This research investigates the location choices of gaming industry in Malmö, focusing on factors influencing both small and large firms. Through eight semi-structured interviews and analysis of media archive documents, the research explored the twofold nature of location decisions: the choice of Malmö as a city and the selection of specific locations within Malmö. This study shows that gaming firms consider a combination of hard and soft location factors when choosing to locate in Malmö. Key hard factors include the presence of a strong gaming community, access to high-skilled talent, proximity to other gaming companies, proximity to Copenhagen airport, and public investments from the city and region. The primary soft factor identified is the cultural aspects of the city. Personal connections the founders of the firms had with Malmö played a significant role in the location decisions of small firms. Furthermore, the study highlights differences in location preferences between small and large gaming firms when choosing a specific location within Malmö. Small firms prioritized hard location factors such as affordable office space over soft location factors while big firms prioritized soft location factors such as quality of the building and the size of office space to accommodate the employees over hard location factors. This study contributes to the understanding of location choices in the gaming industry and underscores the importance of tailoring urban development strategies to accommodate the diverse needs of gaming firms. By recognizing the distinct preferences of small and large firms, policymakers can implement targeted interventions to foster a conducive environment for gaming industry growth in Malmö and beyond. Future research should explore comparative analyses across cities to gain broader insights into industry dynamics and inform tailored strategies for urban development in gaming cities.

This study will remain with the role of the Supreme Court, and then only with its role in the character of interpretation as far as the necessitation of a new type of police power is concerned.

In a multitude of nations, the provision of education is predominantly facilitated through public schooling systems. These systems are structured in accordance with school districts, which are geographical territories where educational institutions share identical administrative frameworks and frequently coincide with the confines of a city or county. To enhance the operational efficiency of these schooling systems, the demarcations of public schools undergo periodic modifications. This procedure, also known as school redistricting, invariably engenders a myriad of tensions within the associated communities. This dissertation addresses the potential and necessity to integrate geographically-enabled crowd-sourced input into the redistricting process, and concurrently presents and evaluates a feasible solution. The pivotal contributions of this dissertation encompass: i) the delineation of the interdisciplinary sub-field at the nexus of HCI, CSCW, and education policy, ii) the identification of requirements from participants proficient in traditional, face-to-face deliberations, representing a diverse array of stakeholder groups, iii) the conception of a self-serve interactive boundary optimization system, and iv) a comprehensive user study conducted during a live public school rezoning deliberation utilizing the newly proposed hybrid approach. The live study specifically elucidates the efficacy of key design choices and the representation and rationalization of intricate user constraints in civic deliberations and educational policy architecture. My research looks into four primary areas of exploration: (i) the application of computer science usability-design principles to augment and expedite the visual deconstruction of intricate multi-domain data, thereby enhancing comprehension for novice users, (ii) the identification of salient elements of experiential learning within the milieu of visual scaffolding, (iii) the development of a preliminary platform designed to expand the capacity for crowd-sourcing novice users in the act of reconciling geo-spatial constraints, and finally, (iv) the utilization of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and data-driven analysis to discern, consolidate, and inaugurate novel communication channels that foster the restoration of trust within communities. To do so, I analyzed the previous work that was done in the domain, proposed a new direction, and created a web-application, called Redistrict. This an on-line platform allows the user to generate and explore "what if" scenarios, express opinions, and participate asynchronously in proximity-based public school boundary deliberations. I first evaluated the perceived value added by Redistrict through a user study with 12 participants experienced in traditional in-person deliberations, representing multiple stakeholder groups. Subsequently, I expanded the testing to an online rezoning. As a result of all interactions and the use of the web application, the participants reported a better understanding of geographically enabled projections, proposals from public officials, and increased consideration of how difficult it is to balance multidisciplinary constraints. Here, I present the design possibilities used and the effective online aid for the issue of public school rezoning deliberations and redistricting. This data-driven approach aids the school board and decision makers by offering automated strategies, a straightforward, visual, and intuitive method to comprehend intricate geographical limitations. The users demonstrated the ability to navigate the interface without iii any previous training or explanation. In this work, I propose the following three new concepts: (i) A new interdisciplinary subfield for Human Computing Interaction -Computer Supported Cooperative Work that combines Computer Science, Geography, and Education Policy. We explain and demonstrate how single domain approach failed in supporting this field and how complex geo-spatial problems require intensive technology to simultaneously balance all education policy constraints. This sits only at the intersection of a multi-domain approach. (ii) A sophisticated deconstruction of intricate data sets is presented through this methodology. It enables users to assimilate, comprehend, and formulate decisions predicated on the information delineated on a geospatial representation, leveraging preexisting knowledge of geographical proximity, and engaging in scenario analysis. Each iterative attempt facilitates incremental understanding, epitomizing the concept of information scaffolding. The efficacy of this process is demonstrated by its ability to foster independent thought and comprehension, obviating the need for explicit instructions. This technique is henceforth referred to as 'visual scaffolding'. (iii) In our most recent investigation, we engage in an introspective analysis of the observed input in civic decision making. We present the proposition of integrating digital civic engagement with user geolocation data. We advocate for the balance of this input, as certain geographical areas may be disproportionately represented in civic deliberations. The introduction of a weighting mechanism could facilitate a deeper understanding of the foundational premises on which civic decisions are based. We coin the term 'digital geo-civics' to characterize this pioneering approach. / Doctor of Philosophy / Public deliberations are often the main ingredient in community decisions. However, traditional, time-constrained, in-person debates can become highly polarized, eroding trust in authorities, and leaving the community divided. This is the case in redistricting deliberations for the zoning of public schools. This dissertation provides ways to increase the cohesiveness of a community through technology support that can help to clarify complex data and multidisciplinary constraints.

No / Aims and objectives; We report findings from a qualitative study to identify patient views of community hospital care. We consider how far these were in accord with the hospital staffs' views. This constituted part of a wider randomized controlled trial (RCT). The methodological challenges in seeking to identify patient satisfaction and in linking qualitative findings with trial results are explored. Design A sample of 13 patients randomized to the community hospital arm of the RCT joined the qualitative study. Official documentation from the hospital were accessed and six staff interviewed to identify assumptions underlying practice. Results Analysis of interviews identified a complex picture concerning expectations These could be classified as ideal, realistic, normative and unformed. The hospital philosophy and staff views about service delivery were closely in harmony, they delivered rehabilitation in a home-based atmosphere. The formal, or 'hard', process of rehabilitation was not well understood by patients. They were primarily concerned with 'soft' or process issues ¿ where and how care was delivered. Conclusions We identify a model of community hospital care that incorporates technical aspects of rehabilitation within a human approach that is welcomed by patients. If patients are to be able to participate in making informed decisions about care, the rationale for the activities of staff need to be more clearly explained. Recommendations are made about the appropriate scope of qualitative findings in the context of trials and about techniques to access patient views in areas where they have difficulty in expressing critical impressions.

No / A follow up study to investigate whether UK optometrists partially prescribe significant changes in refractive correction to assist patient adaption and whether various aspects of practitioner profiles are linked to the nature of these prescribing decisions. Method:¿ A case scenario type questionnaire was distributed by post and via the internet to UK optometrists. Five case scenarios were described that included information on patient age, symptoms, habitual refractive correction (if any), subjective refraction and any other relevant clinical information. In each case respondents were asked to indicate and justify what refractive correction they would prescribe. Results:¿ A total of 592 questionnaires were completed. Between 41% and 84% prescribed the subjective refraction result depending on the scenario. The likelihood of partial prescribing increased by 34% for every 10 years following qualification and thus after a typical 40 year career, respondents were now over three times more likely to partially prescribe. There were no other links with the propensity to partially prescribe. Conclusion:¿ The subjective refraction result exerted a strong hold on the reported prescribing outcome, particularly for newly qualified optometrists. Partial prescribing was increasingly proposed the greater the number of years the respondent had been qualified. This suggests that with increasing exposure to patients who return dissatisfied with their spectacles, a greater appreciation of partial prescribing is gained. This link seems to be an important finding that provides significant support for the prescribing rules suggested by textbooks, which are not yet supported by research evidence.

The Swedish government is legally obliged to conduct climate policy work that will protect nature and humanity from the harmful effects of climate change. Obligations related to the environment arise under Swedish domestic law, European law and international law. This thesis investigates the possibilities for the Swedish public to initiate climate change litigation against the Swedish government due to insufficient climate actions. I examine three climate change litigation approaches from selected jurisdictions, including Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom. By transposing the three litigation approaches into the Swedish legal order I seek to discuss the possibilities for the public to challenge the Swedish state's responsibility in climate matters. This thesis claims that the possibilities for the concerned public to address climate change are restricted. International obligations derived from the European Convention on Human Rights and the Aarhus Convention have given individuals substantive rights and procedural rights in matters related to the environment. However, the implementation of the international obligations are not always enshrined in the national law.

La tesis propone un marco de trabajo para el soporte de la toma de decisiones adecuado para soportar la ejecución distribuida de acciones cooperativas en entornos multi-agente dinámicos y complejos. Soporte para la toma de decisiones es un proceso que intenta mejorar la ejecución de la toma de decisiones en escenarios cooperativos. Este proceso ocurre continuamente en la vida diaria. Los humanos, por ejemplo, deben tomar decisiones acerca de que ropa usar, que comida comer, etc. En este sentido, un agente es definido como cualquier cosa que está situada en un entorno y que actúa, basado en su observación, su interpretación y su conocimiento acerca de su situación en tal entorno para lograr una acción en particular.Por lo tanto, para tomar decisiones, los agentes deben considerar el conocimiento que les permita ser consientes en que acciones pueden o no ejecutar. Aquí, tal proceso toma en cuenta tres parámetros de información con la intención de personificar a un agente en un entorno típicamente físico. Así, el mencionado conjunto de información es conocido como ejes de decisión, los cuales deben ser tomados por los agentes para decidir si pueden ejecutar correctamente una tarea propuesta por otro agente o humano. Los agentes, por lo tanto, pueden hacer mejores decisiones considerando y representando apropiadamente tal información. Los ejes de decisión, principalmente basados en: las condiciones ambientales, el conocimiento físico y el valor de confianza del agente, provee a los sistemas multi-agente un confiable razonamiento para alcanzar un factible y exitoso rendimiento cooperativo.Actualmente, muchos investigadores tienden a generar nuevos avances en la tecnología agente para incrementar la inteligencia, autonomía, comunicación y auto-adaptación en escenarios agentes típicamente abierto y distribuidos. En este sentido, esta investigación intenta contribuir en el desarrollo de un nuevo método que impacte tanto en las decisiones individuales como colectivas de los sistemas multi-agente. Por lo tanto, el marco de trabajo propuesto ha sido utilizado para implementar las acciones concretas involucradas en el campo de pruebas del fútbol robótico. Este campo emula los juegos de fútbol real, donde los agentes deben coordinarse, interactuar y cooperar entre ellos para solucionar tareas complejas dentro de un escenario dinámicamente cambiante y competitivo, tanto para manejar el diseño de los requerimientos involucrados en las tareas como para demostrar su efectividad en trabajos colectivos. Es así que los resultados obtenidos tanto en el simulador como en el campo real de experimentación, muestran que el marco de trabajo para el soporte de decisiones propuesto para agentes situados es capaz de mejorar la interacción y la comunicación, reflejando en un adecuad y confiable trabajo en equipo dentro de entornos impredecibles, dinámicos y competitivos. Además, los experimentos y resultados también muestran que la información seleccionada para generar los ejes de decisión para situar a los agentes, es útil cuando tales agentes deben ejecutar una acción o hacer un compromiso en cada momento con la intención de cumplir exitosamente un objetivo colectivo. Finalmente, algunas conclusiones enfatizando las ventajas y utilidades del trabajo propuesto en la mejora del rendimiento colectivo de los sistemas multi-agente en situaciones tales como tareas coordinadas y asignación de tareas son presentadas. / This thesis proposes a framework to decision support suitable for supporting the distributed performing of cooperative actions in dynamic and complex multi-agent environments. Decision support is a process aiming to improve the decision-making performance in cooperative scenarios. Simply stated, decision-making is the process of selecting a specific action out of multiple alternatives. This process occurs continuously in daily life. Humans, for instance, have to take decisions about what cloths to wear, what food to eat, etc. In this sense, an agent is defined as anything that is situated in an environment and acts, based on its observation, its interpretation and its knowledge about its situation on such environment to fulfil a particular action. Therefore, to take decisions, agents must get knowledge that allow them to be aware on what actions can or cannot perform. Here, such process takes three information parameters trying to embody an agent in a typically physical world. This set of information is known as decision axes, which it any agent must take into account to decide if it can perform correctly the task proposed by other agent or human. Agents can make better decision by considering and representing properly such information. Decision axes, mainly based on the agents' environmental condition, the agents' physical knowledge and the agents' trust value, provide multi-agent systems a reliable reasoning for achieving feasible and successful cooperative performance. Currently, many researches tend to generate news advances in agent technology to increase the intelligence, autonomy, communication and self-adaptation in open and distributed agent scenarios. In this sense, this research aims to contribute to the development of a new path to impact on both individual and cooperative decisions in multi-agent environments In this light, the thesis was used to implement the concrete actions involved in the robot soccer both in simulated as in real scenarios. It emulates a soccer game where agents must communicate; interact and cooperate among them to perform complex actions within a dynamic and competitive scenario, both to drive the design of the involved actions' requirements as to demonstrate its effectiveness in cooperative jobs. Therefore, the thesis has obtained results, both on simulation and on real experimentations, showing that the framework to decision support for situated agents presented is capable to improve the interaction and the communication, reflect in a suitable and reliable agent's team-work within an unpredictable, dynamic and competitive environment. The experimentation also showed that the selected information to generate the decision axes to situate agents are useful when these agents must perform the proper action or made sure commitments at each moment in order to reach successfully a goal. Conclusions emphasizing the advantages and usefulness of the introduced approach, in the improvement of multi-agent performance in coordinated task and task allocation problems are presented.

Judicial autonomy has suffered changes all through Colombian constitutional history, especially due to the expedition of the Political Constitution in 1991. This implies that the judge’s function was affected and suffered relevant changes, particularly in duties such as the motivation of judicial providences and the search for real justice in concrete cases. As a consequence of these relevant changes, now judges must pay special attention to the constitutional precedent and the charges imposed on them in order to avoid sanctions like the annulment of their judgments through the «vías de hecho» doctrine. These limitations and consequences were issued with the aim of protecting fundamental rights, and making the legal system dynamic and coherent. / La autonomía judicial ha sufrido transformaciones en la historia constitucional colombiana, aún más con la entrada en vigencia de la Constitución Política de 1991. Esto implica que la función del juez se ve afectada y sufre mutaciones relevantes, sobre todo en cuanto a sus deberes, como la motivación de las providencias y la búsqueda efectiva de justicia para el caso concreto. Nótese, entonces, que el juez debe observar con atención los precedentes constitucionales y las cargas que estos le imponen, so pena de incurrir en sanciones, como la cesación de efectos jurídicos del fallo a través de las así llamadas «vías de hecho». Dichas limitaciones y consecuencias fueron pensadas en clave de la máxima protección de los derechos fundamentales, la dinamización y la coherencia del sistema jurídico.

Att förstå en konsument och vad som driver den har varit många forskares mål att svara på. Komplexiteten i de mänskliga processerna och konsumentens ständigt utvecklande normer och vanor är även något som försvårar processen att kunna förstå köpmönster och beteenden. Om det gick att förstå konsumenten bättre, så hade både företag och kund kunnat lära känna sig- och sina köpbeteenden bättre. Oftast vet inte ens konsumenten varför dennes konsumtion ser ut som den gör, och om konsumenten skulle ha en lite större förståelse över sin egen konsumtion borde vi kunna se ett mer ansvarsfullt konsumerande och en mer förutsägbar efterfrågan. Konsumenter blir dagligen påverkade av reklam för att konsumera mera vilket sedan styr de olika faktorerna som gör att de konsumerar på olika sätt. Något som har en stor inverkan är kundens första val i en butik vilket kan leda till att konsumenten antingen är konsekvent i sina köp eller konsumerar mer än de egentligen tänkt från första början. Studiens syfte är att påvisa att det finns skillnader i köpbeteendet hos konsumenter som väljer antingen en ohälsosam eller hälsosam vara som sitt första val. Studien har använt sig av en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi med 150 respondenter i en verklig miljö för att kunna återspegla konsumenternas beteende så trovärdigt som möjligt. Studien visar att konsumenter påverkas beroende på vad de gör för första val i en butik. Urvalsgruppen tenderar att fortsätta handla ohälsosamma varor ifall deras första val har varit något ohälsosamt, de förblir alltså konsekventa i sina köpbeteenden. Konsumenter som istället väljer något hälsosamt som första val fortsätter att vara konsekventa och handla en större andel hälsosamma varor resterande tid i butiken. Studien visar även att personer som tar beslutet att handla något tidigare under sin köpresa i butiken, köper sedan fler varor totalt. Studiens empiriska resultat påvisar ännu en gång att konsumenter går att manipulera till att konsumera annorlunda, att val vinner över inställning, och att en ökad förståelse för människan och dess konsumtionsbeteende skulle kunna bidra till en mer ansvarsfull konsumtion. / Understanding a consumer and what drives it has been a goal many researchers strive to answer. The complexity of the human processes and the consumer's ever-evolving norms and habits are also something that makes the process difficult to understand buying patterns and behaviors. If you could understand the consumer better, both companies and customers would have been able to get to know themselves and their purchasing behavior better. Usually, even the consumer does not know why his consumption looks the way it does, and if he could have a little greater understanding of his own consumption, we should be able to see a more responsible consumer and a more predictable demand. Consumers are daily influenced by advertising to consume more, which then controls the various factors that cause them to consume in different ways. Something that has a big impact is the customer's first choice in a store, which can lead to either being consistent in their purchases or consuming more than they actually intended from the beginning.  The purpose of the study is to create an understanding of the difference in the buying behavior of consumers who choose either an unhealthy or healthy item as their first choice. The study has used a quantitative research strategy with 150 respondents in a real-world environment to reflect consumer behavior as credibly as possible. The study shows that consumers are affected depending on what their first choice is in a store. The sample group tends to continue to buy unhealthy goods in case their first choice has been somewhat unhealthy, they remain consistent in their buying behavior. Consumers who instead choose something healthy as their first choice continue to be consistent and shop a greater proportion of healthy products their remaining time in the store. The study also shows that people who make the decision to shop earlier during their purchase trip in the store, then buy more products in total. The study's empirical results show once again that consumers can be manipulated into consuming differently, that choices win over attitudes, and that an increased understanding of the human being and its consumer behavior would probably contribute to a more responsible consumption.

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