Do investment portfolios meet the needs and preferences of investors? Can the portfolio selection process be improved? Traditionally, investor preferences have been identified using risk tolerance questionnaires. These questionnaires have recently attracted a fair deal of criticism. However, there has been little focus as to whether the questionnaires are useful in predicting investors' risk-taking behaviour. In this thesis, an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach was employed to find answers to the primary research question: what factors determine risk-taking behaviour in investment decisions? This thesis looked at the risk-taking behaviour of investors in Canada (N=192) and the risk-taking advice provided by financial advisers in Canada (N=155), collectively risk-taking decisions. The results suggested that return expectations and demographic variables were important predictors of risk-taking decisions, whereas risk tolerance questionnaires were not. Further investigation suggested that investment literacy impacted risk-taking decisions while investment experience impacted both return expectations and risk-taking decisions. In a novel contribution by this thesis, additional perspective was provided by qualitative analysis using semi-structured interviews with investors and advisers. From the results of the qualitative analysis, the author suggests that discovery and self-discovery, a consistent approach and a focus on process versus outcome are key attributes valued by both investors and advisers. The thesis concluded with implications and recommendations for stakeholders, including a greater focus on return expectations, more training in discovery for advisers, simulating investment experience for prospective investors and including investment literacy in school curricula.

The analysis of this thesis is to examine whether foreign investors can fully rely on the standard of FPS in BITs for the protection of their investments in the territories of host States which has been mandated to States by international law. This question cannot be answered without giving insights into the content and structure of the origin of FPS standard and adopts a dynamic based-perspective of the interpretation of FPS under VCLT 1969, encompassing the relationship between FPS and CIL. It investigates the tribunals' interpretation of the clause using case laws and literatures to identify and explore the underlying explanatory process behind tribunals' case findings and outcomes. The study examines the critical realism that the obligation of FPS standard does not place absolute liability to a host State, rather the exercise of a reasonable degree of vigilance. It evaluates the controversy surrounding the relationships between FPS and FET, and illuminates on how the two standards may co-evolve which has led to various arbitral tribunals' divergence opinions interpretation of the two principles. The evaluation of the application of FPS to digital assets is dynamic in this research as it addresses the nature of threats investors face globally today over cyber attacks of digital investments. The thesis also emphasis on balancing up investors' rights and obligation, which explains the measures that States can apply to prevent foreign investors from engaging in illegitimate activities. Having look at all these issues, circumstances, and the controversies surrounding FPS standard, the result found is that there is a existence of a gap in this area of the law, that would mean that foreign investors cannot completely rely on the principle of FPS for the protection of their investments in the territories of the host unless this lacunae is properly filled by both the States and arbitral tribunals, especially the tribunals' interpretative meaning of the standard of FPS.

Introdução Trata-se de um estudo descritivo das sentenças de segunda instância do Poder Judiciário que envolva o problema do trabalhador exposto ao risco do amianto como uma questão de saúde pública. Objetivo Avaliar as decisões judiciais a respeito da exposição dos trabalhadores ao risco do amianto como causa de doença do trabalho a partir da análise de acórdãos judiciais de 1999 até 2009. Métodos Os objetivos foram alcançados mediante pesquisa em acórdãos judiciais publicados no TRT (Tribunal Regional do Trabalho) da 2ª Região, TRT (Tribunal Regional do Trabalho) da 15ª Região e TST (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho), que são tribunais pertencentes à Justiça do Trabalho, bem como no TJSP (Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo), STJ (Superior Tribunal de Justiça) e STF (Supremo Tribunal Federal), pertencentes à Justiça Comum, a partir do momento histórico em que houve a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988, considerando-se o ano da publicação ou do registro dos acórdãos de 1999 a 2009. Os acórdãos foram selecionados por meio da internet nos sites dos Tribunais em referência, que disponibilizam a busca on line. Resultados Os resultados indicam que de um total de 119 decisões judiciais analisadas, considerando-se todos os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, apenas em 42 casos houve a comprovação do nexo de causalidade entre a exposição do trabalhador ao risco do amianto e a doença adquirida no trabalho, o que evidencia que o trabalhador desincumbiuse de seu ônus probatório em pequena parte dos acórdãos. Conclusões Pela avaliação dos acórdãos judiciais de 1999 até 2009 a respeito da exposição dos trabalhadores ao risco do amianto como causa de acidente do trabalho, doença profissional ou morte, somente em 35,3 por cento das decisões foram declarados procedentes os pedidos dos trabalhadores / Introduction - This is a descriptive study of Judiciary second appeal decisions involving the problem of the risk of workers when exposed to asbestos as a public health issue. Objective - To evaluate judicial decisions regarding the exposure of workers to the risk of asbestos as a cause of occupational disease from the analysis of Judicial Decisions from 1999 to 2009. Methods - The objectives have been achieved by researching judicial decisions published by the TRT (Regional Court of Labor) of the 2nd Region, by the TRT (Regional Court of Labor) of the 15th Region and by the TST (Superior Labor Court), which are courts of the Labor Justice Department, as well as the ones by the TJSP (Court of Justice of São Paulo), by the STJ (Higher Justice Court) and by the STF (Supreme Federal Court), of the Common Justice, from the historical moment in which the 1988 Constitution was promulgated, considering the year of publication or record of the Judiciary Decisions from 1999 to 2009. The judicial decisions were selected with the use of the internet in the sites of the Courts previously mentioned, which made possible to make this search on line. Results - The results indicate that from a total of 119 judicial decisions, which were analyzed, and also taking in consideration all the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only in 42 cases there was proof of a causal link between the worker\'s risky exposure to asbestos and the disease acquired at work, which shows that the employee is discharged of the evidential burden on a small portion of the decisions. Conclusions - For the evaluation of the judicial decisions from 1999 to 2009 regarding the exposure of workers to the risk of asbestos as a cause of work accidents, and occupational disease or death, only 35.3 per cent of decisions were in favor of the workers claim

Introdução - A Lei 9.656/1998 fundamenta o marco legal do setor privado da saúde no Brasil. Igualmente importante, a Lei 9.961/2000 criou a Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS) para fiscalizar e regulamentar a relação entre operadoras e beneficiários de planos. A partir de então houve um crescimento expressivo no número das ações judiciais, fenômeno denominado judicialização da saúde. Objetivo - Conhecer e analisar o montante e os motivos das ações judiciais relacionadas às coberturas assistenciais e avaliar o impacto econômico-financeiro em uma entidade de autogestão. Método Análise de banco de dados das ações judiciais do período 1998 a 2009. A base de dados constitui-se de 7.271 ações cíveis ativas e baixadas. Desse total foram selecionadas 3.569 relacionadas a coberturas assistenciais, cujos dados foram organizados em planilha eletrônica. Analisou-se ainda a população total e o impacto econômico-financeiro a partir de informações de balanço anual. Resultados Várias constatações importantes foram reveladas, como a evolução crescente do número de ações; o fato de a Bahia possuir 9,5 por cento da população assistida e responder por 33,4 por cento das ações totais; as gastroplastias aparecerem como o objeto mais importante 427 ações (12 por cento do total); o impacto econômico-financeiro atingindo em média 1 por cento da receita total, mas 32 por cento do resultado (superávit) do exercício de 2009, entre outros achados. Conclusão o marco legal foi determinante para os beneficiários recorrerem ao Judiciário por coberturas assistenciais. O fenômeno da judicialização da saúde impacta de maneira significativa a Autogestão estudada. Boa parte das decisões judiciais parece não observar critérios técnicos relacionados à homologação de novas tecnologias e aos protocolos médicos, o que vem ensejando uma atuação mais ativa do Conselho Nacional de Justiça no encaminhamento de questões relacionadas à saúde / Introduction - Law 9.656/1998 moved the legal framework of private health sector in Brazil. Equally important, 9.961/2000 Act created the National Agency for Supplementary Health (ANS) to oversee and regulate the relationship between providers and beneficiaries of plans. Since then there has been significant growth in the number of lawsuits, a phenomenon called the legalization of health. Objective - To investigate and analyze the amount and the reasons for lawsuits related to care coverage and to evaluate the economic and financial impact on a self-insured entity. Methods - Analysis of database of lawsuits in the period 1998-2009. The database consists of 7271 civil actions, active or downloaded. Of this total were selected 3569 related to care coverage, and data were organized into a spreadsheet. It was also analyzed the total population and the economic and financial impact from the annual balance sheet information. Results - Several important findings were revealed as a growing trend in the number of shares, the fact that Bahia has 9.5 per cent of the assisted population and account for 33.4 per cent of the total shares, the gastroplasty appears to be the most important object - 427 shares (12 per cent of total), the economic and financial impact means on average 1 per cent of total revenue, but 32 per cent of the result (surplus) for the year 2009, among other findings. Conclusion - the legal framework was crucial for the beneficiaries to avail themselves of judicial assistance coverage. The phenomenon of legalization of health impacts significantly the self study. Much of judicial decisions seem not to notice technical criteria related to approval of new medical technologies and protocols, which have demanded a more active role of the National Council of Justice in addressing health-related issues

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2018-06-05T20:44:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Antonio Carlos Ferreira da Silva.pdf: 1044121 bytes, checksum: 52e18db88557f93675efb3efb710e7d0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T20:44:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Antonio Carlos Ferreira da Silva.pdf: 1044121 bytes, checksum: 52e18db88557f93675efb3efb710e7d0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-05 / In order to safeguard civil rights, the citizens require State intervention to enforce the law in the composition of controversies. Justice applies the Civil Procedure Law ??? CPC/15, to give reason to whomever has it. The forensic accounting report, as an evidence admitted in Court, seeks to shed light on the truth, when proof requires technical-scientific knowledge. In this context, the aim of this study was to ascertain the contribution of such a report to the judges of the Central Civil Court in S??o Paulo city, to support their convictions when passing a sentence. The research is descriptive and qualitative, and it was carried out through documentation survey, content analysis of judge preliminary decisions, forensic accounting reports and sentences of twelve lawsuits in the civil law area. The findings of the forensic accounting report, additional explanation forensic accounting report and additional forensic accounting report are based on the contribution to the motivations of the judges, as to the reasons for their conviction, when passing their sentences. The guidelines of the accounting literature were applied to forensic accounting expertise, CFC standards, and art. 473 of CPC / 15 law with the forensic accounting reports. The quality score of these reports was checked; as well as their use in convincing judges, using keywords relevant to the forensic accounting expertise. The quality score and the degree of reports use are in line with the rates presented in the literature, supporting the fact that reports need improvements, as well as emphasis on continuing professional education programs for forensic accountants; and the interaction between the Regional Accounting Councils (CRC) and the State Schools of the Judiciary. It was found that quality reports contribute with the formation of the judges' convictions and decisions. / O cidad??o, na salvaguarda dos seus interesses, requer a interven????o do Estado, com a aplica????o da lei na composi????o das controv??rsias. A justi??a utiliza o C??digo de Processo Civil, para dar a raz??o a quem efetivamente a tem. O laudo cont??bil como prova admitida em ju??zo busca dar luz ?? verdade, quando a prova requer conhecimento t??cnico-cient??fico. Nesse cen??rio, o objetivo deste estudo ?? conhecer a contribui????o do laudo para os ju??zes do Foro Central C??vel da Capital Paulista, no processo de fundamenta????o de suas convic????es ao proferirem as senten??as. A pesquisa ?? descritiva e qualitativa, e efetivou-se a partir do levantamento documental, pela an??lise de conte??do das decis??es de saneamento, laudos cont??beis e senten??as de 12 processos da ??rea do direito civil de diferentes varas e peritos. Buscou-se nos achados reportados no laudo cont??bil, laudo de esclarecimentos e laudo complementar a contribui????o para as fundamenta????es dos ju??zes, quanto ??s raz??es do seu convencimento, ao proferirem suas senten??as. Foram trianguladas as diretrizes da literatura aplicada ?? per??cia cont??bil, normas do CFC, e o art. 473 do CPC/15, com os laudos cont??beis. Aferiu-se o n??vel de qualidade dos laudos e o seu grau de utiliza????o na forma????o de convencimento dos ju??zes, com o uso de palavras-chave pertinentes ?? per??cia. A nota de qualidade e o grau de utiliza????o dos laudos obtidos est??o em linha com os ??ndices apresentados na literatura, corroborando que melhorias s??o necess??rias nos laudos, al??m de maior ??nfase nos programas de educa????o profissional continuada para os peritos cont??beis. Ainda, a intera????o entre os Conselhos Regionais de Contabilidade e as Escolas Estaduais da Magistratura. Encontrou-se que laudos realizados com qualidade contribuem para a forma????o das convic????es e decis??es dos ju??zes.

Este estudo têm como objetivo identificar qual o comportamento de empresas brasileiras de capital aberto com relação à aplicação dos recursos financeiros de seus fluxos de caixa (recursos internos) em investimentos e não investimentos (em fins que não se configuram como um projeto real de investimento) no curto e longo prazo e mostrar como essa questão está relacionado com o grau de restrições financeiras enfrentado pelas empresas. Para alcançar esse objetivo foram estimadas quatro regressões pelo método OLS (Ordinary Least Square / Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários), cada uma delas com uma das variáveis resposta correspondentes aos principais usos de caixa, ou seja, retenção de caixa, investimentos, dividendos e redução do financiamento externo e com as variáveis explicativas dadas pelo fluxo de caixa nos períodos t, t-1 e t-2 e algumas variáveis de controle específicas da firma. Os resultados sugerem que empresas brasileiras restritas e irrestritas se comportam de forma diferente ao receberem um choque positivo em seus fluxos de caixa e que o comportamento das mesmas também difere no curto e no longo prazo. Empresas restritas e irrestritas ao receberem um choque positivo em seus fluxos de caixa, retêm caixa no período contemporâneo e alocam tais recursos intertemporalmente. Empresas restritas investem mais no curto prazo enquanto as irrestritas investem mais no longo prazo. No curto prazo, empresas irrestritas distribuem mais dividendos do que empresas irrestritas e no longo prazo, os coeficientes dos fluxos de caixa não são significativos para nenhum dos grupos. No curto prazo empresas irrestritas reduzem o financiamento externo, enquanto empresas restritas levantam mais financiamentos externos e no longo prazo, esse comportamento se inverte. Dessa forma, fica clara a importância de se considerar o longo prazo bem como as restrições financeiras enfrentadas pelas empresas. / This study aim to identify what is the behaviour of Brazilian public companies regarding the use of financial resources of cash flows (internal resources) in investments and not investments (for purposes that are not configured as a real investment project) in the short and long term and show how this is related to the degree of financial constraints faced by firms. To achieve this aim, four regressions were estimated by OLS ( Ordinary Least Square), each with one of the response variables corresponding to the main uses of cash, ie , cash holding, investments, dividends and external finance reduction and the explanatory variables given by the cash flow in periods t , t - 1 and t - 2 and some control variables specific of the firm. The results suggest that restricted and unrestricted Brazilian companies behave differently when they receive a positive shock on cash flows and their behavior also differs in the short and long term. When constrained and unconstrained firms receive a positive impact on cash flows, they retain cash in the contemporary period and intertemporally allocate such resources. Constrained firms invest more in the short term while the unrestricted invest more in the long run. In the short term, unconstrained firms distribute more dividends than unconstrained firms and in the long run, the coefficients of cash flows are not significant for either groups. In the short term unconstrained firms reduce external finance, while constrained firms raise more external finance and in the long term, this behavior is reversed. Thus, it is clear that it matters to consider the long term as well as financial constraints faced by firms.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-05T17:55:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005 - Renato Ferreira.pdf: 559799 bytes, checksum: ac850dc7d73a0336326f2d3c101b9488 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-05T17:55:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005 - Renato Ferreira.pdf: 559799 bytes, checksum: ac850dc7d73a0336326f2d3c101b9488 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-28 / The general objetive of this work consisted of analyzing as the micros and small entrepreneurs deal with the decisions process, aiming at to identify the main difficulties, inperfections and traps that can commit in this basic process to guarantee first the survival of his/her organization and to suply bases its growth. The data were collected through applies questionnaire to 60 (sixty) micro and small entrepreneurs of the segment of commerce of construction materials located in the city of Rio de Janeiro and Baixada Fluminense. It is important to stand out that this sample of entrepreneurs is requested to daily take innumerable decisions on the most varied aspects of its business and, usually, without the support of specialized consultants. It was observed that, the majority of the people, uses heuristical in the simplification of the decision process and, in many cases suffers the effect from the same vieses emanated of, generating decisions oblique. The collected material will be able to serve of base for the elaboration of deeper studies, with the purpose to help to the elaboration of materials for programs of managerial development for this important group of entrepreneurs, who are the generating greater of jobs of this country, allowing that they improve its power to decide processes and they can gain more efficiency and effectiveness, forming base for the growth of its companies. / O objetivo geral deste trabalho consiste em analisar como os micros e pequenos empres?rios lidam com o processo de tomada de decis?o, visando identificar as principais dificuldades, falhas e armadilhas que possam cometer neste processo fundamental para garantir primeiro a sobreviv?ncia de sua organiza??o e fornecer bases para o seu crescimento . Os dados foram coletados atrav?s de question?rio aplicado a 60 ( sessenta ) micro e pequenos empres?rios do segmento de com?rcio de materiais de constru??o localizados na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e Baixada Fluminense . ? importante ressaltar que esse universo de empreendedores ? solicitado a tomar diariamente in?meras decis?es sobre os mais variados aspectos de seu neg?cio e, via de regra, sem o apoio de assessorias especializadas. Constatamos que, como a maioria das pessoas utiliza heur?sticas na simplifica??o do processo decis?rio e, em muitos casos sofrem os efeitos dos vieses emanados das mesmas, gerando decis?es enviesadas. O material coletado poder? servir de base para a elabora??o de estudos mais profundos, com a finalidade de ajudar a elabora??o de materiais para programas de desenvolvimento gerencial para esse importante grupo de empres?rios, que s?o os maiores geradores de empregos deste pa?s, permitindo que melhorem seus processos decis?rios e possam ganhar mais efici?ncia e efic?cia, formando base para o crescimento de suas empresas.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-04-19T15:33:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Vargas Laureano_.pdf: 869128 bytes, checksum: a3d5bbe7b2f89ed30a118d117b4b0356 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T15:33:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Vargas Laureano_.pdf: 869128 bytes, checksum: a3d5bbe7b2f89ed30a118d117b4b0356 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-13 / Nenhuma / As Organizações Superiores de Auditoria, tais como os Tribunais de Contas, possuem uma relevante função no que tange à Governança Pública. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar os fatores explicativos em relação aos Pareceres Prévios emitidos pelo TCE-RS nos processos de prestação de contas dos Prefeitos Municipais. A análise das evidências foi realizada à luz da Nova Teoria Institucional, na perspectiva de Douglass North. Essa que pressupõe que o objetivo das instituições é estabelecer uma estrutura de interação humana capaz de reduzir a incerteza nas relações em uma dada sociedade. Em outras palavras, as Instituições configuram-se como regras formais e informais, que estruturam as ações organizacionais. Nesta pesquisa, as regras formais referem-se aos aspectos regimentais relacionados aos processos de prestação de contas. De outra parte, as regras informais correspondem aos procedimentos não normatizados que, eventualmente, podem representar constrangimentos ao TCE-RS para a emissão de Parecer Prévio Desfavorável. Com base na revisão da literatura teórica e empírica foram formuladas 2 hipóteses principais, complementadas por um conjunto de 12 subhipóteses. As hipóteses foram testadas a partir de variáveis relacionadas às regras formais e de variáveis relacionadas às regras informais, sendo estimados modelos de regressão logística, cuja variável dependente binária é o Parecer Prévio emitido: Favorável ou Desfavorável. Foram examinados 3.968 processos relativos aos exercícios de 2005 a 2012 dos 496 municípios gaúchos. Os resultados indicam que as decisões do TCE-RS, em relação ao Parecer Prévio, são influenciadas por regras formais e por regras informais. Os aspectos formais referem-se à LRF e às inconformidades apontadas pelos Auditores. Enquanto que os aspectos informais dizem respeito à forma de provimento do Relator do Processo, à condição socioeconômica do Município e ao tempo de existência do mesmo. Aspectos relacionados ao tamanho e à localização do Município, bem como ao Partido do Prefeito, também foram testados, porém não apresentaram significância estatística. Este estudo permite que a sociedade conheça o TCE-RS, bem como os elementos que influenciam no seu processo decisório. Além disto, fornece subsídios para a discussão relativa à dicotomia existente entre a prevalência dos aspectos técnicos ou não técnicos nas decisões do órgão. / The Supreme Audit Institutions, such as Audit Courts, have a relevant role regarding Public Governance. In this context, this research has the aim to identify the factors with probability of explanation in relation to Pareceres Prévios (Previous Feedback) issued by TCE-RS in the processes concerning the provided accounts by Municipal mayors. The analysis of the evidence was carried by the light of New Institutional Theory, on Douglass North’s perspective, which presupposes that the aim of the institutions is to establish a structure of human interaction capable of reducing uncertainty in relationships in a given society. In other words, the Institutions are framed as formal and informal rules, which give foundation to the organizational actions. In this research, the formal rules refer to the regimental aspects related to provided accounts processes. The informal rules refer to non-standard procedures that may eventually represent constraints to TCE-RS for the issurance of an unfavorable Parecer Prévio. Based on the review of the theoretical and empirical literature, two main hypotheses were formulated, complemented by a set of twelve sub-hypotheses. The hypotheses were tested from variables related to formal rules and variables related to informal rules, and a logistic regression model is estimated, whose binary dependent variable is the Parecer Prévio issued: Favorable or Unfavorable. Were examined the processes related to the years 2005 to 2012 of 496 municipalities of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, 3,968 cases in total. The results of the estimated final model indicate that the decisions of the TCE-RS, in relation to the Parecer Prévio, are influenced by formal rules and by informal rules. The formal aspects refer to the Fiscal Responsability Law and to the nonconformities pointed out by the Audit Teams. While the informal aspects concern the form of provision of the Magistrate rapporteur of the process and the age, the socioeconomic condition of the Municipalities and the time of existence of the Municipalities. Aspects related to size and localization of the Municipality, as well as to the Mayor's Political Party, were also tested, but were not statistically significant. This research allows the society to know the TCE-RS, as well as the elements that influence its decision-making process. In addition, it provides an important contribution to the discussion of the dichotomy between the prevalence of technical or non-technical aspects in the decisions of TCE-RS.

A significant drop in oil price in 2014 resulted in enormous pressure on marketing managers of international oilfield service companies to address new market expectations. In such competitive conditions, some marketing managers lack strategies to leverage profitability during downturns. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that senior marketing managers of international oilfield service companies in the Middle East successfully used to enhance sales performance, revenues, and profits during periods of declining oil prices. Theory of market segmentation, targeting, and positioning formed the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected through semistructured interviews of 5 senior marketing managers of international oilfield service companies throughout the Middle East. Data analysis was composed of organizing data, becoming familiar with the data, putting data in nodes, giving proper codes, interpreting the data, and presenting the results, which led to 5 primary themes including customers, relationship, differentiation, services, and prices. To increase reliability and reduce bias, triangulation was achieved by combining, comparing, and contrasting companies' annual reports and website contents with participants' information. Identifying the right strategies that lead to higher profitability is crucial for international oilfield companies. Developing dynamic segmentation strategies, targeting new market players, differentiating via innovation, and promoting reliable relationships increase the likelihood of grasping new opportunities. This study's implications for positive social change include having more sustainable and profitable firms contributing to prosperity of local communities, which leads to healthier economies and more stable societies.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur les micro-décisions (Comiti, Grenier & Margolinas, 1995) c’est-à-dire les décisions didactiques de l’enseignant en classe, l’objectif est de contribuer au développement d’un système informatique capable d’accompagner l’enseignant dans ses prises de décisions.Nous avons choisi d’étudier ces décisions en entrant par un savoir : la numération en cycle 2 (Tempier, 2013). Le cadre théorique retenu pour la description de ce savoir est la Théorie Anthropologique du Didactique (Chevallard, 1998) plus spécifiquement une version implémentable : T4TEL (Chaachoua, Ferraton, & Desmoulins, 2013), (Chaachoua & Bessot, 2016).Afin de modéliser l’activité du professeur au sein d’une situation didactique et de prendre en compte ses activités en dehors de cette situation nous utilisons la structuration du milieu (Margolinas, 2004). Les micro-décisions de l’enseignant sont ainsi étudiées en rapport avec son projet d’enseignement, ses observations de l’activité des élèves, ses connaissances de type épistémiques et de type histoire didactique.Notre méthode de recherche est une ingénierie didactique dont la spécificité est d’impliquer des enseignants dans les phases d’analyse et de conception. Dans le cadre de cette ingénierie nous avons conçu : (1) une simulation du matériel de numération « bûchettes » : « SimBûchettes » ; (2) une base d’exercice pour « SimBûchettes » et (3) un dispositif expérimental. Ce dispositif expérimental est composé d’un outil de simulation côté élève dont les fondements sont didactiques - « Simbûchettes » - et d’un outil d’orchestration, côté enseignant, qui lui permet de consulter et d’organiser l’activité des élèves en temps réel - instanciation du Framework Chao (Wang, 2016) pour « Simbûchettes » -. Via notre dispositif nous avons accès aux actions de l’enseignant sachant les informations consultées concernant la production de l’élève et pouvons inférer ses micro-décisions.Ce dispositif nous a permis d’observer les décisions didactiques d’un enseignant d’une classe de CE1 pendant une année scolaire et d’affiner ainsi notre modèle des micro-décisions de l’enseignant. / This thesis work deals with micro-decisions (Comiti, Grenier & Margolinas, 1995), namely teachers’ decisions in class in relation to the subject they have to teach. Our aim is to contribute to the development of a TEL (Technology Enhanced Learning) that can guide teachers in their decisions.These decisions are analyzed through a specific field: decimal number system in cycle 2 (Tempier, 2013). For the description of this field we have chosen the Anthropological Theory of Didactics (Chevallard, 1998), more specifically an implementable version: T4TEL (Chaachoua, Ferraton, & Desmoulins, 2013), (Chaachoua & Bessot, 2016).Margolinas’s model about structuring the environment (2004) is used to take into account different learning activities during a teaching session. So, teachers’ micro-decisions are studied in relation to their teaching project, their observations of pupils’ activities, their knowledge of epistemic and didactic history type.Our research method is a didactical engineering whose specificity is to involve teachers in the analysis and design stages. In this engineering we have designed (1) a simulation of counting material “counting rods”: “SimBûchettes” ; (2) a bank of exercises for “SimBûchettes” and (3) an experimental device. This device is composed of, a simulation tool whose fundations are didactic – “Simbûchettes” -, on the pupils’ side, and on the teachers’side a classroom orchestration tool which allow teachers to consult and organize pupils’ activities in real time – Chao Framework’s instantiation (Wang, 2016) for “Simbûchettes”.Via our device we have access to teachers’ actions, and we can know what information has been consulted in pupils’ work. Then we can infer the micro-decisions teachers have made.This device has allowed us to observe teachers’ decisions in a primary class (CE1, 7 years-olds) during one school year and refine our teachers’ micro-decisions model.