Redovisningsmässigt klassificeras leasingavtal som operationella eller finansiella. Som ett alternativ till finansiering har operationella leasingavtal tillämpats frekvent av företag. Med anledning av att ett operationellt leasingavtal inte behöver redovisas i rapporten över finansiell ställning för leasetagare. Detta har resulterat i att diskussioner om operationella leasingavtal uppstått. SEC har uppmärksammat problem beträffande operationella leasingavtal vilket har resulterat i att IASB utfärdat en ny redovisningsstandard, IFRS 16. Den nya redovisningsstandarden ersätter IAS 17 och IFRS 16 möjliggör för enbart en klassificering av leasingavtal i redovisningen, vilket är finansiella leasingavtal. Företag som tillämpar IFRS var vid ikraftträdandet 1 januari 2019, tvingade att klassificera om sina leasingavtal till finansiella. Svenska företag som tillämpar K3-regelverket har möjlighet att redovisa leasingavtal enligt båda klassificeringarna, operationellt eller finansiellt leasingavtal. I svensk skattelagstiftning framgår att ett finansiellt leasingavtal från leasetagares perspektiv ska hanteras som operationellt leasingavtal. Till följd av det uppstår ett gap mellan redovisning och beskattning när IFRS 16 appliceras. Nyttjanderätten i ett finansiellt leasingavtal samt leasingskulden ska redovisas i rapporten över finansiell ställning. Avskrivning, amortering och räntekostnader som uppkommer får redovisas utifrån både K3 och IFRS. Ur ett skatteperspektiv å andra sidan finns ingen avdragsrätt för leasetagare vilket kräver justeringar i inkomstdeklarationen för avskrivningar och räntekostnader. Skattemässigt tillfaller inte äganderätten av leasingavtalet leasetagaren. Temporära skillnader uppstår mellan nyttjanderättstillgången och leasingskulden som medför att uppskjuten skatt behöver tas hänsyn till. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur klassificeringen av leasingavtal påverkar ett företags finansiella rapporter, både utifrån K3 och IFRS. Dessutom ämnar vi undersöka den problematik som uppstår i samband med de olika värderingsreglerna för de finansiella leasingavtalen. Vidare är syftet med studien att undersöka vilka effekter gällande redovisningsval vid uppskjuten skatt enligt K3 och IFRS som kan uppstå, samt dess påverkan på ett företags noter i finansiella rapporter. För att uppnå syftet har vi genom konstruerade typfall, tillämpat de olika regelverken. Empirin som presenterats till följd av typfallen har tolkats och analyserats utifrån redovisningens kvalitativa egenskaper samt intressentteorin. Studiens resultat indikerar att finansiella rapporter påverkas av tillämpade klassificeringsregler enligt K3 och IFRS 16. Utfallet antyder även på problematik beträffande värderingsreglerna mellan inkomstskattelagen och IFRS 16. Beroende på om K3 eller IFRS appliceras beträffande leasingavtal förekommer olika tillvägagångssätt att hantera uppskjuten skatt. Följaktligen påverkas delvis redovisningen och delvis tilläggsupplysningarna för företaget. Vår slutsats är att redovisning av ett finansiellt leasingavtal utifrån både K3 och IFRS 16 bör prefereras av intressenter. Av den anledning att företag i högre utsträckning uppnår transparens och visar en mer korrekt bild i de finansiella rapporterna. / Lease agreements are classified as operational or financial. As an alternative to company funding, operational leasing has been applied frequently by companies since it is not required to be included in the balance sheet. Discussions regarding operational leasing agreements have occurred as a result. Due to the debates IASB issued a new accounting standard, IFRS 16, for leasing agreements in order to replace IAS 17. Companies that implement the new accounting standard were required by law to reclassify their existing operational agreements to financial agreements. Swedish companies that apply the K3 regulation have the opportunity to post leasing agreements according to both classifications. Tax legislation in Sweden states financial leasing agreements should be handled as operational leasing from a lessee’s perspective. When the accounting standard IFRS 16 is utilized, a gap in accounting and taxation appears. The leasing asset and leasing liability in a financial agreement are to be reported in the balance sheet. Depreciation, amortization, and interest expenses that arise may be reported as stated in both K3 and IFRS. From a tax aspect, adjustments are enforced in income tax return for depreciation and interest expenses. Ownership of the leasing agreement are not accrued to the lessee. Temporary discrepancies originating from leasing asset and leasing liability, leads to consideration of deferred tax in accounting. Intent of this study is to investigate how classification of leasing agreements affects financial reports for companies, according to K3 and IFRS. This study also focus on the dilemma issued from various valuation instructions for financial leasing regarding regulations (K3, IFRS) and income tax legislation. Our examination reviews the influence of chosen accounting standard for deferred tax, according to K3 and IFRS, and the impact it presents in financial notes. Aim of this study has been tested by implementing both regulations to typical scenarios prevalent within the industry. The empirical evidence emerged from our cases are clarified and analyzed on the basis of characteristics in quality and theory of stakeholders. Results coming from this study indicates financial reports affected by practiced rules of classification in accordance with K3 and IFRS. The outcome implies complications as to valuation instructions for income tax legislation and IFRS. Depending on whether the K3 regulation or IFRS are applied concerning leasing agreements, different approaches to managing deferred tax are appropriate. Consequently, both accounting and additional information in financial reports are influenced in partial. Our conclusion is that financial leasing accounting wise would be preferred by stakeholders when utilizing K3 and IFRS. That is due to a higher extent of transparency in financial reports as well as a faithful representation. This study is written in Swedish.

本研究以遞延所得稅費用作為衡量盈餘管理之代理變數，探討遞延所得稅費用及其組成項目與避免報導虧損行為間之關聯性，並加入股權結構、獨立董監及審計品質，檢視公司治理特性是否可有效降低管理當局利用遞延所得稅費用之會計處理達成避免報導虧損行為的傾向。 本研究之實證結果顯示，遞延所得稅費用及其具裁決性之組成項目如與銷貨有關的遞延所得稅費用、未實現費用產生的遞延所得稅費用及與資產評價科目有關的遞延所得稅費用，均與避免報導虧損行為間存在顯著的關聯性，顯示管理當局利用裁量性遞延所得稅費用之認列及沖轉來調整盈餘，以達成特定的盈餘目標。本研究發現，遞延所得稅費用項目在裁量性應計項目外，對管理當局避免報導虧損之行為，提供了增額的解釋能力。此外，本研究發現公司治理變數與避免報導虧損之行為不存在顯著為負的關係，僅機構投資人持股與獨立董監席次比率對降低管理當局透過遞延所得稅費用項目達成避免報導虧損之行為，具有邊際的增額解釋能力。 / We assess the usefulness of deferred tax expense (DTE) in detecting earnings management. We investigate the relation between changes in deferred tax liability components using data hand-collected from firm’s income tax footnote disclosures and avoid reporting a loss. We also explore the relationship between the structure of ownership, the independent members of broad, audit quality and the usefulness of deferred tax expense (DTE) in detecting earnings management. Our empirical results show the changes in the net deferred tax liability (DTL) component related to sales accruals, revenue and expense accruals and reserves can be used to detect earnings management to avoid an earnings loss. We evaluate the deferred tax expense can be used to meet the earnings target: to avoid reporting a loss. Deferred tax expense is incrementally useful to modified Jones model abnormal accruals in detecting earnings management to avoid a loss. Our empirical results show institutional investors and the independent members of broad have negative relationship with earning management.

The dissertation thesis deals with valuation of individual items in the economic balance sheet of a stand-alone company and subsequently as a part of acquisition. We define the economic balance sheet as a full set of assets, liabilities as well as synergies amongst the assets (stand-alone company view) and companies (transaction view), where the sum of their individual valuations has to equal to the overall value of the company. Hence we suggest that the management (and a valuer) should be able to decompose the company value into defined and controllable value components. Apart from identifying optimal methods for the individual valuation, the key for achieving this task is the internal (amongst the assets) as well as the overall consistency (vis-a-vis the overall company value). Compared to the overall-valuation approach, we demonstrate how the component approach can lead to more precise results, higher management discipline and accountability, and can serve as a tool for an a priori identification of overpayment as well as an instrument for controlling the value post transaction. We defined two primary types of synergies in terms of valuation approach - Enhancement, improving current income potential and Future opportunities, mainly focusing on new projects - and proposed appropriate valuation approaches given their specifics. Since a large proportion of valuations on individual level is based on the income approach, setting a clear and consistent approach to discount rates was a vital part of the work. We propose a primary and, if not available, second-best rate for each component of the economic balance sheet. Although the synergies are probably of the highest commercial interest, the liabilities with external source of risk and deferred taxes on the individual level are areas generally neglected both by academics and practitioners. While the first one will have only but crucial impact on companies with decommissioning and similar liabilities, the latter is present almost in any itemized valuation, and its incorrect or purely isolated application affects the overall result and breaks the link to the overall company value. We analyze both topics and offer consistent valuation methods, although further research is required to refine them. We discuss WARA as one of the key tools for ensuring consistency of itemized valuation of the economic balance sheet. Lacking any theoretical background and interest from academic researchers, we first analyze simple concepts of the tool as they are used in practice and point out observed conceptual errors, oversimplifications and accounting-only approach. Not only that we propose complex consistent rules for WARA construction but we extend the concept from the focus on conventionally defined net assets to the full economic balance sheet, which is the only way how to relate the itemized valuation to the overall company valuation. Finally, we presented a case study based on real-life example which demonstrated practical applicability of proposed partial solutions as well as the overall approach to achieving consistency with the total company or transaction valuation. Although the analysis of individual items of the economic balance will be inevitably based on subjective assumptions to an extent, we have shown that proposed complex and consistent approach adds value to the strategic and transaction considerations. Also the preciseness of the tools will increase with the number of transactions performed as the parameters get calibrated.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-27T20:33:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fatores_explicativos.pdf: 1077501 bytes, checksum: e633110f5c7b548e00a08d4f421dae36 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-27T20:33:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fatores_explicativos.pdf: 1077501 bytes, checksum: e633110f5c7b548e00a08d4f421dae36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O estudo trata dos fatores explicativos do reconhecimento de ativos de natureza fiscal. Seu objetivo é identificar esses fatores em empresas pertencentes ao ramo de agronegócios. Estudos anteriores, alguns com enfoque nos ativos fiscais diferidos, identificaram, entre os fatores explicativos, a alavancagem, rentabilidade, lucratividade, endividamento, liquidez e tamanho das empresas. A partir da definição dos ativos em geral, o estudo propõe a classificação dos ativos fiscais em recuperáveis, diferidos e litigiosos. A pesquisa é aplicada, documental, explicativa e descritiva e com abordagem predominantemente quantitativa, com a utilização de técnicas estatísticas e econométricas. Foram analisadas as demonstrações contábeis, incluídas as notas explicativas, de empresas de capital aberto, listadas na BMF&BOVESPA, do ramo de agronegócio, no período de 2001 a 2010. Justifica-se o estudo nesse setor por ser destaque na balança comercial brasileira. Além disso, apresenta uma cadeia produtiva bem delineada, o que torna perceptível a sistemática não-cumulativa de tributos, com o consequente reconhecimento sucessivo de ativos fiscais recuperáveis (apropriação de créditos fiscais). Os resultados indicaram a interdependência entre o reconhecimento de ativos fiscais (o nível de reconhecimento de um ativo fiscal explica o nível do outro), além de evidenciarem que tais ativos podem ser explicados pelas variáveis Alavancagem, Liquidez Corrente, Ativo Imobilizado (Intensidade de Capital), Ativo Intangível, pelas Exportações, pelo Tamanho (com base na Receita Líquida) e pelo Estado de localização da sede da empresa. A variável Estados e as espécies desses ativos foram significantes nos modelos, o que confirmou o viés de omissão de variáveis em pesquisas anteriores, além de justificar a divergência de sinais de algumas variáveis. Comparando com os resultados de pesquisas anteriores, não foram determinantes do reconhecimento a rentabilidade, lucratividade e endividamento (ressalvado o caso especifico do ICMS). O trabalho contribuiu para evidenciar uma nova perspectiva de reconhecimento de ativos de natureza fiscal. / The study examines the factors of tax assets recognition. The objective is to identify these factors in agribusiness companies. Previous studies, some focusing on deferred tax assets, identified as a factor: leverage, profitability, indebtedness, marketability and firm size. From the definition of assets, the study proposes the classification of the asset tax in add-value, deferred and litigation. The research is applied, documentary, descriptive and explanatory, with quantitative approach through using statistical and econometric techniques. The financial statements were analyzed, including notes, of agribusiness companies listed on BMF&BOVESPA, in the period 2001 to 2010. This sector of Brazilian economy contributes to improve the trade balance. Moreover, it presents a specific supply chain with successive recognition of tax assets add-value (appropriation of tax credits). The results showed the interdependence between the recognition of tax assets (the level of recognition of a tax asset explains the level of another), and also show that this assets can be explained by the variables Leverage, Marketability, Fixed Assets (Capital Intensity), Intangible Assets, Exports, Firm Size and the States. The factor State and the species of these assets were significant in the models. This confirmed the omitted variable in previous research and justifies the difference of signs of some variables. However, were not determinants of tax assets recognition: profitability and indebtedness (except for the specific case of ICMS). The results show a new approach to recognition of tax assets.

Submitted by Ronaldo Medrado Helpe (ronaldo.helpe@gmail.com) on 2018-01-05T14:28:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Financas_AFD-Helpe-projeto_vFinal.pdf: 1604607 bytes, checksum: 1cdf4c588e2dd515324016561da5baa4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br) on 2018-01-10T23:17:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Financas_AFD-Helpe-projeto_vFinal.pdf: 1604607 bytes, checksum: 1cdf4c588e2dd515324016561da5baa4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-11T13:40:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Financas_AFD-Helpe-projeto_vFinal.pdf: 1604607 bytes, checksum: 1cdf4c588e2dd515324016561da5baa4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-11 / A iminência da entrada em vigor das regras estabelecidas pelo acordo da Basileia III, motivado pela crise do subprime em 2009, desperta preocupação ao redor do mundo, inspirando inúmeros estudos que tentam antecipar potenciais efeitos desta regulamentação sobre a economia (BERROSPIDE e EDGE, 2010). O Brasil vive uma das piores recessões de sua história e as provisões para créditos ruins nos balanços dos bancos se avolumam, gerando um aumento do estoque de créditos tributários. Em linha com diversos estudos já realizados, este trabalho explorou efeitos decorrentes da implantação do acordo da Basileia III em relação ao capital mínimo regulatório exigido, com o diferencial de dar ênfase ao impacto da exclusão dos créditos tributários da base de capital dos bancos. O objetivo foi identificar se a restrição de capital trazida por tais deduções, no âmbito do novo acordo, poderia impactar o volume de créditos concedidos pelos bancos, impactando, portanto, o processo de recuperação econômica do Brasil. Verificou-se, através de uma pesquisa exploratória, que abordou uma amostra relevante de 38 bancos, que os avanços dos ajustes prudenciais de créditos tributários terão alto impacto sobre a base de capital das instituições financeiras. Tais deduções, geraram impactos em 28 bancos da amostra, chegando a representar mais de 100% da necessidade agregada de capital principal e 59% da necessidade agregada de capital nível 1 dos bancos analisados. Do ponto de vista de influência das deduções dos créditos tributários sobre as carteiras de crédito dos bancos, foi possível constatar que o impacto tende a ser pequeno, chegando a 1,5% de redução sobre o total da carteira de crédito dos bancos analisados. Essa conclusão, apesar de parecer incoerente à primeira vista, justifica-se pela capacidade dos bancos em atrair mais capital, em função de suas rentabilidades acima do custo de capital próprio. Essa análise nos permitiu confirmar a relevância dos créditos tributários das instituições financeiras sobre suas políticas de gestão de capital e verificar que as deduções de créditos tributários, apesar de representar restrições importantes de capital, não deverão impactar de forma relevante o crescimento das carteiras de crédito no sistema financeiro brasileiro. / The imminence of fully application of the rules established by Basel III, motivated by the subprime crisis in 2009, arouses concern around the world, motivating several papers trying to anticipate potential effects of this regulation (BERROSPIDE e EDGE, 2010). Brazil is facing one of the worst recessions in its history and the increase in provisions for bad credits, led to an increase in tax credits in the banks' balance sheets in Brazil. Aligned with several studies, this research explored the effects arising from the implementation of Basel III agreement in relation to minimum regulatory capital, with the differential of emphasizing the impact of the exclusion of tax credits from the capital base of banks. The objective was to identify if the restriction of capital brought by Tax Credits under the new agreement could impact the volume of credits granted by the banks, thus impacting the process of economic recovery in Brazil. It was verified through a relevant sample of 38 banks that tax credits will have a high impact on the banks' capital base. These deductions generated impacts on 28 sample banks, accounting for more than 100% of the aggregate principal capital requirement and 59% of the aggregate capital requirement of the banks analyzed. From the point of view of the influence of tax credit deductions on banks' credit portfolios, it was possible to verify that the impact tends to be small, reaching a reduction of 1.5% on the total loan portfolio of the banks analyzed. This conclusion, despite seeming at first glance to be inconsistent, is justified by the ability of banks to attract more capital, due to their profitability above the cost of equity. This analysis allowed us to confirm the relevance of tax credits of financial institutions on their capital management policies and to verify that deductions of tax credits, despite representing significant capital constraints, should not have a significant impact on the growth of credit portfolios in Brazil.

Thesis summarizes globally the issue of the accounting depreciation and the tax depreciation of tangible and intangible fixed assets in the Czech Republic. The different meaning of the accounting depreciation or the tax depreciation for the accounting entity is pointed out, the impact of the selected method of depreciation on the profit/tax base is discussed as well as the following issue of the deferred tax. Additionally, the different interpretation of some area of the accounting depreciation of the International Financial Reporting Standards is compared with the point of view of the Czech legislation. In the area of the tax depreciation the different concept called investment pool used in the economies of other countries is stated. Finally, the intended changes in the accounting legislation and the tax legislation in the following years are mentioned.

La presente investigación de tesis tiene como objetivo determinar el impacto tributario y financiero de la NIC 12 Impuesto a las Ganancias en las empresas que brindan servicios de salud ocupacional en Lima Norte, año 2017, para ello es indispensable realizar la identificación de impuesto corriente, impuesto diferidos, reconocimiento, medición y presentación del impuesto a las ganancias. La investigación se desarrollará en cinco capítulos: Capítulo I Marco teórico, se investigan fuentes primarias donde se desarrollan conceptos básicos de la NIC 12 Impuesto a las Ganancias, antecedentes, definiciones, evolución, objetivo, alcance, reconocimiento, medición, presentación e información a revelar; el impacto tributario y financiero y la relación existente; también se analiza el sector de servicios de salud ocupacional. Capitulo II Plan de investigación, se formula la situación problemática de la tesis, el problema principal, problemas específicos, objetivo general y objetivos específicos, la hipótesis principal e hipótesis específicas. Capitulo III Metodología de la investigación, se define la población y muestra para realizar nuestras investigaciones cuantitativa y cualitativa. Capitulo IV Desarrollo de la investigación, donde se realizó la investigación a través de la entrevista a profundidad, cuestionario y el desarrollo del caso práctico. Capítulo V Análisis de Resultados, se analizan los resultados de los instrumentos obtenidos y se desarrolla un caso práctico que lo ejemplifica. Finalmente se validará la hipótesis general y las especificas en base a los resultados obtenidos en las tablas cruzadas y el CHI cuadrado. / The objective of this thesis research is to determine the tax and financial impact of IAS 12 Income Taxes in companies that provide occupational health services in Lima Norte, 2017, for this it is essential to carry out the identification of current tax, tax deferred taxes, recognition, measurement and presentation of income tax. The research work is divided into five chapters that are: Chapter I Theoretical framework, research is carried out through primary sources where basic concepts of international financial reporting standards (IFRS), background information, definitions, evolution, objective, scope, recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosures are developed. IAS 12 Income Tax; the tax and financial impact and the existing relationship; an analysis of the occupational health services sector. Chapter II Research plan, the problematic situation of the thesis is formulated, the main problem, specific problems, general objective and specific objectives, the initial hypothesis and specific hypotheses. Chapter III Research methodology, the population was defined, the sample to perform quantitative and qualitative research. Chapter IV Development of the research, where the research was carried out through the in-depth interview, questionnaire and the development of the practical case. Chapter V Analysis of Results, the analysis of the obtained instruments and practical case is made. Concluding with the validation of the general and specific hypothesis based on the results obtained in the crossed tables and the square CHI. / Tesis

O aprofundamento das diferenças entre a contabilidade e as normas tributárias tornou o crescimento do ativo fiscal diferido, resultante da alocação dos efeitos tributários das diferenças temporárias entre os dois sistemas contábeis, um problema a ser enfrentado pelas autoridades monetárias. Entre os principais métodos de alocação de impostos entre períodos, a alocação parcial é o método que produz um ativo fiscal diferido mais condizente com os fundamentos econômicos. As autoridades monetárias têm procurado limitar o crescimento do ativo fiscal diferido nas instituições financeiras por meio de procedimentos extracontábeis, em grande parte porque a alocação utilizada em muitos países, inclusive no Brasil, é a alocação abrangente. Os normativos contábeis sobre o ativo fiscal diferido e as legislações bancárias correlatas dos EUA e do Brasil são analisados e comparados, além de apresentados os números agregados do ativo fiscal diferido no Sistema Financeiro Nacional. A base de dados utilizada foi o Sistema de Informações do Banco Central, o que permitiu que todos os integrantes do Sistema Financeiro Nacional fossem coletivamente pesquisados. Os números obtidos mostram que, a partir do ano de 1997, quando aumentou o fosso entre contabilidade e normas tributárias, sobretudo em virtude da indedutibilidade da maioria das provisões, houve crescimento contínuo do ativo fiscal diferido no conjunto das instituições financeiras brasileiras. Com isso, as normas bancárias relativas à adequação de capital ficaram mais rígidas e afastadas da contabilidade. Este trabalho tem a finalidade de propor um método de alocação baseado na alocação parcial, mas não como usualmente praticada. As instituições financeiras, baseadas em estudos técnicos, determinam, hoje, as diferenças temporárias que originam o ativo fiscal diferido. Pela característica de interdependência com todos os setores econômicos que o sistema financeiro possui, além da baixa qualidade do ativo fiscal diferido quanto à sua liquidez, o Banco Central passa, segundo a proposta, a ter papel pró-ativo na alocação de impostos. O Banco Central passa a determinar as diferenças temporárias que originarão o ativo fiscal diferido, a ser obtido pela alocação parcial especificada pela autarquia. A alocação parcial nesses moldes resultaria não só no reconhecimento contábil do ativo fiscal diferido em bases econômicas, pois as diferenças temporárias consideradas no seu cômputo teriam a chancela da possibilidade de reversão firmada pelo próprio Banco Central, mas também na aproximação entre as normas de adequação de capital e a contabilidade, pois o ativo fiscal diferido no agregado do Sistema Financeiro Nacional possivelmente ficaria em nível naturalmente tolerável para fins de aferição da solvabilidade das instituições financeiras. / The deepening of the differences between accounting and tax rules turned the growing in the deferred tax asset, resulting from the tax allocation of the temporary differences between the two accounting systems, into a problem for monetary authorities. Among the main interperiod tax allocation methods, the partial provision method for deferred taxes yields a more suitable deferred tax asset according to economic fundamentals. Monetary authorities have tried to limit the deferred taxes from growing in the financial institutions through off-balance-sheet procedures, especially because many countries, including Brazil, use the comprehensive (full) method of accounting for deferred taxes. Accounting standards on deferred taxes and American and Brazilian regulatory rules are analyzed and compared and the aggregate numbers of the deferred tax asset in the National Financial System are presented. Data were obtained from the Brazilian Central Bank database, which allowed for a survey of all National Financial System components. The resulting features show that, from fiscal year 1997 onwards, when the gap between accounting and tax rules deepened, especially due to the fact that most of provisions became indeductible for tax purposes, a continuous growth in deferred tax assets has occurred in Brazilian banks. Consequently, the Brazilian regulatory capital rules have become stricter and more distant from accounting. This study aims to propose a method of accounting for income taxes based on the partial provision method, but not like the partial method usually practiced. Nowadays, based on technical studies, banks determine the deferred tax assets arising from deductible temporary differences chosen by the banks themselves. Thanks to the financial market’s interdependency with other economic sectors, besides the low liquidity of deferred tax assets, according to the objective, the Brazilian Central Bank starts to play a pro-active role in the tax allocation process. Based on the partial method, the Central Bank will determine which timing differences will give rise to the deferred tax asset. The partial provision method thus achieved would result not only in a deferred tax record on an economic basis, because the reversal of the considered temporary differences would have the official seal of the Central Bank, but it would also provide for a shorter distance between the regulatory capital treatment of deferred tax assets and accounting principles, since the total deferred tax asset recorded in the National Financial System would possibly stay at a naturally tolerable level for regulatory capital purposes.

O aprofundamento das diferenças entre a contabilidade e as normas tributárias tornou o crescimento do ativo fiscal diferido, resultante da alocação dos efeitos tributários das diferenças temporárias entre os dois sistemas contábeis, um problema a ser enfrentado pelas autoridades monetárias. Entre os principais métodos de alocação de impostos entre períodos, a alocação parcial é o método que produz um ativo fiscal diferido mais condizente com os fundamentos econômicos. As autoridades monetárias têm procurado limitar o crescimento do ativo fiscal diferido nas instituições financeiras por meio de procedimentos extracontábeis, em grande parte porque a alocação utilizada em muitos países, inclusive no Brasil, é a alocação abrangente. Os normativos contábeis sobre o ativo fiscal diferido e as legislações bancárias correlatas dos EUA e do Brasil são analisados e comparados, além de apresentados os números agregados do ativo fiscal diferido no Sistema Financeiro Nacional. A base de dados utilizada foi o Sistema de Informações do Banco Central, o que permitiu que todos os integrantes do Sistema Financeiro Nacional fossem coletivamente pesquisados. Os números obtidos mostram que, a partir do ano de 1997, quando aumentou o fosso entre contabilidade e normas tributárias, sobretudo em virtude da indedutibilidade da maioria das provisões, houve crescimento contínuo do ativo fiscal diferido no conjunto das instituições financeiras brasileiras. Com isso, as normas bancárias relativas à adequação de capital ficaram mais rígidas e afastadas da contabilidade. Este trabalho tem a finalidade de propor um método de alocação baseado na alocação parcial, mas não como usualmente praticada. As instituições financeiras, baseadas em estudos técnicos, determinam, hoje, as diferenças temporárias que originam o ativo fiscal diferido. Pela característica de interdependência com todos os setores econômicos que o sistema financeiro possui, além da baixa qualidade do ativo fiscal diferido quanto à sua liquidez, o Banco Central passa, segundo a proposta, a ter papel pró-ativo na alocação de impostos. O Banco Central passa a determinar as diferenças temporárias que originarão o ativo fiscal diferido, a ser obtido pela alocação parcial especificada pela autarquia. A alocação parcial nesses moldes resultaria não só no reconhecimento contábil do ativo fiscal diferido em bases econômicas, pois as diferenças temporárias consideradas no seu cômputo teriam a chancela da possibilidade de reversão firmada pelo próprio Banco Central, mas também na aproximação entre as normas de adequação de capital e a contabilidade, pois o ativo fiscal diferido no agregado do Sistema Financeiro Nacional possivelmente ficaria em nível naturalmente tolerável para fins de aferição da solvabilidade das instituições financeiras. / The deepening of the differences between accounting and tax rules turned the growing in the deferred tax asset, resulting from the tax allocation of the temporary differences between the two accounting systems, into a problem for monetary authorities. Among the main interperiod tax allocation methods, the partial provision method for deferred taxes yields a more suitable deferred tax asset according to economic fundamentals. Monetary authorities have tried to limit the deferred taxes from growing in the financial institutions through off-balance-sheet procedures, especially because many countries, including Brazil, use the comprehensive (full) method of accounting for deferred taxes. Accounting standards on deferred taxes and American and Brazilian regulatory rules are analyzed and compared and the aggregate numbers of the deferred tax asset in the National Financial System are presented. Data were obtained from the Brazilian Central Bank database, which allowed for a survey of all National Financial System components. The resulting features show that, from fiscal year 1997 onwards, when the gap between accounting and tax rules deepened, especially due to the fact that most of provisions became indeductible for tax purposes, a continuous growth in deferred tax assets has occurred in Brazilian banks. Consequently, the Brazilian regulatory capital rules have become stricter and more distant from accounting. This study aims to propose a method of accounting for income taxes based on the partial provision method, but not like the partial method usually practiced. Nowadays, based on technical studies, banks determine the deferred tax assets arising from deductible temporary differences chosen by the banks themselves. Thanks to the financial market’s interdependency with other economic sectors, besides the low liquidity of deferred tax assets, according to the objective, the Brazilian Central Bank starts to play a pro-active role in the tax allocation process. Based on the partial method, the Central Bank will determine which timing differences will give rise to the deferred tax asset. The partial provision method thus achieved would result not only in a deferred tax record on an economic basis, because the reversal of the considered temporary differences would have the official seal of the Central Bank, but it would also provide for a shorter distance between the regulatory capital treatment of deferred tax assets and accounting principles, since the total deferred tax asset recorded in the National Financial System would possibly stay at a naturally tolerable level for regulatory capital purposes.

The primary purpose of this thesis is to describe all areas of presentation of the financial statements in shareholders corporation according to the Czech accounting standards and Czech legal environment. Theoretical part of the thesis describes the general principles of the preparation of the financial statements followed by detailed analysis of four key areas associated with the financial statements. Theoretical part starts with focus on the year ending accounting procedures including inventory, control of accruals and deferrals, impairment of assets, depreciation, appreciation and tax due as well as deferred tax. Subsequently, it describes the actual closing of the accounts followed by the description of the financial statements. Theoretical part is completed by description of all related subsequent events such as audit, declaration of taxes, preparation of annual report and publication duties of the corporation. Practical part of the thesis focused on application of the theoretical findings on the process of the 2008 financial statements preparation of Planet A Corporation and evaluation of the financial statements and accounting as a true presentation of the company. Discrepancies and potential mistakes were commented with recommendation of possible solutions presented to the company management. Finally, the financial statements were considered as representing the true financial situation of the company.