This thesis aims to investigate how the objectives of neoliberal economic thought and total defence structure are relatable in defence planning. With a theoretical base in research on outsourcing of military logistics, the thesis sets out to contribute to the field of research by conceptualising the objectives of a total defence structure as a way of understanding the defence posture in Sweden since 2015. This is analysed through an in-depth study of Swedish defence planning reports and interviews with relevant actors using a thematic approach of data analysis.  The research identifies that the objectives of neoliberal economic thought and total defence structure correlate to a certain extent but there are also some discrepancies that affect the defence planning and ability. The result indicates that there is a potential to combine the objectives more efficiently if the conceptualisations were developed to fit the current societal structure where outsourcing is a common practice.

Vi vill med denna studie skapa en förståelse för hur förnödenhetsförsörjningen inom hälso- och sjukvården hanteras med ett fokus på hur människorna som arbetar inom funktionen upplever det. Människor tolkar verkligheten och ger den en mening. Genom att tolka uppfattningar i stället för att mäta data vill vi skapa en ny djupare förståelse för komplexiteten inom förnödenhetsförsörjningen och därmed bidra till en positiv utveckling för det militära och civila försvaret. Denna studie bygger på en kvalitativ och en induktiv ansats där vi genom intervjuer och gruppintervjuer samlat in vår empiri. Empirin är strukturerad med hjälp av Grounded Theory. Efter struktureringen av empirin har en bild framträtt som beskriver komplexiteten i hur sektorn hälsa, vård och omsorg är organiserad. Detta har lett oss till att använda Mintzbergs strukturella konfigurationer som perspektiv i vår referensram. Med anledning av omvärldsutvecklingen de senaste åren har medvetenheten ökat kring behovet av ett fungerande totalförsvar. Arbetet med förnödenhetsförsörjningen försvåras på grund av regelverk och organisationsstukturer som inte anses vara anpassade för att effektivt stödja förnödenhetsförsörjning inom hälso- och sjukvården i ett totalförsvarsperspektiv. De organisationsstrukturer som finns idag saknar en tydlig förmåga till ledning och samordning ur ett nationellt perspektiv. Lagar, avtal och koncept för upphandling är inte anpassade för en fungerande förnödenhetsförsörjning ur ett beredskapsperspektiv och Sverige har idag en för liten egen produktion av läkemedel och sjukvårdsprodukter. Förnödenhetsförsörjningen inom detta område är beroende av en fungerande global värdekedja. De rekommendationer som vi vill lämna till riksdagen och regeringen är att klargöra mandaten för hur området förnödenhetsförsörjning inom hälsa och sjukvård i totalförsvaret ska ledas. Detta genom att skapa en centraliserad ledningsfunktion. En översyn av lagar bör ske så att de bättre harmonierar med totalförsvarets behov. Vi rekommenderar även att riksdagen beslutar om egen tillverkning av prioriterade läkemedel inom landets gränser och utökar samarbetet inom området med EU. Socialstyrelsen bör fastställa vilken förmåga myndigheter och aktörer inom sektorn ska uppnå samt vilket typ av vård som vårdgivare ska kunna leverera, för att möjliggöra deras planering, upprättande av lager, egen träning och utbildning. Slutligen bör Socialstyrelsen leda scenarioträning med myndigheter och aktörer inom sektorn hälsa, vård och omsorg i syfte att skapa en bättre förståelse för vad totalförsvaret och sektorn ska klara av i händelse av kris eller krig, mot fastslagna målsättningar. Regioner bör i samråd med Sveriges Kommuner och Regioner (SKR) se över möjligheten att frivilligt överlämna en del av sitt självbestämmande till en överordnad ledning samt överse utbudet av sjukvårdsprodukter. Försvarsmakten bör se över hur militärregionerna är tänkt att utgöra länken mellan det militära och det civila försvaret för att stärka interoperabiliteten inom totalförsvaret samt tydliggöra sina egna målsättningar i syfte att skapa en fungerande förnödenhetsförsörjning. / With this thesis, we want to create an understanding of how the chain of supplies in health and medical care is handled within the civilian and military defence. We have a focus on how the individuals who work in the function experience it. People interpret their reality and gives it a meaning. By interpreting perceptions instead of measuring data, we want to create a new, deeper understanding of the complexity of the chain of supplies and thereby contribute to a positive development for military and civil defence. This study is based on a qualitative and an inductive approach where we collect our empirical data through interviews and group interviews. The empirical data is structured using Grounded Theory. After structuring the empirical data, a picture emerges that deals with the complexity of how the national system of emergency management concerning health and welfare is organized. This leads us to use Mintzberg's structural configurations as perspectives in our frame of reference.  Due to developments in the world in recent years, awareness has increased for the need of a functioning civilian and military defence. The work with the chain of supplies is made more difficult due to regulations and organizational structures that are not considered to be adapted to effectively support the chain of supplies in health care in a military and civilian defense perspective. The organizational structures that exist today lack a clear ability for management and coordination from a national perspective. Laws, agreements and procurement concepts are not adapted for supporting chain of supplies from a readiness perspective and Sweden currently has too little of its own production of pharmaceuticals and healthcare products. The chain of supplies in this area is dependent on a functioning global market. The recommendations we want to submit to the Swedish government are to clarify the mandates for how the area of chain of supplies in health and medical care in the civilian and military defence is to be managed. This by creating a centralized management function. A review of laws should take place so that they are more harmonized with the needs of civilian and military defence. We also recommend that the government decide on its own production of basic medicines within the country's borders, in association with EU. The National Board of Health and Welfare should determine what capacity authorities and actors in the sector should achieve and what type of care providers should be able to deliver. Finally, they should lead scenario training with authorities and actors in the sector in order to create a better understanding of what the civilian and military defence and the sector should be able to manage in the event of crisis or war. Regions should, in consultation with the The Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SKR), review the possibility of voluntarily handing over part of their right of self-determination to a superior management and overseeing the range of healthcare products. The Armed Forces should review how the military regions are intended to be the link between military and civil defence, to strengthen interoperability in total defence and clarify their own objectives so they can create a functioning chain of supplies.

This thesis examined the relationship between cyber operations and armed attacks to determine when the right of self-defence is triggered by cyber operations. The research question for this thesis was under what circumstances a cyber operation is considered a cyber attack and what kind of self-defence the targeted victim State can use.  The thesis concluded that it is not the weaponry used, but the scale and effects of an operation that determines whether it amounts to an armed attack or not. Thus, cyber operations can be amount to armed attacks i.e., cyber attacks if the scale and effects caused by the operations are severe enough. However, the thesis concluded that there are certain challenges regarding the determination of the severity threshold of operations through cyberspace that do not exist for operations of kinetic nature. Specifically regarding whether cyber operations that cause disruption of critical infrastructure can amount to a cyber attack. The thesis concluded that it is unclear whether these kinds of effects can be comparable to the effects caused by traditional military force. However, cyber operations that result in mere economic damages do not reach the scale and effects needed to amount to cyber attacks.  The thesis concluded that an imminent threat of a cyber attack triggers the right of self-defence. The meaning of imminence is ‘the last possible window of opportunity’ to repel the cyber attack, as this meaning coheres with the purpose of being able to resort to force in self-defence against an attack that has yet occurred.  The issue of responsibility of non-State actors was addressed in the thesis. The essay demonstrated that the questions regarding non-State actors are even more relevant for operations carried out in cyberspace. It was concluded that although the high threshold of attribution becomes even more challenging in cyberspace, the threshold is necessary in order to maintain international peace and security. Regarding independent non-State actors, it was concluded that State practice has shown acceptance of resorting to force against non-State actors without attribution to the territorial State. To balance opposed interests, this thesis concluded that the doctrine of unwilling and unable should be followed when a victim State considers resorting to force against a non-State actor.  Regarding the principles of necessity and proportionality, this thesis could conclude that the means used against a cyber attack, whether kinetic or cyber, are not vital to determine whether the self-defence used is legal or not. Instead, force used in self-defence used must be a means of last resort and cannot exceed the force needed to repel the attack.

The work of the South African chaplains during the First World War was of an extremely high standard. The postwar military failed to recognise this contribution. In the 1920s and early 1930s the chaplaincy was allocated an inferior position within the military. It was only in 1938 that the first chaplains were appointed in the Permanent Force. During the Second World War the unwillingness of the UDF hierarchy to appoint a single chaplain as the head of a Chaplains' Branch influenced the ministry negatively. Inter-denominational issues were resolved on a basis of consensus amongst Principal Chaplains who were granted very little executive power. The establishment of the SA Corps of Chaplains in 1946 confirmed the permanency of the chaplaincy within the UDF. The appointment of the first Deputy Chaplain General in 1949 did much to ensure effective ministry. The discontinuation of this post in 1954 had a detrimental effect on the chaplaincy. With the establishment of the Department of Physical and Spiritual Welfare in 1966 no clear cut division was made between the responsibility for spiritual (pastoral) care and physical care (social welfare). This anomaly was rectified in 1968 when an independent directorate for the chaplaincy was created and in 1970 when a Chaplain General was appointed. The chaplaincy in South West Africa grew from a single chaplain at Walvis Bay in 1963 to an immense organisation with hundreds of chaplains. In 1980 the SWATF Chaplain Service was formed under command of its own director. The presence of SADF/SWATF chaplains in South West Africa ceased in 1989 with the implementation of UN Resolution 435. The 1990s was a decade of great transition and turmoil for the Chaplain Service. In 1994 the military chaplaincies of the TBVC countries, as well as members from MK and APLA, were integrated into the Chaplain Service. The implementation of the transformation policy of the Department of Defence resulted in the Chaplain Service becoming more representative of the communities it serves. / Theology / D. Th. (Theology)

One of the major analytical shortcomings regularly made by EU and NATO experts today lies with exclusively seeing the European defence project as a post-World War II (WWII) phenomenon and the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) as mainly a post-Cold War product. No analyst has so far seriously explored the idea of European defence predating WWII and the 20th century. Instead, since 1999 one frequently reads and hears about the ‘anomalous,’ ‘elusive’ CSDP suddenly complicating transatlantic relations. But the CSDP is hardly an oddity or aberration, and it is certainly not as mysterious as some might suggest. Drawing extensively from primary sources and predicated on an overarching evolutionist approach, this thesis shows that the present CSDP is an ephemeral security and defence concept, only the latest of its kind and full of potential. Drawing its deepest ideational roots from the (pre-)Enlightenment era, the CSDP leads to a pan-European defence almost irreversibly. A common defence for Europe is quite possible and, due to the growing impact of the exogenous (multipolar) momentum, can be realized sooner rather than later even without a full-fledged European federation. / May 2016

Försvarsanskaffning och dess omkringliggande faktorer är relativt lite utforskat, särskilt i svensk kontext. En anledning är möjligtvis att utvecklingen skett fort och medfört att teorin har blivit ifrånsprungen. Det medför intresset av att studera faktorer som påverkar den svenska försvarsanskaffningen gällande valet av vem anskaffningen sker ifrån. Arbetet är en kvalitativ utforskande studie med en induktiv ansats med syfte att förstå de underliggande teman och mönster som finns bakom den svenska anskaffningsprocessen. Arbetet belyser anskaffningsprocessen relativt brett, därför används Hartleys teori byggd utifrån studier kring Ministry of defence i Storbritannien.  Empirin utgörs av djupintervjuer där respondenterna representerar Försvarsmakten, FMV och politiken. Teorin används sedan för att analysera empirin, för att slutligen belysa inomvetenskapliga såväl som utomvetenskapliga utvecklingspunkter. Studien kom fram till att säkerhetspolitik och ekonomi påverkar den svenska anskaffningsprocessen av komplex försvarsmateriel i stor utsträckning. Påverkan är positiv exempelvis genom att den har spin-off effekter till övriga samhället men har en negativ effekt genom att det fördyrar anskaffningen. En framgångsfaktor gällande svensk försvaranskaffning är svenska modellen som hanterar faktorer kring soft systems engineering väl. / There is relatively little research into defence procurement and its surrounding factors, particularly in a Swedish context. One possible reason could be that development has been rapid and has overtaken theory. This raises interest in studying factors that influence Swedish defence procurement in terms of the selection of whom procurement occurs from. This paper is a qualitative investigative study with an inductive approach, the aim of which is to understand the underlying themes and patterns behind the Swedish procurement process. The paper takes a broad view of the procurement process and, therefore, Hartley’s theory is used, which is built on studies of the UK Ministry of Defence. The empirics consist of in-depth interviews where the respondents represent the Swedish Armed Forces, the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) and the Swedish Ministry of Defence. The theory is then used to analyse the empirics, to finally illustrate theoretical as well as practical points of development. The results of this study show that defence policy and economy influence the Swedish procurement process for complex armaments to a large extent. The effects are positive in terms of some positive spin-off effects for the rest of the society, but there are negative effects because it makes procurement more expensive. One success factor for Swedish defence procurement is the Swedish model that effectively deals with factors surrounding soft systems engineering.

The work of the South African chaplains during the First World War was of an extremely high standard. The postwar military failed to recognise this contribution. In the 1920s and early 1930s the chaplaincy was allocated an inferior position within the military. It was only in 1938 that the first chaplains were appointed in the Permanent Force. During the Second World War the unwillingness of the UDF hierarchy to appoint a single chaplain as the head of a Chaplains' Branch influenced the ministry negatively. Inter-denominational issues were resolved on a basis of consensus amongst Principal Chaplains who were granted very little executive power. The establishment of the SA Corps of Chaplains in 1946 confirmed the permanency of the chaplaincy within the UDF. The appointment of the first Deputy Chaplain General in 1949 did much to ensure effective ministry. The discontinuation of this post in 1954 had a detrimental effect on the chaplaincy. With the establishment of the Department of Physical and Spiritual Welfare in 1966 no clear cut division was made between the responsibility for spiritual (pastoral) care and physical care (social welfare). This anomaly was rectified in 1968 when an independent directorate for the chaplaincy was created and in 1970 when a Chaplain General was appointed. The chaplaincy in South West Africa grew from a single chaplain at Walvis Bay in 1963 to an immense organisation with hundreds of chaplains. In 1980 the SWATF Chaplain Service was formed under command of its own director. The presence of SADF/SWATF chaplains in South West Africa ceased in 1989 with the implementation of UN Resolution 435. The 1990s was a decade of great transition and turmoil for the Chaplain Service. In 1994 the military chaplaincies of the TBVC countries, as well as members from MK and APLA, were integrated into the Chaplain Service. The implementation of the transformation policy of the Department of Defence resulted in the Chaplain Service becoming more representative of the communities it serves. / Theology / D. Th. (Theology)

The capability of the Swedish Armed Forces has been reduced to such an extent that the Armed Forces most likely cannot cope with health care within its own organization in the event of an armed attack on the country. The project Totalförsvarets sjukvårdssystem (The healthcare system of the total defence), initiated in 2015 by the Swedish Armed Forces and the National Board of Health and welfare, did a review of Sweden´s medical capacity, its limitations and needs at peace, crisis and armed conflict. However, the project did not profoundly review the conditions of military medicine for armed conflicts, the capacity of military medical planning and how the military medical capacity affects the planning and implementation of operations. This knowledge gap is not filled by available research or other source of information. The purpose of this work is to fill this gap through a qualitative method via interviews and text analysis. The work is supported by Moshe Kress's logistics theory of valuation of plans; macro- and micro-level subdivision in the planning process and need for information for medical planning. To adapt Moshe Kress's theory to the military medicine a theory development has been made. The result of the work shows that the capacity of military medicine is insufficient and that medical planners are not obvious partners in national military planning. This will probably effect both planning and execution through lack of credibility and fighting morale. This can also have a negative impact on the will to defend Sweden. Research in military medicine for the purpose of this work is limited. A probable cause may be that there is lack of basic research in the field of military medicine and that information about capacity, capabilities and limitations is mainly confidential.

Background: In 2009, the European Union (EU) adopted the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). This contributed to an already on-going change amongst the armed forces of the Union. No previous research has examined how the skills required of young officers in the EU are taught at the Basic Officer Education within either Sweden or Austria. Purpose: This thesis examines to what extent the skills needed of young officers in a CSDP-environment are taught during the Basic Officer Educations in Sweden and Austria. The purpose is to conclude if the Swedish and Austrian Basic Officer Educations are complying with the political wills of their respective countries, to adapt their armed forces to the EU and CSDP. Method: The author compares the Swedish and Austrian Basic Officer Education by examining curriculums and syllabuses, as well as conducting expert interviews with officials at the schools and comparing the results. The educations are examined based on how they educated the concept of CSDP and how interoperability and a European culture of defence are promoted. Conclusion: The results show that both Sweden and Austria educate their cadets in the CSDP and take measurements to promote interoperability and a European culture of defence. The results suggest that Austria does so to a further extent. Based on the results, the author suggests increased exchanges, Pooling &amp; Sharing during Basic Officer Education and further developments towards a common European Basic Officer Education. / <p>Erasmus</p>

Section 23(5) of the Constitution entrenches trade unions, employer's organisations and employers' right to engage in collective bargaining. For employees, collective bargaining is the key which opens the door to better wages, improved working conditions and an overall better standard of living to name but a few. The Labour Relations Act was promulgated to give effect to section 23 of the Constitution. However, in section 2 of the Labour Relations Act, members of the South African National Defence Force were excluded from the ambit of the Labour Relations Act (LRA). After the Constitutional Court regarded members of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) to be "workers", they also had the right to engage in collective bargaining. However, because of the special duty that the members of the SANDF have to fulfil namely to ensure the safety of the republic and its citizens, they are not awarded the right to strike. The question therefor is: How do the members of the SANDF compel the SANDF to bargain with them? The aim of this study is to establish if a duty to bargain was implemented by Chapter XX of the General Regulations of the South African National Defence Force and the Reserve. Firstly, the new dispensation of voluntarism under the new LRA is examined to understand how collective bargaining would work in a normal situation and not that of the members of the SANDF. Freedom of association is also discussed. The reason for this was because members of the SANDF also have to right to associate with a trade union of their choice by sections 18 and 23(2) of the Constitution. Under the new LRA, organisational rights also play a major role in the bargaining process and afford trade unions more bargaining power. The voluntarist approach followed by the new LRA effectively removed the duty to bargain from collective bargaining. As explained above, the special situation applicable to the SANDF and its members are not governed by the LRA and therefor a duty to bargain might still exist in this specific system of collective bargaining managed by the regulations. The duty to bargain is based on representativeness and good faith which are also examined in this study. To establish if a duty to bargain was created by the courts, an examination of the judgements of the High Court, the Supreme Court of Appeal and the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court reiterated that there is no legally enforceable duty to bargain between the SANDF and the South African National Defence Union (SANDU). If Chapter XX of the regulations is scrutinised, it can however be seen that there is an initial duty on the SANDF to bargain with a registered military trade union over matter set out in regulation 36 which include most if not all matters of mutual interest. Therefor it would seem that a duty to bargain is created by Chapter XX. / LLM (Labour Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014