The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which the end of the Cold War led to Europeanisation in European Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The analysis takes into consideration previous studies on Europeanisation and its impact on the transformation of national security and defence, and attempts to account for the development of Europeanisation and related mechanisms. These mechanisms, which were described by Radaelli as framing mechanisms and negative integration, incorporate all major relevant factors identified in the thesis (i.e., a common strategic culture, new security identity, domestic political decision-making, industrial base and defence spending decline) which contribute to the realisation of the CSDP. The relevance of these factors for CSDP Europeanisation is examined through historical and empirical analysis. Furthermore, the relationship between CSDP and NATO is also explored. This approach facilitates the analysis of the debate concerning the emergence of CSDP and throws light on the political shift that led EU leaders to support CSDP. Another aspect of this study is the empirical analysis of the dynamics and limitations of the European defence sector. The changes which took place in the European defence sector facilitated the emergence of CSDP. Hence, these changes are analysed in view of globalisation issues, economies of scale, economic crises, military autonomy, new security strategy and R&D impact.

European security and defence policy has developed at a significant rate since the late 1990s. As a growing field of analysis, there have been few studies to date that have explored the foreign and domestic implications of the European Union's emerging security and defence policies. This thesis seeks to assess the quality and effectiveness of the present day defence policies of the European Union through an examination of its commitment to civilian and military missions abroad. In so doing, this thesis suggests that these missions stem from a misguided belief that the promotion of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law beyond its border is the most effective means by which to achieve security within Europe. This thesis concludes that the economic and political tools available to the European Union provide a better means by which to ensure security in Europe and around the world.

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Vatten är en av de viktigaste tillgångarna vi har och är en förutsättning för att samhället ska kunna fungera. Det moderna samhället lämnar oss sårbara på flera nivåer där dricksvattenproduktionen hotas av åtskilliga typer av risker såsom vattenbrist, klimatförändringar och krig. För att kunna säkerställa tillgången på dricksvatten måste området förstärkas för att kunna skapa en robust verksamhet samt implementera säkerhet i ett långsiktigt perspektiv. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad det innebär för kommuner att höja standarden inom dricksvattenförsörjningen och det civila försvaret, samt vad som förväntas uppnås av kommunen i arbetet med att säkra tillgången till dricksvatten utifrån regeringens målsättning. För att kunna besvara syftet har studien tagit avstamp utifrån tre frågeställningar som fokuserat på vad det innebär för kommunen att arbeta med att förstärka dricksvattenförsörjningen, vilka målsättningarna är samtriskuppfattningar kring dricksvattensverksamheten. Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med fallstudie som design. Under studien har åtta personer intervjuats som på olika nivåer arbetar med dricksvattenförsörjning och beredskap. Urvalet av deltagare är avsiktligt för att uppnå bredd och djup i material. Den insamlade datan har transkriberats och analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Deltagarna i studien uppfattar utmaningen och hoten mot dricksvattenförsörjningen på olika sätt. De upplever att detta påverkar arbetet med att nå en långsiktighet i arbetet med att trygga dricksvattenförsörjningen, samt att det är diffust vad som verkligen är målsättningen i kommunernas arbete. Kommunernas förutsättningar att kunna bygga upp det civila försvaret och skapa en säker dricksvattenverksamhet bygger på att regeringen förser dem med konkreta riktlinjer samt ekonomiska medel för att kunna ta fram beredskapsplaner och nödvattenberedskap. Att kommunerna ska kunna nå upp till vissa målbilder som skapats på högre nivåer är idag inte realistisktutifrån de olika förutsättningarna de har. Arbetet med att skapa ett starkt civilt försvar och en säker dricksvattenförsörjning kommer att kräva stora resursinvesteringar både när det kommer till infrastruktur, IT och kompentensutveckling. / Water is one of the most important resources we have and it is a prerequisite for society in order to function. Modern society leaves us vulnerable on several levels where drinking water production isthreatened by several types of risks such as water shortages, climate change and war. In order to ensure the supply of drinking water, the operation must be strengthened to create a robust operation and implement safety in a long-term perspective. The purpose of the study was to investigate what it means to raise the standard in drinking water supply and civil defense and also what is expected to be achieved by the municipality in the work to secure access to drinking water based on government goals. In order to be able to answer the purpose, the study has been based on three issues that have focused on what it means for the municipalities to work to strengthen the drinking water supply, what the objectives are and also the riskperceptions regarding the drinking water business. The study is a qualitative interview study with a case study as a design. During the study, eight people were interviewed who at different levels work with drinking water supply and emergency preparedness,the selection of participants is intentional to achieve width and depth in material. The collected data has been transcribed and analyzed with qualitative content analysis. The participants in the study perceive the challenge and threats to the drinking water supply in different ways. They feel that this affects the work of achieving a long-term perspective in the work of securing the drinking water supply and that it is unclear what the goal in the municipalities' work really is. The municipalities' ability to building civil defense and creating safe drinking water operations is based on the government providing them with concrete guidelines and financial means to be able to produce contingency plans and emergency water preparedness. That the municipalities should be able to reach certain target images that exist from higher levels is today not realistic based on the different conditions they have. The work of creating a strong civil defense and a secure drinking water supply will require large resource investments both when it comes to infrastructure, IT and skills development.

Combat aircraft programs between a manufacturer and government are critical for both parties, asit involves significant costs, lengthy development times, and high risks. If successful, suchprograms can result in improved defense capabilities for the government and financial gains forthe manufacturer. However, due to the high technical uncertainty, value creation in the programscan be challenging. The purpose of this study was thus to examine how the total value creation,consisting of value for both parties, can be increased by choosing suitable contract models for theprogram, as contract model is of utmost importance due to its direct implication on value creationfor both actors in the programs. The purpose was answered by conducting a literature and casestudy, where the latter was made on the context of combat aircraft programs between Saab ABAeronautics and The Swedish Defense Materiel Administration (FMV). From the literature study, relevant theory regarding value creation, co-creation of value, andcontract models were identified and compiled. Different drivers of value were researched, basedon potential benefits and sacrifices for the actors in the combat aircraft programs, and categorizedinto technical and commercial factors. Extensive dialogues, risk sharing, and structures fordecision making, were identified as important mechanisms of co-creation of value. Finally,different contract models, categorized into fixed-price contracts, incentive contracts, and cost-pluscontracts, and their influence on the drivers of value and co-creation of value was discussed. Fromthe literature study, it was clear that there was no consensus of what contract model is most suitablefor a combat aircraft program, even though there were similarities in the literature of some authors. The case study consisted of eight interviews with representatives of both Saab AB Aeronauticsand FMV. Based on the answers of the interviews, a deeper understanding of what drives valueand co-creation of value in the programs was established, as well as how the contract models affectthese factors. When analyzing the empirics of the case study with the literature study, it was clearthat different phases of the program were of utmost interest, since what drives value differs in eachphase. Thus, as different contract models are suitable for different reasons, it was apparent thatone contract model is not sufficient for the whole program. Instead, the recommendation of thisstudy is that different contract models during different phases are suitable to increase the totalvalue creation in a combat aircraft program. For the first two phases of the program, initial studies and conceptualization, a cost-plus contractis recommended, as it could be damaging for technical value creation with incentives for costsavings. For the third phase, development and industrialization, an incentive contract isrecommended, since it enables experimentation and creation of technical value, while stilldecreasing the risk of excess spending and cost for the actors. For the final phase, production, afixed-price contract is recommended, as it allows for commercial value creation for both actors,without risk damaging the technical value creation. To conclude, this study develops the previousliterature with new findings on the connection of the theoretical areas. Further, it provides practicalrecommendations for manufacturers and governments involved in combat aircraft programs.

During the national preparedness in Sweden, 1939-1945, the new dimensions of the “Total war” pushed for a build-up of a Civil defence that could help to reduce effects on the civil population if Sweden were put under attack. This thesis poses the question of how women’s roles in the Civil defence were motivated and driven by the state and women’s defence organisations. It aims to further give knowledge to how social and economic constraints have shaped renegotiation processes of women’s roles in times of national crisis. It finds that the state and women´s defence organisations both evoked and dismissed women’s engagement in the Civil defence. Women were expected to contribute to specific assignments but were not admitted and obliged to the duties on the same terms as men. Women’s roles in the Civil defence changed over time; this can be derived from the increased threat of war and the augmented pressure to provide reserve labour to industries and the defence.

This paper studies when warfare meets welfare in the Swedish contingency planning of healthcare in war during the period 1950 to 1985 with the aim of analysing how the planning changed, what caused these changes and how this can be linked to societal changes in the post-war Sweden. The analysis is carried out with the help of a self-adapted stakeholder model where first the change in planning and management is analysed and then seeks causal explanations for the key changes based on three military and three civilian drivers. The starting point for civilian contingency planning for health care in war was the Civil Air Protection investigation (SOU 1936:57). The investigation found that the need for civilian hospitalcare in war had changed because total war had blurred the boundaries between military and civilian health care. The report therefore proposed that a joint plan for hospital care in war should be established. The base of the new organization was the emergency hospitals, which were largely existing healthcare facilities, given that name in a war situation. To recreate wartime planning for health care, a Health Care Preparedness Board (Swe:Sjukvårdsberedskapsnämnden) was established in 1948 responsible for planning of health care in wartime. There were three major turning points in the planning. In 1950 based on experience from the conventional bombing wars of World War II, in 1959 based on the increasingly powerful nuclear weapons and in 1969 due to Sweden ceasing to plan total defence for a nuclear war. The consequences of the first two redesigns involved the wartime establishment of hundreds of small emergency hospitals outside the city centres, while from 1969 the large peacetime hospitals returned as the core of wartime health care. The 1970s and 1980s were characterized by a decentralization of responsibility of planning and wartime management from the state to the county councils (Swe: landstingen). The main causes for the turning points were the development of nuclear weapons and the expansion of the welfare state. The impact of nuclear weapons is demonstrated by the fact that there is a start and an end to the nuclear phase of planning. The expansion of the welfare state meant that the role of the county councils over 30 years went from carrying out orders from the state and the armed forces to controlling both management and planning and where the military's right toissue wartime directives was abolished. This can be explained by the expansion of health care during the same period and the increased power of the county councils that came with the expansion.The study shows that the militarization of Swedish civilian society was strong up until about 1970, but then rapidly declined and it was increasingly the armed forces that had to adapt to the structure and requirements of the peacetime health care rather than the other way around. Again,the reason for this shift is the significant expansion of the welfare state and the peacetime healthcare system, which shifted both economic and political power away from the military to the civilian health care system.

Recent developments in Sweden’s security policy have prompted the rearmament of the total defence. The total defence comprises both military and civil defence. The civil defence, in conjunction with crisis preparedmess, forms Sweden’s civil preparedness. However, the civil preparedness has been assessed as inadequate in meeting the requirements arising from recent developments in external security policy. Additionally, Sweden’s imminent NATO membership imposes further requirements on civil preparedness. The operational activities within civil preparedness are predominantly carried out by private entities, necessitating private-public collaboration. Nevertheless, existing regulations and competing interests pose substantial obstacles to sustained and iterative collaboration. This thesis employs a comparative nested case study, analysing two sectors of operations coordinated by the Swedish Post and Telecom Authority. These sectors demonstrate varying degrees of collaboration in civil preparedness. By utilizing Emerson & Nabatchi’s (2015) collaborative governance theory, this thesis identifies that drivers prompting collaboration play a significant role. Specifically, legal and policy frameworks are assessed to be the most crucial factor. The cases exhibit unique characteristics, thereby providing a reasonable test the of collaborative governance theory’s eligibility. This thesis acknowledges certain limitations in the theoretical assumptions due to technological advancements. Consequently, further assessment of the theory is encouraged, as it may require refinement to adequately address new forms of incentives for collaboration resulting from emerging threats.

This thesis aims to study the role, function, and responsibility of municipalities in the Swedish total defence during periods of heightened preparedness. The method used in this thesis is a qualitative text analysis, and the material consists of public documents from state actors. The research question formulated is as follows: What role, function, and responsibility are municipalities expected to have within the future total defence during periods of heightened preparedness? To answer the research question, resilience has been used as a theoretical framework. The results show that municipalities are expected to take on a proactive role by working with anticipation and identification, as well as by preventing, mitigating, and preparing for crises. Additionally, municipalities are expected to have an adaptive capability and act reactively by implementing measures and restoring society to normalcy. Furthermore, although the concept of resilience is not explicitly mentioned in the analyzed documents, it is evident that municipalities are expected to have a role, function, and responsibility characterized by resilience within the framework of future total defence. By contributing new knowledge and insights in this area, the study aims to fill the knowledge gaps that previous research has not addressed, while also aspiring to provide ideas for further research and development in the field of total defence and municipal resilience.

Syftet med denna studie var att studera hur förskollärare upplever sin roll inom totalförsvaret och hur deras försvarsvilja ser ut. Totalt har tio förskollärare intervjuats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och en tematisk analys utfördes på intervjumaterialet. Detta resulterade i två teman och sju subteman som redogör för gynnsamma samt ogynnsamma aspekter för förskollärares syn på sin roll inom totalförsvaret och deras försvarsvilja. Slutsatserna från denna studie var att förskollärare anser att de har en viktig roll inom totalförsvaret och att det finns en hög försvarsvilja. Studien visar dock att kunskapen och informationen om vad deras roll innebär är bristande, inte bara internt utan även stort i samhället och att ledare utgör en viktig roll i att sprida den kunskapen. Slutligen visadestudien på att den mest ogynnsamma aspekten är det som står oss närmast - familjen. Behovet att skydda sin egen familj och veta att den är trygg är det viktigaste och det visar i sig hur viktig förskolan är som aktör inom det civila försvaret för att tillgodose det behovet. / The aim of this study was to study how preschool teachers perceive their role within the total defence and what their willingness to defend one’s own country looks like. A total of tenpreschool teachers have been interviewed through semi-structured interviews and the interview material has been data-processed through a thematic analysis. This resulted in two themes and seven subthemes that included favorable and unfavorable aspects of preschool teachers view of their role in total defence and their willingness to defend. The conclusions of this study were that preschool teachers think that they have an important role in the total defence and that there is a high willingness to defend, but that the knowledge and information about what their role entails is lacking, not only internally but also widely in society and that leaders plays an important role to spread this knowledge. Finally this study shows that the most unfavorable aspect, for the willingness to defend one’s country, is what we have closestto us - the family. The need to protect the own family is the most important thing and that itself shows how important preschool is as an actor in the civil defence.