O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o processo de mudança institucional no campo organizacional, observando esse fenômeno pela emergência de lógica de mercado no campo acadêmico brasileiro. O estudo propõe uma reflexão sobre a mudança institucional em universidades brasileiras, inserida em novo contexto de políticas governamentais baseadas na ideia de “inovação”. Nas últimas décadas o debate internacional sobre o tema da inovação tem cada vez mais inserido a universidade como um agente que contribui para o desenvolvimento econômico. A partir dos anos 2000, verificou-se o surgimento de novas diretrizes nas políticas de ciência e tecnologia no Brasil. Destacam-se entre essas mudanças a reestruturação das fontes de financiamento à pesquisa por meio da criação dos Fundos Setoriais, que visou promover o desenvolvimento de projetos de inovação de acordo com os setores da economia, a Política Industrial, Tecnológica e de Comércio Exterior (PITCE), a Lei de Inovação e o Plano de Ação de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (PACTI). Embora essas políticas fossem direcionadas para a indústria, constatou-se que novas práticas começaram a se difundir no campo acadêmico. Foi observado o rápido crescimento do número de depósitos de patentes, o envolvimento de pesquisadores em estruturas de interface universidade-empresa e a difusão de empresas fundadas por cientistas. Esse fato indicou a difusão de práticas orientadas por lógica de mercado no campo, mesmo sem um projeto empreendedor. Diferentemente dos argumentos institucionalistas que defendem que a mudança de lógicas no campo ocorre pela atuação de empreendedores institucionais, constatou-se que a inserção de lógica de mercado no campo estava associada à mudança na disponibilidade de recursos. Os cientistas assumiram práticas orientadas por lógicas alternativas na medida em que identificaram recursos para sustentá-las. O modelo de análise proposto neste estudo destaca a importância do conceito de ecologia nos estudos sobre a mudança institucional. A análise utilizou dados secundários, como estatísticas oficiais, documentos e estudos prévios. Também foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas como técnica de coleta e análise de conteúdo categorial como técnica de análise. / The objective of this study was to analyze the process of institutional change in the organizational field, observing this phenomenon by the emergence of market logic in the Brazilian academic field. The study proposes a reflection on institutional change in Brazilian universities, inserted in a new context of government policies based on the idea of "innovation". In the last decades the international debate on the theme of innovation has increasingly inserted the university as an agent that contributes to economic development. From the 2000s onwards, the emergence of new guidelines in science and technology policies in Brazil. Of note among these changes are the restructuring of sources of research funding through the creation of Sectorial Funds, which aimed to promote the development of innovation projects according to the sectors of economy, Industrial, Technological and Foreign Trade Policy (PITCE ), The Innovation Law and the Plan of Action for Science, Technology and Innovation (PACTI). Although these policies were directed towards the industry, it was found that new practices began to spread in the academic field. The rapid growth in the number of patent deposits, the involvement of researchers in university-enterprise interface structures and the diffusion of companies founded by scientists were observed. This fact indicated the diffusion of practices guided by market logic in the field, even without an entrepreneurial project. Unlike the institutionalist arguments that the change of logics in the field occurs by the action of institutional entrepreneurs, it was verified that the insertion of market logic in the field was associated to the change in the availability of resources. Scientists have assumed practices guided by alternative logics insofar as they have identified the resources to sustain them. The analysis model proposed in this study highlights the importance of the concept of ecology in studies on institutional change. The analysis used secondary data such as official statistics, documents and previous studies. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted as a technique for collecting and analyzing categorial content as a technique for analysis.

Introduction Clinical decision-making, situation awareness, task management, and teamwork are key non-technical skills (NTS) required by junior doctors. However, research has demonstrated that new doctors have difficulty demonstrating effective NTS behaviours. Tactical decision games (TDGs) are low-fidelity classroom-based activities designed to develop proficiency in NTS. They have been used in other safety-critical industries to develop NTS but their use in undergraduate medical education has been very limited. This aim of this thesis was to explore the potential role of TDGs as a novel method of developing final year medical students’ NTS. Methods Throughout this thesis a qualitative approach was taken, underpinned by constructivist epistemology. In the first instance the feasibility and acceptability of using generic (non-medical) TDGs with groups of final year medical students was explored. Thereafter, the use of non-medical TDGs and acute care simulation scenarios to develop NTS was investigated. Acute medical TDGs were developed with support and guidance from an expert panel. The potential role of medical TDGs to develop final year medical students’ NTS was then explored. Medical TDGs were then implemented into the core undergraduate curriculum in the clinical assistantship programme. Results In the feasibility study six key themes emerged from the data: ‘‘the value of non-medical games’’; ‘‘giving and receiving feedback’’; ‘‘observing and reflecting’’; ‘‘recognizing and understanding NTS’’; ‘‘dealing with uncertainty and ambiguity’’, and ‘‘introducing TDGs into the curriculum’’. Exploring the use of non-medical TDGs and acute care simulation to develop NTS, five key themes emerged from the data: “situation awareness and fixation”; “expectations influencing behaviour”; “being uncomfortable with uncertainty”; “transmitting and receiving information” and “working with peers and seniors”. Using acute medical TDGs to develop NTS, five key themes emerged from the data: “understanding capabilities and responsibilities of team members”; “prioritising in a busy clinical environment”; “developing a workable solution”; “relating medical TDGs to clinical experience” and “introducing medical TDGs into the undergraduate curriculum”. A team of facilitators were trained and medical TDGs delivered to the full final year cohort in the clinical assistantship programme. Discussion and conclusions This thesis has found that generic and acute medical TDGs represent an exciting potential method of teaching medical students NTS. TDGs appear to be versatile activities that can be adapted to meet the needs of participants in different contexts. As such, the full potential of TDGs in the undergraduate curriculum and beyond remains to be explored.

This study addresses the green bond market, a young and upcoming market that has received increasing attention in recent years. Academic literature in the field is limited, therefore theaim of this study is to identify investors’ main barriers and motives behind green bondinvestments. In order to examine Swedish fund companies’ requirements to invest in greenbonds, questionnaire responses were linked to interviews. The overall result shows the importance of financial incentives in investment decisions. In terms of market barriers, the low return of green bonds was the main reason that investments were restrained. It has been stated that green bonds are issued at a premium due to an additional reporting related administrative cost for the issuers. Another defined limit was the concern for issuers not fulfilling their 'green' obligation. The main motive behind green bond investments was to invest in a sustainable environment followed by the possibility to gain a combined financial and environmental return. In addition to the financial attributes, investors find a utility function in the green bonds that account for the premium price that these investors seem to accept. Furthermore, social norms are shown to influence the investment decision to a lesser extent.

The wood products industry is important to Sweden's prosperity, and is currently facing several challenges by increased global competition. To avoid the gradual decline of the industry’s contribution to the country’s revenues and employment opportunities, the Swedish wood products industry needs to increase the proportion of the raw material that is refined. New and efficient manufacturing technologies are essential to support this development. The implementation of automation in manufacturing needs to be supported by conscious and well-defined strategies. However, currently, there is a lack of knowledge regarding automation decisions in this industry. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to increase knowledge regarding which aspects should be taken into account when automation decisions are considered in the wood products industry. Three research questions are addressed: (1) What is the current state of manufacturing operations in the wood products industry? (2) What are the potential opportunities for automation in the wood products industry? And (3) What challenges can arise from automation in the wood products industry? The results presented in this thesis are based on four research papers. The first paper provides an overview of the current state of manufacturing operations in the wood products industry. The second paper examined the impact of the raw material on manufacturing operations in the wood products industry. The third paper assessed how the levels of automation in manufacturing impact operational performance. The fourth paper examined automation opportunities and challenges to gain a better understanding of the reasoning behind automation decisions in the industry. In general, it is concluded that automation decisions in the wood products industry tend to be based on “gut feeling” and previous experience with automation rather than well-defined decisions and strategies. This is due to inadequate knowledge and familiarity with automation technologies in manufacturing. Furthermore, the findings showed that different aspects of manufacturing interact and impact each other. For this reason, it is essential to take into account other aspects of manufacturing when considering automation decisions. / ProWOOD

O objetivo desta pesquisa é realizar um memorial da construção de uma interpretação das Cartas Celestes I de Almeida Prado, que consiste em um relato das dúvidas interpretativas surgidas durante o processo de preparação da performance e das escolhas de realização, investigando os possíveis fatores que levaram a essas decisões. Como subsídios para a fundamentação das escolhas interpretativas foram utilizadas as informações provenientes de aulas de instrumento e de gravações de outros volumes de Cartas Celestes, bem como de outras obras semelhantes de alguma forma às Cartas Celestes I. Concluiu-se que, em determinadas passagens, a notação representa de forma aproximada o efeito que se quer. Nessa interpretação da peça, assumo, portanto, a responsabilidade de buscar escolhas possíveis. / The aim of this work is to report an interpretation process of Cartas Celestes I, explaining the interpretative doubts and realization choices, searching for the factors that led to these decisions. The sources for the interpretative choices were the information from the piano lessons and from the recordings of others volumes of Cartas Celestes. Somewhat similar works have also been used. It is possible to point out that, in certain passages, specially in the matter of rhythm, the notation is aproximate and not the exact way it is notated considering how it may sound. Thus, the performer takes the responsibility to search for possible solutions.

166 p. / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-01-10T20:16:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 77777.pdf: 1840285 bytes, checksum: 071a7a82cc7a0eb4a84d3a6b39d351f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-10T20:16:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 77777.pdf: 1840285 bytes, checksum: 071a7a82cc7a0eb4a84d3a6b39d351f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / O objetivo desta dissertação é compreender o processo decisório a partir da articulação entre a experiência decisória e o esquema cognitivo de executivos de uma empresa do setor elétrico. Dentre os objetivos específicos constam: verificar os princípios comuns percebidos pelos executivos estudados no processo decisório, com base no modelo de racionalidade limitada de Simon; identificar o estilo decisório predominante dos decisores de uma distribuidora de energia elétrica; identificar dados relacionados com a trajetória profissiona l dos executivos pesquisados; mapear a estruturação do conhecimento dos decisores pesquisados acerca do processo de tomada de decisão; caracterizar a articulação entre a experiência decisória e o esquema cognitivo dos executivos estudados; e descrever o processo decisório de distribuidoras de energia elétrica. A partir da revisão da literatura dos construto Processo Decisório, Experiência Decisória e Esquema Cognitivo foi estabelecida uma relação com o empírico na ida a campo para envolver os decisores do setor elétrico. A pesquisa trata-se de um estudo de caso que fez uso da complementaridade de diferentes fontes de evidência: a documentação, o registro em arquivos, a observação direta, as entrevistas e os questionários. A amostra foi intencional e selecionada por conveniência. As entrevistas foram semi-estruturadas e os questionários continham diversas possibilidades de avaliação das informações obtidas: análise do discurso, associação de palavras, composição de frases e uso de escala sócio-decisional, que permitiram observações diferentes da percepção dos indivíduos sobre o processo decisório. Dos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que os executivos da organização estudada concentram-se frequentemente nas fases de concepção, escolha e, em menor intensidade, inteligência e feedback no processo decisório. Quanto ao estilo decisório predominante em cada respondente: o decisor 1 é um líder flexível; o decisor 2 é um gestor sistêmico e o decisor 3 possui estilo integrativo. Os decisores 1 e 2 são considerados experie ntes e o decisor 3, menos experiente. Concluiu -se, com base nas entrevistas, que o grau de compartilhamento dos esquemas cognitivos é alto quanto às percepções dos executivos sobre o processo decisório no setor elétrico. Na breve descrição do setor elétric o foi ressaltada a relevância dos estudos de mercado e apresentados os principais fatores influenciadores da decisão dos executivos pesquisados. Conclui-se que em ambientes complexos, o decisor simplifica a realidade a fim de hierarquizar os critérios que subsidiam sua escolha. A intuição é admitida e também evitada pelos executivos pesquisados, possivelmente, por ser oriunda de um processo cognitivo instantâneo. No entanto, a tomada de decisão pode ser fortalecida pelo aumento da experiência decisória e pela maturação dos esquemas cognitivos dos decisores. / Salvador

As decisões racionais ou intuitivas delimitam a vida das pessoas, gerando boas ou más consequências. São as decisões que geram oportunidades, desafios e incertezas. Até pouco tempo, a teoria gerencial era embasada nas premissas, de que, por critérios de racionalidade poderíamos dominar a vida e o destino das empresas. No entanto, em virtude de limitações envolvidas no processo decisório, como falta de tempo, excesso de informações, mudanças constantes e instabilidade tanto econômica quanto política, fizeram com que métodos suportados pela racionalidade, busquem apoio em conhecimentos gerados pela experiência acumulada pelo indivíduo. Esta dissertação visa abordar a tomada de decisão dos empreendedores, juntando aspectos da administração e da psicologia. Primeiramente uma abordagem da evolução do pensamento sobre a tomada de decisão é repassada, com conceitos que dão conta da racionalidade limitada e também de que o nível de incerteza e a complexidade inerente às decisões aumentaram. Após evidências teóricas mostrando como a intuição influencia a tomada de decisão, esperasse demonstrar como os empreendedores entrevistados utilizam a intuição para a tomada de decisões. Através de estudo de caso com oito empreendedores, foi possível apresentar aspectos que influenciam o comportamento dos empreendedores no exercício do processo decisório, demonstrando que suas decisões nem sempre seguem um processo racional descrito na literatura, mas respaldam-se muitas vezes em formas intuitivas e criativas que dependem muito mais de sua experiência e de sua percepção sobre oportunidades ou ameaças que propriamente uma planilha estatística. Como resultado, verificou-se que a intuição tem papel importante na formação da solução percebida pelos empreendedores, e como outros autores já colocaram, há uma grande dificuldade em colocar todos os elementos que compõem a tomada de decisão nos processos decisórios, fazendo com que o empreendedor recorra em muitas decisões, a fontes mais informais, como é o caso da intuição, que respondendo ao objetivo principal desta dissertação, constatou-se que possivelmente a experiência e a intuição sejam os elementos que mais auxiliam a tomada de decisão, principalmente na primeira e na terceira geração, conforme será demonstrado nesta dissertação. / Intuitive and rational decisions put a limit on people’s lives, resulting in good and bad consequences. The decisions generate opportunities, challenges and uncertainties. Until recently, management theory was grounded in assumptions that, by rational criteria we could dominate life and companies’ fate. However, due to limitations involved in the decision-making process, such as lack of time, information overload, constant changes and instability both economic and political made methods supported by rationality, seek support in knowledge generated by the accumulated individual experience. This work seeks to address the entrepreneurs’ decision-making, combining aspects of management and psychology. First of all an approach to thought evolving on the decision-making is checked on through concepts that take into account bounded rationality and also that the level of uncertainty and the inherent complexity of decisions increased. After theoretical evidences showing how the intuition influences the decision making-process, it is expected to demonstrate how interviewed entrepreneurs use intuition to make decisions. Through a case study with eight entrepreneurs, it was possible to present aspects that influence entrepreneurs’ behavior in the exercise of decision-making by demonstrating that their decisions do not always follow a rational process described in the literature, but often they are supported in intuitive and creative ways, which rely more heavily on their experience and their perception of opportunities or threats, than in a exactly statistical spreadsheet. As a result, it was found that intuition plays an important role in forming the solution perceived by entrepreneurs, and as others have already put, there is great difficulty in putting all the elements that make up the decision-making into decision-making processes, making the entrepreneur refers, in many decisions, the more informal sources, such as the intuition case, that responding to the main objective of this abstract , it was found that perhaps the experience and intuition are the factors that most help the decision making, especially in the first and in the third generations, as will be shown in this work.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o processo de mudança institucional no campo organizacional, observando esse fenômeno pela emergência de lógica de mercado no campo acadêmico brasileiro. O estudo propõe uma reflexão sobre a mudança institucional em universidades brasileiras, inserida em novo contexto de políticas governamentais baseadas na ideia de “inovação”. Nas últimas décadas o debate internacional sobre o tema da inovação tem cada vez mais inserido a universidade como um agente que contribui para o desenvolvimento econômico. A partir dos anos 2000, verificou-se o surgimento de novas diretrizes nas políticas de ciência e tecnologia no Brasil. Destacam-se entre essas mudanças a reestruturação das fontes de financiamento à pesquisa por meio da criação dos Fundos Setoriais, que visou promover o desenvolvimento de projetos de inovação de acordo com os setores da economia, a Política Industrial, Tecnológica e de Comércio Exterior (PITCE), a Lei de Inovação e o Plano de Ação de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (PACTI). Embora essas políticas fossem direcionadas para a indústria, constatou-se que novas práticas começaram a se difundir no campo acadêmico. Foi observado o rápido crescimento do número de depósitos de patentes, o envolvimento de pesquisadores em estruturas de interface universidade-empresa e a difusão de empresas fundadas por cientistas. Esse fato indicou a difusão de práticas orientadas por lógica de mercado no campo, mesmo sem um projeto empreendedor. Diferentemente dos argumentos institucionalistas que defendem que a mudança de lógicas no campo ocorre pela atuação de empreendedores institucionais, constatou-se que a inserção de lógica de mercado no campo estava associada à mudança na disponibilidade de recursos. Os cientistas assumiram práticas orientadas por lógicas alternativas na medida em que identificaram recursos para sustentá-las. O modelo de análise proposto neste estudo destaca a importância do conceito de ecologia nos estudos sobre a mudança institucional. A análise utilizou dados secundários, como estatísticas oficiais, documentos e estudos prévios. Também foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas como técnica de coleta e análise de conteúdo categorial como técnica de análise. / The objective of this study was to analyze the process of institutional change in the organizational field, observing this phenomenon by the emergence of market logic in the Brazilian academic field. The study proposes a reflection on institutional change in Brazilian universities, inserted in a new context of government policies based on the idea of "innovation". In the last decades the international debate on the theme of innovation has increasingly inserted the university as an agent that contributes to economic development. From the 2000s onwards, the emergence of new guidelines in science and technology policies in Brazil. Of note among these changes are the restructuring of sources of research funding through the creation of Sectorial Funds, which aimed to promote the development of innovation projects according to the sectors of economy, Industrial, Technological and Foreign Trade Policy (PITCE ), The Innovation Law and the Plan of Action for Science, Technology and Innovation (PACTI). Although these policies were directed towards the industry, it was found that new practices began to spread in the academic field. The rapid growth in the number of patent deposits, the involvement of researchers in university-enterprise interface structures and the diffusion of companies founded by scientists were observed. This fact indicated the diffusion of practices guided by market logic in the field, even without an entrepreneurial project. Unlike the institutionalist arguments that the change of logics in the field occurs by the action of institutional entrepreneurs, it was verified that the insertion of market logic in the field was associated to the change in the availability of resources. Scientists have assumed practices guided by alternative logics insofar as they have identified the resources to sustain them. The analysis model proposed in this study highlights the importance of the concept of ecology in studies on institutional change. The analysis used secondary data such as official statistics, documents and previous studies. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted as a technique for collecting and analyzing categorial content as a technique for analysis.

The joint-stock company Pila Pasák, a.s., which is one of the leading woodworking companies in South Bohemia, was selected for the thesis. The first step was to understand the nature of investment decisions in the context of a literature review. Subsequently, on all the theoretical knowledge was created appropriate methodology for the practical part of the thesis. In first step in the practical part is introduced the company together with the investment project. Subsequently, was created financial analysis evaluation of the initial financial and economic condition of the company for the period of 2006 - 2012. Using internal data then determined budget costs and revenue of the investment project in 2014 - 2022. At these initial data were expressed as the future cash flows of the investment project, which was discounted by average cost of capital. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the investment project was done by using revenue methods. Evaluation of the future impact on the effectiveness of the company was planned complete financial statements for 2014 - 2019. The final evaluation decided about acceptance the investment project and it showed positive impact on the business. It was evaluated by using financial analysis and by economic value added.

In the context of the globalization of human capital, this thesis examines the role of CEOs with international experience, known as returnee CEOs. The first essay argues that that CEOs’ international expertise is acquired at the opportunity cost of local social capital, such as political and business ties, which is more critical than expertise in transition economies with weak legal institutions. Based on the sample of 2847 CEOs appointments in China, I find that returnee CEOs are associated with inferior performance, lower market reactions to appointment announcements and an adverse regulatory environment. The negative relation disappears when social capital is acquired, regional legal institutions are strong or returnees’ international expertise is in demand. Exploiting an exogenous increase in the supply of returnee talent as a result of new provincial policies, I find the results consistent. The second essay examines the returnee CEOs in newly public entrepreneurial firms that are in transition period. I propose that returnee CEOs possess the tacit knowledge of foreign advanced legal institutions, which can help entrepreneurial firms overcome the formalization challenges they face in getting listed. The results based on 355 newly public Chinese entrepreneurial firms indicate that returnee CEOs, especially those who have returned from countries with advanced legal institutions are associated with superior post-IPO performance. In addition, foreign venture capitals (VCs) are found to strengthen the positive impact of returnee CEOs, especially when both VCs and CEOs are from countries with advanced institutions. In the third essay, I examine returnee CEOs’ managerial decision of listing location. Based on the sample of IPOs of Chinese entrepreneurial firms, I find that returnee CEOs are more likely to undertake foreign IPOs, especially for entrepreneurial firms operating in high-tech industries, until the credibility crisis of US-listed Chinese firms was triggered by Muddy Water Research in 2011. Overall, this thesis provides original evidence on the impact of international experience of CEOs and makes important implication on the benefits realization of brain gains in countries with weak legal institutions.