGHT and ELECTRE III-IV), evaluation and sensitivity analysis. This study seeks a practical purpose, so the proposed model, is applied in the basin of Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí. The contribution here to aid similar situations where is necessary to establish priorities of sanitation projects.

[pt] Muitas organizações de produção por projeto (i.e., também conhecidas pela sigla inglesa ETO, engineering-to-order) são sistemas de produção multi-projeto em que o planejamento da capacidade, na fase de negociação de novos pedidos, é de suma importância. A literatura acadêmica, nesta área, apresenta uma lacuna entre teoria e prática em função da falta de estudos sobre a aplicação de ferramentas de apoio à tomada de decisão para resolver problemas de planejamento de capacidade em ambientes reais de produção ETO. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma solução para o planejamento tático da capacidade produtiva, apoiando essa fase de negociação, numa organização multi-projeto fabricante de equipamentos especiais sob encomenda. Este estudo envolve o desenvolvimento de modelos de programação linear inteira mista e sua aplicação para resolver problemas de planejamento da produção na organização estudada. Quanto às contribuições teóricas desta tese, é apresentado um modelo determinístico em que são consideradas questões de modelagem não totalmente exploradas em outros estudos ou que tem de ser adaptadas às especificidades do contexto estudado, como a representação da capacidade extra, de processos com múltiplos estágios e a relação de precedência entre as atividades. Além disso, um modelo de otimização robusta, baseado na abordagem proposta por Bertsimas e Sim (2004), estende esse modelo determinístico, considerando incertezas relativas aos tempos de processamento das atividades. Os modelos foram alimentados com dados do mundo real e executados para fins de validação de sua utilidade para resolver o problema de planejamento em questão. Cenários alternativos também foram gerados para apoiar a tomada de decisão dos gestores dessa empresa na fase de negociação de novos pedidos. Com relação às implicações práticas, para a equipe de planejamento da empresa, a solução proposta aprimora o processo de tomada de decisão no que tange o planejamento tático da capacidade produtiva. A solução, além de resolver algumas deficiências do método de planejamento atual da empresa, fornece informações mais detalhadas sobre o problema, permite a intervenção do gestor na construção dos planos de capacidade e incorpora dados relativos à variabilidade nos tempos de processamento permitindo assim uma postura pró-ativa mediante as incertezas. Resultados empíricos mostram que, com um aumento relativamente pequeno no custo (0.02 porcento), um componente deveria ser preferencialmente produzido na própria empresa (ao invés de ser subcontratado). Além disso, com um aumento de 0.8 porcento no custo (o que inclui a contratação de 21 porcento a mais de mão-de-obra direta), a probabilidade de violação dos planos de produção é reduzida de 90 porcento para 15 porcento, representando um plano mais estável e protegido contra incertezas. Do ponto de vista acadêmico, esta pesquisa acrescenta evidências empíricas para enriquecer a literatura existente, uma vez que não só apresenta um caso real, mas também destaca questões que devem ser consideradas e gerenciadas em um contexto do mundo real para que se possa desenvolver e implementar técnicas adequadas para lidar com o problema de planejamento estudado. / [en] Many engineering-to-order (ETO) organizations are multi-project capacity-driven production systems in which capacity planning is of major importance in the order acceptance phase. The academic literature, in this area, presents a research-practice gap with a lack of studies on the application of decision support tools to address capacity planning problems in real-world ETO settings. Within this context, the goal of this thesis is to develop a tactical capacity planning solution to support the order acceptance phase of a real-world multi-project organization that produces customised equipments on the basis of ETO policy. This research study lays in the development of mixed integer linear programming models and their practical application to solve production planning problems in the studied organization. As for the theoretical contributions of this thesis, first a deterministic model is presented in which modelling issues that are either not entirely explored in other studies or that have to be adapted to the specificities of the studied setting are taken into account. Moreover, a robust optimization model extends the former model by considering uncertainties of the planning problem. The models were fed with real-world data and solved in order to check whether they actually reflect the planning problem. Furthermore, alternative scenarios were also generated to assist the management board in the order acceptance phase. As for practical implications, for the company s manufacturing planning team, the proposed solution enhanced the decision-making process regarding tactical capacity planning, addressing different shortcomings of the company s current planning method. Empirical results suggest that with a slight increase in cost (0.02 percent) a part component should be processed in-house instead of being outsourced and that with a 0.8 percent increas in cost (which includes hiring 21 percent more personnel) the probability of violating the production plans decreases from 90 percent to 15 percent, representing a much more stable (protected against uncertainty) situation. From an academic perspective, this research adds empirical evidence to enrich the existing literature, as it not only presents a real case application, but also highlights issues that must be considered and managed in a real-world context in order to develop and implement appropriate techniques to cope with the aforementioned planning problem.

Os Sistemas Integrados de Gestão, também conhecidos como ERP (Enterprise Re-source Planning), vem tendo ampla utilização nas organizações a partir dos anos 90. Por exigir um investimento de elevado valor financeiro para a sua implantação, os responsáveis pela sua aquisição devem tomar cuidados especiais, uma vez que os seus resultados positivos ou negativos somente surgem após longo período de im-plantação, às vezes após muitos anos. Sendo um problema complexo, repleto de incertezas e riscos, os decisores tomam muito de seu tempo para analisar os diver-sos critérios e funcionalidades das ofertas de sistemas recebidas. A tese objetiva apresentar um procedimento que possibilite às empresas, em particular as de pe-queno e médio porte, um procedimento que as permita analisar quando do interesse da aquisição de um ERP, qual das ofertas disponíveis estará mais adequada às su-as necessidades de negócio, baseado em um método multicritérios de apoio à deci-são. A revisão da literatura analisa os Sistemas de Informação (SI) informatizados e os principais papéis desempenhados por eles: apoio às operações, apoio à vanta-gem competitiva e apoio à decisão. A seleção das ofertas propostas foi efetuada uti-lizando o método de Estudo de Casos múltiplos em empresas que adquiriram esses sistemas,ghy utilizando o ANP (Analytic Network Process) como instrumento de pesquisa. Para se estabelecer uma classificação dos critérios utilizados na análise foi utilizada a Técnica Delphi, a qual foi realizada junto a especialistas em Tecnologia de Informação. O resultado obtido pelo Estudo de Casos mostrou que o procedimen-to proposto é válido e pode ser utilizado por empresas de todos os portes. / The use of Integrated Management Systems, also known as ERP (Enterprise Re-source Planning), are widely accepted by organizations since beginning of the ni-neties. As its implementation means a high financial value investment, the respon-sible team for its acquisition has to take special cares, once their positive or nega-tive results will appear only after long implementation period, often after many years. As it is a complex decision problem, evolving uncertainties and risks, the decision agents spend a lot of time to analyze the several criteria and functional-ities from received offers. This thesis presents a proposal which makes possible the companies, particularly those of small or medium sizes, which allows to analyze during the ERP acquisition phase, the available offers more adapted to their business requirements, based on a multi-criteria support decision method. The literature revision analyzes the computerized Information Systems (IS) and the main roles carried out by them: operations support, competitive advantage support and decision support. In order to define the criteria set used in the multi-criteria analysis, the Delphi Method was used and it was answered by Information Technology experts. These criteria was used to classify the ERP\'s offers using the multiple cases study using ANP (Analytic Network Process) as research tool.. The results obtained by case study in four companies were used to validate several propositions.