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Le travail effectué au cours de cette thèse a permis une avancée importante dans la connaissance de l’élicitation des cellules de vigne. Nous avons étudié les effets de deux éliciteurs, le méthyljasmonate et la méthyl-β-cyclodextrine, employés seuls et en élicitation croisée sur des suspensions de cellules de vigne (porte-greffe 41B et Vitis labrusca), pour la production de stilbènes (resvératrol et viniférines). Ceci a permis d’atteindre des concentrations de resvératrol très élevées pour un métabolite secondaire et les relations entre la concentration d’éliciteur, la biomasse à l’inoculum et la durée de l’élicitation ont été étudiées. D’autre part, le travail a également porté sur le changement d’échelle quant à la culture cellulaire et son élicitation et sur le suivi de plusieurs phénomènes et paramètres (croissance cellulaire, consommation des sucres, production du resvératrol, suivi du taux d’oxygène dissous et du pH). Des essais en bioréacteur clos de 5L ont ainsi abouti à une production significative de resvératrol à cette échelle et ont permis l’élaboration de modèles cinétiques rendant compte de la croissance de la biomasse et de la production du resvératrol. Un autre aspect de l’étude s’est intéressé à la localisation intracellulaire de la synthèse du resvératrol. Les résultats obtenus par microscopie confocale ont confirmé que le resvératrol s’accumulait majoritairement dans la paroi de la cellule et dans des vésicules cytoplasmiques (organites sphériques présents à proximité de la paroi), avant d’être excrété dans le milieu de culture. Enfin, une démarche a été initiée en vue de la production d’autres métabolites à partir du resvératrol notamment l’ε-viniférine. / The work presented here addressed two main subjects, namely that of grapevine cells elicitation for the production of stilbenes (resveratrol and viniferins) and the scale up of such culture in bioreactors. Shake-flask cultures of grapevine (rootstock 41B and Vitis labrusca) were elicited with methyl jasmonate or methyl-β-cyclodextrin, alone or in combination. This resulted in a significant accumulation of resveratrol in the medium. The relationship between the production of resveratrol and factors such as the elicitor concentration, inoculation rate and the duration of elicitation phase were studied. The second part of this work was concerned with scale up of the culture from shake-flask to 5 L bioreactor. Several parameters were monitored such as cell growth, sugars consumption, resveratrol production, dissolved oxygen concentration and pH. Kinetic models explaining growth and resveratrol production were developed using the results from three bioreactor batches. Preliminary work was performed to initiate the study of metabolites related to resveratrol such as ε-viniferin. The study also completed previous work that looked at the localisation of resveratrol synthesis within the cells using confocal microscopy. The results confirmed that resveratrol was accumulated mainly in the cell wall and in the cytoplasmic vesicles before being excreted/secreted into the culture medium.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Desde a Ãpoca de Freud, o tema das implicaÃÃes clÃnicas dos processos defensivos vem sendo estudado por diversos psicanalistas. A proposta desta pesquisa foi a de avaliar as mudanÃas na tÃcnica psicanalÃtica empreendidas por analistas contemporÃneos a Freud e posteriores a ele, na tentativa de contornar as limitaÃÃes ao tratamento relativas aos mecanismos defensivos. Na impossibilidade de abordar todos os psicanalistas de um e de outro perÃodo, centramos nossa pesquisa na anÃlise da questÃo na obra de trÃs deles: SÃndor Ferenczi, Melanie Klein e Jacques Lacan. A escolha destes como fontes de nossa investigaÃÃo se deveu ao fato de terem promovido sobre o tema importantes contribuiÃÃes que repercutem no campo psicanalÃtico atà hoje. Em tais autores foram verificadas tanto as mudanÃas na tÃcnica quanto o embasamento teÃrico e experiÃncia clÃnica que motivaram tais modificaÃÃes. Do ponto de vista metodolÃgico, partimos da anÃlise, mediante revisÃo bibliogrÃfica, da obra de Freud para avaliar qual sua postura em relaÃÃo à defesa e suas implicaÃÃes tÃcnicas, para buscar o desenvolvimento dessa noÃÃo. O mesmo fizemos quanto aos outros psicanalistas pesquisados, sendo que, quanto a Ferenczi, exploramos a noÃÃo de defesa, focando especificamente no recalque. Os textos desse autor foram abordados de forma cronolÃgica tanto para esclarecer o curso de evoluÃÃo do seu pensamento, como tambÃm para permitir o diÃlogo com textos freudianos do mesmo perÃodo. Ferenczi propÃs diversas mudanÃas tÃcnicas, com destaque para a tÃcnica ativa e a neocatarse, e demonstramos a relaÃÃo de suas propostas clÃnicas com sua forma de compreender o recalcamento. Depois disso, foi dedicado um capÃtulo Ãs propostas kleinianas, no qual foram estudadas as posiÃÃes esquizo-paranÃide e depressiva, atentando para os mecanismos defensivos especÃficos de cada uma. A compreensÃo de Klein acerca do luto e da inveja e sua relaÃÃo com as defesas tambÃm foi importante para nossa pesquisa, alÃm das propostas tÃcnicas da autora. Por fim, servimo-nos das reflexÃes de Lacan acerca dos pÃs-freudianos para criticar as posturas adotadas por Ferenczi e Klein no contexto analÃtico. Tomamos ainda a afirmaÃÃo lacaniana de que o desejo à uma defesa contra o gozo para explorar brevemente o lugar da noÃÃo de defesa no ensino desse autor. Ao final dessa trajetÃria de pesquisa concluÃmos que as mudanÃas na tÃcnica podem mostrar-se infrutÃferas se negligenciarem noÃÃes e conceitos fundamentais da psicanÃlise. Pensar os mecanismos defensivos como algo a ser eliminado pelo trabalho analÃtico, como Ferenczi propunha sobre o recalque, ou reduzido e controlado para conduzir a uma relaÃÃo harmÃnica com o objeto, como Klein propÃs, inevitavelmente se distancia da posiÃÃo freudiana. A defesa tem seu lugar como mecanismo essencial para a constituiÃÃo do psiquismo assegurado por Freud, que nÃo conduziu sua tÃcnica direcionada a ela, mas ao desvendamento do inconsciente. Lacan, com a crÃtica dos pÃs-freudianos e o retorno a Freud, esclarece as consequÃncias de tais mudanÃas tÃcnicas para o processo analÃtico: uma desvalorizaÃÃo da fala, o excesso de agressividade na relaÃÃo transferencial e a localizaÃÃo do polo do saber do lado do analista.

As institutionalists have assumed, institutions are supposed to shape the behaviours of actors towards collective objectives and better prospects. For this purpose, the EU has established an institutionalised framework for developing security and defence integration. This institutionalised framework not only provides ‘rules of games’ for conducting common security and defence affairs, but is supposed to make member states become socialised and embedded in European integration. However, the role of member states cannot be ignored. In fact, the institutionalisation process from the EPC to the CSDP is affected by institutionalism and intergovernmentalism. In other words, although the CSDP has an institutionalised framework which offers rules and procedures for member states and EU institutions to implement a common security and defence policy, it also operates on the basis of intergovernmental co-operation. The different effect of institutionalism and intergovernmentalism can also be discovered through analysing the very distinct attitudes of Britain and Germany in this institutionalisation process. This thesis aims to investigate the institutional development and practice of the security and defence integration of the EU, and examine the role of member states in the process. Britain and Germany are chosen as comparative cases because these two countries have presented quite different preferences and attitudes towards the developments of European integration. This thesis concludes that although the institutionalisation process can affect member states in structuring behaviours and national interests, their political will is nevertheless the most important key to determining whether an institutionalised CSDP can fulfil the collective end of security and defence integration in the EU.

Abstract Increased amounts of epicuticular waxes and UV-absorbing compounds, such as flavonoids, and smaller leaf/needle surface area are plant defence mechanisms against UV-B radiation. The response of the needle epicuticular waxes of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) seedlings to increased UV-B were investigated in short-term and long-term greenhouse experiments. In a more realistic long-term field experiment with mature Scots pines, the methanol-extractable UV-absorbing compounds were also analysed. Some significant changes were observed in the wax tube distribution (WTD, %) and the amount of waxes in Norway spruce seedlings in the short-term Belgian greenhouse experiment (UV-BBE 0, 11.3 and 22.6 kJ m-2 d-1), but no changes were detected in Scots pine seedlings. No changes in waxes were observed in the long-term Finnish greenhouse experiment (UV-BBE 0, 2.2–6.6 and 5.6–16.8 kJ m-2 d-1), where both the Norway spruce and the Scots pine seedlings seemed to respond by having smaller needle surface areas. A field experiment (UV-BBE 0.5–2.4 kJ m-2 d-1 and 0.7–5.1 kJ m-2 d-1) with mature Scots pines revealed no significant changes in WTD during the three growing seasons or the amount of waxes during the third growing season. In the long-term field experiment the amount of UV-absorbing compounds varied significantly between seasons and/or needle age classes. Elevated amounts of these compounds were already observed in the three-day-old needles and also in the oldest (c + 2) needles when the waxes were still undeveloped or already somewhateroded. No significant differences in the amount of UV-absorbing compounds were observed between the treatments during the first and second growing seasons. During the third growing season, needles of all ages contained significantly or slightly less UV-absorbing compounds in supplemental UV-B than in the ambient treatment, possibly due to cumulative effects of UV-B in already inhibited pigment synthesis. This suggests that these defence mechanisms are not efficient enough to prevent the UV-B-induced damage in the long term.

Public sectors in the developed and emerging economies have been witnessing a period of intense change over the past three decades as a result of the development of free-market economy across the globe. In the UK, the public sector in 1970s (that comprised of nationalised industries) was severely criticised for being wasteful, and subject to political intervention, thereby making them inefficient systems for delivering public services. To put matters right, successive governments from the late 1970s embarked on public sector reforms. These reforms centred on increasing the role of private sector in delivering public services. Privatisation, the implementation of accruals-based accounting and application of compulsory competitive tendering in the public sector were some of these reforms. Public-private partnerships, including private finance initiatives (PFIs), introduced in the 1990s, were a continuation of these reforms. In the defence sector, various reforms carried out prior to 1990s failed to completely remove cost and time overruns in defence projects. PFIs were introduced to further rectify the failures of previous reforms in the defence sector because they were purported to provide better value for money. Defence PFIs are long-term agreements whereby the Ministry of Defence, MoD, contracts to purchase quality services on a long-term basis from the private sector (through the special purpose vehicle, SPV) in which the private sector provides all the finance required in constructing the asset that is used to provide the services. Value for money of PFIs is about economy, efficiency and effectiveness. The question, though is whether, Defence PFIs provide value for money as claimed by the MoD? The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of three categories: 1) accommodation, 2) equipment and 3) training of Defence PFIs by assessing the financial robustness (over a six-year period) of the SPVs engaged in their delivery. This research employs a multi-method methodological approach to gather data. Qualitative research methods were employed in exploring and understanding customer-supplier relationships and included, PPPs, PFIs in general (and Defence PFIs in particular), the public sector reforms that brought about private sector integration, 4 defence reforms, and Defence PFI policies. Quantitative research was used to collect and evaluate financial data on SPVs (used in Defence PFIs). Research analysis provided mixed results regarding the financial robustness of SPVs employed in the delivery of Defence PFIs. The profit margins of SPVs involved in the delivery of Defence PFIs relating to the category of accommodation were the highest. This is followed by SPVs in the category of Defence equipment and then by SPVs in the category of Defence training. Interestingly, the majority of SPVs involved in the delivery of Defence PFIs relating to accommodation have sound financial health. On the other hand, most SPVs relating to the other two categories have serious financial problems and therefore show cause for concern. Based on research findings of this study, a number of important policy recommendations are advanced to raise the effectiveness of PFIs in the defence sector and the wider public sector. / © Cranfield University, 2014

of my Master's degree thesis in English TERM AND LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF EXCEEDING THE PRIVATE DEFENCE AND NECESSITY LIMITS (EXCESS) The thesis examines the legal concept and legal implications of transgression of (acting outside of) private defense and necessity. It is based on the new Criminal Code, Act N. 40/2009 Coll. In some of the comparative passages the older legal regulation is mentioned, Act N. 140/1961 Coll., the Criminal Code in particular, as well as preceding penal codes. For illustration of examined concepts and definitions every charter includes case law that deals with the legal institute of private defense and necessity. The thesis is based on the Czech legal regulation and doesn't include comparison with foreign legislation. It's been caused by the short time of effectiveness of the new Criminal code which brought several substantial changes in circumstances precluding wrongfulness of an act. Significant part of the thesis is dedicated to these innovations, e.g. new privileged the fact of criminal offence of manslaughter (§ 141 CC) and infliction of bodily harm with a justifiable motive (§ 146a CC) , new legal regulation of extraordinary reduction of the term of imprisonment (§ 58 CC) and extenuating circumstances (§ 41 CC). Essentially, the new Criminal Code as a whole brought a...

Defence and security related issues are constantly changing. Many of the current platforms which encourage international cooperation between countries was created during the end of previous wars. This has also strengthened a will to maintain stability and peace through collective defence. Nato is today an organisation that plays an intricate role of importance of further investments towards a better global security, and the initiation of Smart Defence was a way to achieve that. This thesis focuses on the concept of Smart Defence in a Scandinavian context. The aim of the thesis is to examine to what extent the concept is to be found in the Scandinavian countries’ defence and security strategies, in what ways this concept is manifested and how relevant the concept is to Scandinavia. With the outset of examining strategic documents, the thesis is performing a qualitative concept analysis. Adopting the concept definition of Carl Lagerström, the analysis is performed by a constructed coding and analysis scheme, in which separate categories have been created to represent the crucial ideas of the concept. The results show that even though the Scandinavian countries are similar in many ways, they differ in terms of their relationship to Nato. While none of the Scandinavian countries entirely correspond to concept in a Scandinavian context, it is notable that Sweden is the only country to be in line with more than one category of the conceptual framework. Norway and Denmark, in the light of their commitment to Nato, show none or little correspondence to the concept from a Scandinavian point of view. Regarding the relevance of the concept, we consider it to be potentially high because of their common threat scenarios and the emphasis on improving the effective use of resources.

The cationic host defence peptide LL-37 is an immunomodulatory agent that plays an important role in epithelial innate immunity. Previously, concentrations of LL-37 thought to represent levels present during inflammation have been shown to elicit the production of cytokines and chemokines by epithelial cells. To investigate the potential of lower concentrations of LL-37 to alter epithelial cell responses, normal primary keratinocytes and bronchial epithelial cells were treated with pro-inflammatory stimuli in the presence or absence of 1 – 3 μg/ml LL-37. Low, physiologically relevant concentrations of LL-37 synergistically increased IL-8 production by both proliferating and differentiated keratinocytes in response to IL-1β and the TLR5 agonist flagellin, and synergistically increased IL-8 production by bronchial epithelial cells in response to IL-1β, flagellin, and the TLR2/1 agonist PAM3CSK4. Treatment of bronchial epithelial cells with LL-37 and the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) resulted in synergistic increases in IL-8 release and cytotoxicity. The synergistic increase in IL-8 production observed when keratinocytes were co-stimulated with flagellin and LL-37 was suppressed by pretreatment with inhibitors of Src-family kinase signalling and NF-κB translocation. These data suggest that low concentrations of LL-37 may alter epithelial responses to microbes in vivo. Microarray analysis of keratinocyte transcriptional responses after LL-37 treatment suggest that LL-37 may alter the expression of growth factors and a number of genes important to innate immune responses. LL-37 may thus play a more important role than previously suspected in the regulation of epithelial inflammation; an improved understanding of the mechanisms by which LL-37 alters chemokine responses could lead to the development of novel anti-infective and anti-inflammatory therapeutics. / Science, Faculty of / Microbiology and Immunology, Department of / Graduate

This study examines the evolution of Canadian defence organization and administration from the integration and unification of the Canadian Forces, starting with the arrival of Paul Hellyer as Minister of National Defence in 1963, to the full integration of military and civilian staffs at National Defence Headquarters in 1972. It seeks to understand the underlying defence management philosophy by explaining the evolving decision-making process and how and why certain management techniques and organizational concepts came to be embodied in the policy process. The goal of this work is to gain insight into not only the management of defence but its relationship to, and place within, general organization and management theory. The idea of rationalizing the business of defence lies at the heart of the history of the reorganizations in the 1960s and early 1970s. Management and organization were arranged to allow defence decision-making to become a more rational process, characterized by new degrees of control, in order to aid the overall effectiveness of the policy-making process. Overall, there existed a progression of administrative and management rationalization that had been occurring not only in the post-Second World War era, but since the turn of the century, both within and without the public sphere. While there was much to be critical about unification and the general defence policy vision of Hellyer, the evolution and development of modern management techniques in defence during the 1960s can largely be situated within an ongoing history of bureaucratization and management evolution of large scale organizations in general and military organizations in particular.