<p>Denna magisteruppsats har fokus på hur aktörer i en kommun med ett vikande befolkningsunderlag ser på fenomenet. Informanterna som medverkar är politiker, tjänstemän samt representanter från näringslivet. En kommun ingår i studien, det är Finspångs kommun i Östergötland. Uppsatsen undersöker hur dessa ser på frågan om ett vikande befolkningsunderlag. Hur man resonerar kring fenomenet och hur samspelet och samverkan mellan aktörerna uppfattas. </p><p>Uppsatsen bygger på en hermeneutisk ansats samt en referensram som bland annat berör institutioner, föreställningar, handlig och beslut. Det gemensamma mönstret i referensramen kan sägas bygga på interaktion, samspel och samverkan.</p>

With multiprocessors and multicore processors becoming ubiquitous, focus has shifted from research on uniprocessors to that on multiprocessors. Results derived for the uniprocessor case unfortunately do not always directly extend to the multiprocessor case in a straightforward manner. This necessitates a paradigm shift in the approach used to design and analyse the behaviour of such processors. In the case of Real-time systems, that is, systems characterised by explicit timing constraints, analysis and performance guarantees are more important, as failure is unacceptable. Scheduling algorithms used in Real-time systems have to be carefully designed as the performance of the system depends critically on them. Efficient tests for determining if a set of tasks can be feasibly scheduled on such a computing system using a particular scheduling algorithm thus assumes importance. Traditionally, the ‘task utilization’ parameter has been used for devising such tests. Utilization based tests for Earliest Deadline First(EDF) and Rate Monotonic(RM) scheduling algorithms are known and are well understood for uniprocessor systems. In our work, we derive limits on similar bounds for the multiprocessor case. Our work diners from previous literature in that we explore the case when the individual processors constituting the multiprocessor need not be identical. Each processor in such a system is characterised by a capacity, or speed, and the time taken by a task to execute on a processor is inversely proportional to its speed. Such instances may arise during system upgradation, when faster processors may be added to the system, making it a non-identical multiprocessor, or during processor design, when the different cores on the chip may have different processing power to handle dynamic workloads. We derive results for the partitioned paradigm of multiprocessor scheduling, that is, when tasks are partitioned among the processors, and interprocessor migration after a part of execution is completed is not allowed. Results are derived for both fixed priority algorithms(RM)and dynamic priority algorithms (EDF) used on individual processors. A maximum and minimum limit on the bounds for a ‘greedy’ class of algorithms are established, since the actual value of the bound depends on the algorithm that allocates the tasks. We also derive the utilization bound of an algorithm whose bound is close to the upper limit in both cases. We find that an expression for the utilization bound can be obtained when EDF is used as the uniprocessor scheduling algorithm, but when RM is the uniprocessor scheduling algorithm,an O(mn) algorithm is required to find the utilization bound, where m is the number of tasks in the system and n is the number of processors. Knowledge of such bounds allows us to carry out very fast schedulability tests, although we have the limitation that the tests are sufficient but not necessary to ensure schedulability. We also compare the value of the bounds with those achievable in ‘equivalent’ identical multiprocessor systems and find that the performance guarantees provided by the non-identical multiprocessor system are far higher than those offered by the equivalent identical system.

La planification et la gestion optimale des ressources humaines jouent un rôle important dans la productivité et la compétitivité des entreprises. Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons à la modélisation et à la résolution de différents problèmes d'optimisation soulevés par la construction de plannings pour les agents qui travaillent dans un contexte aéronautique : la création de vacations, la création de rotation, l'affectation de vacations et de rotations. Pour le problème de construction de vacations, nous proposons une approche de modélisation basée sur le concept de plage horaire et ensuite une méthode heuristique de résolution basée sur l'algorithme FFD (First Fit Decreasing) et sur la génération de colonnes. Le problème de création de rotations est résolu par une méthode de programmation linéaire en variables mixtes. Les problèmes d'affectation de vacations et de rotations sont modélisés comme des problèmes de multi-affectation généralisé. Nous proposons une décomposition temporelle et par qualification et ensuite une transformation du problème d'affectation généralisé en un problème d'affectation simple par relaxation Lagrangienne. Un algorithme ad-hoc est utilisé pour la résolution de chaque problème de base. La plupart des algorithmes élaborés ont été couplés à des bases de données réelles et commercialisés par la société IFR-France.

Denna magisteruppsats har fokus på hur aktörer i en kommun med ett vikande befolkningsunderlag ser på fenomenet. Informanterna som medverkar är politiker, tjänstemän samt representanter från näringslivet. En kommun ingår i studien, det är Finspångs kommun i Östergötland. Uppsatsen undersöker hur dessa ser på frågan om ett vikande befolkningsunderlag. Hur man resonerar kring fenomenet och hur samspelet och samverkan mellan aktörerna uppfattas. Uppsatsen bygger på en hermeneutisk ansats samt en referensram som bland annat berör institutioner, föreställningar, handlig och beslut. Det gemensamma mönstret i referensramen kan sägas bygga på interaktion, samspel och samverkan.

The basic ingredient of paper is the individual wood fibers. The property of the fibers depends on a variety of factors e.g., method of pulp production and processing. The final sheet quality depends in part on how the fibers interface between each other and therefore factors that affect the fiber size are of interest. The flexibility of the fibers depends in part on the pore water i.e., the fiber swelling. The sheet becomes less flexible at low water content which gives a loss in strength. Thus it becomes desirable to increase the water uptake. The experimental investigation described in this report consists of exposing the wood fibers to different ions and ionic strength and then measure the pore size by thermoporosimetry where a DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter) is used. DSC measures the freezing point of water in the pores of the wood fibers. As the freezing point varies with the pore size the size distribution can be determined. The results show that there are complications with thermoporosimetry measurements at different ion concentrations. The strength of the ionic solutions will contribute to a fictitious pore volume, which makes analysis difficult to interpret.

LIMA, José Luiz Sousa. Estudo do desempenho de filtros ópticos interferométricos: interferômetro Mach-Zehnder de fibra óptica e ressonador óptico em anel. 2006. 96 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2006. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-05-05T20:15:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_tese_jlslima.pdf: 688113 bytes, checksum: 11efdee52324ab34ae806b2466f4f088 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-05-07T14:27:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_tese_jlslima.pdf: 688113 bytes, checksum: 11efdee52324ab34ae806b2466f4f088 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_tese_jlslima.pdf: 688113 bytes, checksum: 11efdee52324ab34ae806b2466f4f088 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research is inserted in the Biomathematics Research Group of the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria-RS. It consists in the study of a discrete model for a prey-predator-insecticide system based on the Coupled Map Lattice as basic tool for its formulation. Due to the serious problems that crop pests represent to agriculture, we aproached the Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which is a pest control system that seeks to preserve and enhance the natural mortality factors of pests by integrated use of control methods selected based on technical, economic, ecological and sociological parameters. The objective of this work is to build a model as simple as possible to study the effects of different pests management strategies. These strategies are divided into different treatments which take into account the number of measurements of pest population, establishing control levels (CL) and different control measures (pesticide and biological control). For comparison and to point where the treatment is more efficient to compute the total density of the pest population without any control measure and when each treatment is applied over a certain period of time. The difference between these values is converted into a decreasing percentage of the population of pests. The same is done to obtain the percentage decrease in the number of treated sites. It was found that the sooner you apply the insecticide in the system, the more effective the treatment. Furthermore, it was observed that the presence of predators (biological control) decreases the amount of treated sites and, in some instances, is less effective in controlling pest. / Esta pesquisa está inserida na Linha de Pesquisa Biomatemática, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria-RS. Configura-se como um estudo sobre um modelo discreto para um sistema praga-predador-inseticida tendo como ferramenta básica para sua formulação a Rede de Mapas Acoplados. Devido aos sérios problemas que pragas de lavoura representam para agricultura, abordou-se o Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP), que é um sistema de controle de pragas que busca preservar e aumentar os fatores de mortalidade natural de pragas pelo uso integrado de métodos de controle selecionados com base em parâmetros técnicos, econômicos, ecológicos e sociológicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é construir um modelo tão simples quanto possível, para estudar as consequências de diferentes estratégias de manejos de pragas. Essas estratégias são divididas em tratamentos diferentes nos quais leva-se em consideração o número de medições da população de pragas, estabelecimento de níveis de controle (NC) e diferentes medidas de controle aplicadas (inseticida e controle biológico). Para comparar e apontar qual dos tratamentos é mais eficiente, computou-se a densidade total da população de pragas sem nenhuma medida de controle e quando cada um dos tratamentos é aplicado ao longo de um determinado período de tempo. A diferença entre esses valores é convertida em um percentual de decrescimento da população de pragas. O mesmo é feito para se obter o percentual de decrescimento do número de sítios tratados. Foi possível constatar que quanto mais cedo se aplica o inseticida no sistema, mais efetivo é o tratamento. Além disso, observou-se que a presença dos predadores (controle biológico) diminui a quantidade de sítios tratados e, em alguns momentos, é menos eficiente no controle da praga.

My graduation work is focused on logistics aplication at specific provider of logistics services. In theoretical part I describe development of logistics, types and links of supply chain and supply chain in automotive industry. In my application part I describe company GEFCO and car producer TPCA. I analyse present situation, standard and non-standard activities solved by department GEFCO Overland. Next I appreciate questionnaire survey, where I find out hot company's problems and try to give their solution that can increase effectivity, decrease costs and provide more valuable services to company's customers.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive autonomy loss and need for care. This does not only affect patients themselves, but also the patients’ informal caregivers (CGs) in their health, personal and professional lives. The big efforts of this multi-center study were not only to evaluate the caregivers’ burden and to identify its predictors, but it also should provide a specific understanding of the needs of ALS patients’ CGs and fill the gap of knowledge on their personal and work lives. Using standardized questionnaires, primary data from patients and their main informal CGs (n = 249) were collected. Patients’ functional status and disease severity were evaluated using the Barthel Index, the revised Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) and the King’s Stages for ALS. The caregivers’ burden was recorded by the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI). Comorbid anxiety and depression of caregivers were assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Additionally, the EuroQol Five Dimension Five Level Scale evaluated their health-related quality of life. The caregivers’ burden was high (mean ZBI = 26/88, 0 = no burden, ≥24 = highly burdened) and correlated with patients’ functional status (rp = −0.555, p < 0.001, n = 242). It was influenced by the CGs’ own mental health issues due to caregiving (+11.36, 95% CI [6.84; 15.87], p < 0.001), patients’ wheelchair dependency (+9.30, 95% CI [5.94; 12.66], p < 0.001) and was interrelated with the CGs’ depression (rp = 0.627, p < 0.001, n = 234), anxiety (rp = 0.550, p < 0.001, n = 234), and poorer physical condition (rp = −0.362, p < 0.001, n = 237). Moreover, female CGs showed symptoms of anxiety more often, which also correlated with the patients’ impairment in daily routine (rs = −0.280, p < 0.001, n = 169). As increasing disease severity, along with decreasing autonomy, was the main predictor of caregiver burden and showed to create relevant (negative) implications on CGs’ lives, patient care and supportive therapies should address this issue. Moreover, in order to preserve the mental and physical health of the CGs, new concepts of care have to focus on both, on not only patients but also their CGs and gender-associated specific issues. As caregiving in ALS also significantly influences the socioeconomic status by restrictions in CGs’ work lives and income, and the main reported needs being lack of psychological support and a high bureaucracy, the situation of CGs needs more attention. Apart from their own multi-disciplinary medical and psychological care, more support in care and patient management issues is required.

En Chine, l’Etat reste le seul propriétaire de tous les terrains et par délégation, les collectivités territoriales gèrent elles aussi l’utilisation du foncier. Avant 1987, l’Allocation administrative (Allocation), souvent à titre gratuit, avait été la seule modalité d’offre foncière qui répondait aux demandes des utilisateurs publics. Dès que le droit d’utilisation du sol a pu être transféré légalement à partir de 1987, des réformes successives ont conduit au développement d’un "marché foncier". Le système d’offre foncière se décompose alors en deux modes principaux : le mode d’Allocation et le mode de cession. Les procédures, les acteurs et les utilisateurs agissant sur la dynamique foncière se sont de plus en plus complexifiés. Mais, le manque ou l’inefficacité des outils juridiques et des moyens pour assurer la gestion de la ressource foncière et sécuriser les transactions génèrent beaucoup de désordres et de dysfonctionnements dans le mouvement d’urbanisation accélérée en Chine. L’enjeu de ce travail est d’étudier l’articulation entre d’une part, l’offre foncière et d’autre part, la consommation excessive de terres agricoles, la rénovation totale des quartiers anciens de qualité patrimoniale, la rétention foncière et l’incohérence entre le marché du logement et les besoins fondamentaux résidentiels. Notre méthodologie a consisté en un large inventaire bibliographique pour assimiler les contextes fonciers chinois. Elle s’est aussi appuyée sur des entretiens avec différents acteurs intervenant dans l’urbanisme ainsi que sur des visites de terrains de trois études de cas : Beijing, Shanghai et Xi’an. L’objet de cette thèse est de tenter de comprendre, d’analyser, d’approfondir les fondements des régimes fonciers, et de saisir toute la diversité des situations réelles dans le but de favoriser l’urbanisation et le renouvellement urbain, en Chine, pour le futur. Au cours de cette réflexion, théorique et pratique, et en continuité avec le sujet de notre DEA, nous nous sommes demandé dans quelle mesure la pratique de l’urbanisme en France pouvait faire l’objet de transferts dans les villes chinoises. / In China, the system of land offer is divided into two main modalities: the Allocation and the assignment. This study intends to elucidate the relationship between, on the one hand, the land availability and on the other hand, the excessive consumption of farming lands, the complete renovation of the ancient districts, the land retention and the disconnection between the housing market and the basic residential needs. The method of this study is based on a broad bibliographic inventory in order to assimilate Chinese land contexts and on interviews with different actors involved in urban planning, as well as visits of study sites in three cities: Beijing, Shanghai and Xi'an. This dissertation tends to understand, to analyze, to deepen the foundations of the property systems and to apprehend the diversity of all actual situations so as to promote urbanization and urban renewal in the future in China.