[ES] La presente tesis doctoral se basa en la síntesis, caracterización y uso de catalizadores basados en especies de Pd soportadas sobre matrices sólidas en reacciones de interés en química fina. En general, se ha pretendido obtener catalizadores multifuncionales, estables y reutilizables que se puedan separar fácilmente de la mezcla de reacción y que contribuyan a desarrollar protocolos más sostenibles que den lugar a compuestos orgánicos de interés. En primer lugar, el material [Pd/Al2O3], constituido por nanoagregados de Pd(0) de un tamaño medio de 2.8 nm y soportados sobre una matriz de tipo ¿-Al2O3 con elevada densidad de sitios ácidos, ha demostrado ser altamente activo y eficiente en la ciclación deshidrogenativa entre ureas y 1,2-dioles para la síntesis de imidazol-2-onas. Al utilizar ureas y 1,2-dioles desactivados, la cooperatividad Pd-Zn ha demostrado ser imprescindible para el éxito del proceso, obteniendo los mejores resultados al emplear el sistema de [Pd/Al2O3]-ZnO. Ambos materiales, [Pd/Al2O3] y [Pd/Al2O3]-ZnO, han demostrado ser reusables y estables bajo las condiciones de reacción al no presentar problemas de lixiviación. Además, este protocolo catalítico ha permitido obtener hasta 28 imidazol-2-onas con buenos resultados, demostrando su amplio potencial sintético. Por otra parte, el nanomaterial [Pd(0.75%)/Mg3Al-LDH]-300(D), constituido por nanopartículas de Pd(0) de un tamaño medio de 2.8 nm y soportado sobre una matriz básica de tipo dh-LDH, ha demostrado ser altamente activo para mediar la síntesis de propiolamidas mediante la aminocarbonilación oxidativa entre alquinos terminales y aminas secundarias, en presencia de CO/O2. Se ha determinado que un soporte con estructura dh-LDH con una relación de Mg/Al de 3 es el idóneo para estabilizar especies de [PdI2] generadas in situ en el medio de reacción así como para promover la activación de los reactivos de partida. El sistema catalítico ha demostrado ser reusable y estable bajo las condiciones de reacción, además de poseer una elevada aplicabilidad sintética al haber obtenido más de 60 propiolamidas diferentes, destacando el uso por primera vez en este tipo de procesos de aminas N-aromáticas y N-heterocíclicas. Finalmente, se ha llevado a cabo la síntesis de materiales híbridos derivados de soportar mediante interacciones no covalentes complejos de Pd con geometría plano-cuadrada sobre matrices grafénicas. Los resultados de caracterización apuntan a que estos materiales están constituidos, principalmente, por especies aisladas de Pd(II), demostrando el papel estabilizante de los ligandos utilizados al evitar la agregación del metal. Esos materiales han sido, en general, altamente activos y selectivos como catalizadores en la semi-hidrogenación de alquinos, y lo que es más relevante, se ha demostrado una sinergia complejo - grafeno en la actividad catalítica estudiada. El material de [Pd-Phen/OGr-C] ha sido reutilizado en varios ciclos y es estable bajo las condiciones de reacción. Además, este protocolo catalítico posee una elevada aplicabilidad, al haberse podido utilizar hasta con 37 alquinos diferentes obteniendo muy buenos resultados de rendimiento y quimioselectividad. / [CA] La present tesi doctoral es basa en la síntesi, caracterització i ús de catalitzadors basats en espècies de Pd suportades sobre matrius sòlides en reaccions d'interés en química fina. En general, s'ha pretès obtenir catalitzadors multifuncionals, estables i reutilitzables que es puguen separar fàcilment de la mescla de reacció i que contribuïsquen a desenvolupar protocols més sostenibles que donen lloc a compostos orgànics d'interès. En primer lloc, el material [Pd/Al2O3], constituït per nanoagregats de Pd(0) d'una grandària mitjana de 2.8 nm i suportats sobre una matriu de tipus ¿-Al2O3 amb elevada densitat de llocs àcids, ha demostrat ser altament actiu i eficient en la ciclació deshidrogenativa entre urees i 1,2-diols per a la síntesi d'imidazol-2-ones. En utilitzar urees i 1,2-diols desactivats, la cooperativitat Pd-Zn ha demostrat ser imprescindible per a l'èxit del procés, aconseguint els millors resultats emprant el sistema de [Pd/Al2O3]-ZnO. Tots dos materials, [Pd/Al2O3] i [Pd/Al2O3]-ZnO, han demostrat ser reutilitzables i estables sota les condicions de reacció ja que no presenten problemes de lixiviació. A més, aquest protocol catalític ha permès obtenir fins a 28 imidazol-2-ones amb bons resultats, demostrant el seu ampli potencial sintètic. D'altra banda, el nanomaterial [Pd(0.75%)/Mg3Al-LDH]-300(D), constituït per nanopartícules de Pd(0) d'una grandària mitjana de 2.8 nm suportades sobre una matriu bàsica de tipus dh-LDH, ha demostrat ser altament actiu per a catalitzar la síntesi de propiolamides mitjançant l'aminocarbonilació oxidativa entre alquins terminals i amines secundàries, en presència de CO/O2. S'ha determinat que un suport amb estructura dh-LDH amb una relació de Mg/Al de 3 és l'idoni per a estabilitzar les espècies de [PdI2] generades in situ en el medi de reacció així com per a promoure l'activació dels reactius de partida. El sistema catalític ha demostrat ser reutilitzable i estable sota les condicions de reacció, a més de posseir una elevada aplicabilitat sintètica en haver obtingut més de 60 propiolamides diferents, destacant l'ús per primera vegada en aquesta mena de processos d'amines N-aromàtiques i N-heterocícliques. Finalment, s'ha dut a terme la síntesi de materials híbrids derivats de suportar mitjançant interaccions no covalents complexos de Pd amb geometria pla-quadrada sobre matrius grafèniques. Els resultats de caracterització apunten a que aquests materials estan constituïts, principalment, per espècies aïllades de Pd(II), demostrant el paper estabilitzant dels lligands utilitzats per a evitar l'agregació del metall. Aquests materials han sigut, en general, altament actius i selectius com a catalitzadors en la semi-hidrogenació d'alquins, i el que és més rellevant, s'ha demostrat una sinèrgia complex - grafè en l'activitat catalítica estudiada. El material [Pd-Phen/OGr-C] ha sigut reutilitzat en diversos cicles i es estable sota les condicions de reacció. A més, aquest protocol catalític posseeix una elevada aplicabilitat i s'ha pogut aplicar a 37 alquins diferents obtenint molt bons resultats de rendiment i quimioselectivitat. / [EN] The present PhD thesis is focused on the synthesis, characterisation and use of catalysts based on Pd species supported on solid matrixes in reactions of interest in fine chemistry. In general, the aim is to obtain multifunctional, stable and reusable catalysts that can be easily separated from the reaction mixture and that contribute to the development of more sustainable protocols leading to relevant organic compounds. Firstly, the [Pd/Al2O3] material, consisting of Pd(0) nanoaggregates with an average size of 2.8 nm and supported on a ¿-Al2O3-type matrix with a high density of acid sites, has been designed as a highly active and efficient catalyst in the dehydrogenative cyclisation between ureas and 1,2-diols for the synthesis of imidazole-2-ones. When using ureas and deactivated 1,2-diols, Pd-Zn cooperativity has been shown to be essential for the success of the process, with the best results obtained using a [Pd/Al2O3]-ZnO system. Both materials, [Pd/Al2O3] and [Pd/Al2O3]-ZnO, have proved to be reusable and stable under the reaction conditions as they do not present leaching problems. Moreover, this catalytic protocol has allowed to obtain up to 28 imidazole-2-ones with good results, demonstrating it is wide synthetic potential. On the other hand, the nanomaterial [Pd(0.75%)/Mg3Al-LDH]-300(D), consisting of Pd(0) nanoparticles with an average size of 2.8 nm and supported on a basic dh-LDH-type matrix, has been shown to be highly active for catalysing the synthesis of propiolamides via oxidative aminocarbonylation between terminal alkynes and secondary amines in the presence of CO/O2. A dh-LDH-structured support with an Mg/Al ratio of 3 has been found to be suitable for stabilising [PdI2] species generated in situ in the reaction medium, as well as for promoting the activation of the starting reagents. The catalytic system has proved to be reusable and stable under the reaction conditions, besides having a high synthetic applicability as more than 60 different propiolamides have been obtained. It is especially relevant the use of N-aromatic and N-heterocyclic amines for the first time in this type of processes. Finally, the synthesis of hybrid materials derived from supporting Pd complexes with planar square geometry on graphene matrices through non-covalent interactions has been carried out. The characterisation results show that these materials are mainly constituted by isolated Pd(II) species, demonstrating the stabilising role of the ligands to avoid the aggregation of the metal. These materials have been, in general, highly active and selective as catalysts in the semi-hydrogenation of alkynes, and what is more relevant, a complex - graphene synergy has been demonstrated in the studied catalytic activity. In addition, [Pd-Phen/OGr-C] has shown to be reusable in several catalytic cycles and stable under the reaction conditions. Moreover, this catalytic protocol has demonstrated a high applicability, in fact it has been applied to 37 different alkynes with very good results, in terms of yield and chemoselectivity. / Arango Daza, JC. (2023). Materiales basados en especies de Pd soportadas sobre matrices sólidas como catalizadores eficientes para reacciones de interés en química fina [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/201576

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die Bildung von Methoxygruppen auf als Modellkatalysatoren dienenden V2O3(0001)- und V2O5(001)-Oberflächen untersucht. Dieses ist ein Zwischenschritt einer industriell bedeutsamen Reaktion, der oxidativen Dehydrierung von Methanol zu Formaldehyd.Unter typischen UHV-Bedingungen wird die V2O3(0001)-Oberfläche von Vanadylgruppen und die V2O5(001)-Oberfläche von Doppelreihen aus Vanadylgruppen terminiert. Die Sauerstoffatome dieser Vanadylgruppen können durch Elektronenstrahlen entfernt werden. Dabei besteht die Möglichkeit, den Grad der Oberflächenreduktion durch die Elektronenstrahldosis zu variieren. Vanadylterminierte V2O3(0001)-Oberflächen sind unreaktiv im Hinblick auf die partielle Oxidation von Methanol. Die höchste Reaktivität weist eine nur schwach reduzierte Oberfläche auf. Details der Methanoladsorption sind mittels STM untersucht worden. Dabei wurde herausgefunden, dass n elektronenstrahl-induzierte Defekte zu 2n Methoxygruppen führen. Diese zusätzlichen Adsorptionsplätze werden durch desorbierendes Wasser, welches aus miteinander kombinierenden Hydroxygruppen entsteht, gebildet.Defektfreie V2O5(001)-Oberflächen sind ebenso inaktiv bezüglich der Formaldehydproduktion. Die höchste Reaktivität wurde wiederum für eine nur schwach reduzierte Oberfläche gefunden. Durch die gleichzeitige Desorption von rekombiniertem Methanol und Wasser sind bei Raumtemperatur nicht alle Defekte belegt, woraus sich eine geringere Menge Formaldehyd, verglichen mit V2O3,ergibt. Dosiert man eine große Menge Methanol bei Raumtemperatur, ist dieses nicht der Fall. Methoxygruppen werden auf der Oberfläche erst stabilisiert, wenn der Wasserstoff in Form von Wasser desorbiert ist. Daraus resultiert eine Zeitabhängigkeit der Methoxybedeckung, die durch kinetische Modelle gut reproduziert werden kann. / The formation of methoxy groups, which is an intermediate step in the oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol to formaldehyde has been investigated on the surface of two model catalysts, V2O3(0001) and V2O5(001).Under typical UHV-conditions a layer of vanadyl groups terminates the V2O3 films whereas the V2O5 films are terminated by double rows of vanadyl groups. The oxygen atoms of the vanadyl groups can be removed by electron irradiation. The applied dose controls the degree of reduction. Vanadyl terminated V2O3(0001) surfaces were found to be unreactive towards the partial oxidation of methanol. The highest reactivity is observed for a partial vanadium termination. Details of the surface reaction were investigated with STM. It was found that n electron induced surface defects lead to the formation of 2n methoxy groups. The additional adsorption sites were created by water desorption, which is formed by the combination of hydroxy groups. Defect free V2O5(001) films were also shown to be inactive for formalde-hyde production. The highest reactivity is found for a partially reduced surface. But here the simultaneous formation of methanol and water via recombination is a likely process. This leads to a decrease of the surface methoxy coverage. At room temperature not all reactive defects are covered which gives a relatively low formaldehyde yield. Dosing a relatively large dose of methanol at room temperature leads to an almost full coverage of the defects and to a higher formaldehyde yield. The way to stabilize methoxy up to the formaldehyde formation temperature is removal of hydrogen out of the system by water formation. This competes with methanol formation for hydrogen atoms. These processes lead to a certain time dependence of the methoxy concentration, which could be well reproduced with kinetic modelling.

<p>The present work is focused on the synthesis of small-scale (modular processes) to produce olefins from light alkane resources in shale gas.</p> <p>Olefins, which are widely used to produce important chemicals and everyday consumer products, can be produced from light alkanes - ethane, propane, butanes etc. Shale gas is comprised of light alkanes in significant proportion; and is available in abundance. Meanwhile, shale gas wells are small sized in nature and are distributed over many different areas or regions. In this regard, using shale gas as raw material for olefin production would require expensive transportation infrastructure to move the gas from the wells or local gas gathering stations to large central processing facilities. This is because existing technologies for natural gas conversions are particularly suited for large-scale processing. One possible way to take advantage of the abundance of shale resource for olefins production is to place small-sized or modular processing plants at the well sites or local gas gathering stations.</p> <p>In this work, new process concepts are synthesized and studied towards developing simple technologies for on-site and modular processing of light alkane resources in shale gas for olefin production. Replacing steam with methane as diluent in conventional thermal cracking processes is proposed to eliminate front-end separation of methane from the shale gas processing scheme. Results from modeling studies showed that this is a promising approach. To eliminate the huge firebox volume associated with thermal cracking furnaces and allow for a compact cracking reactor system, the use of electricity to supply heat to the cracking reactor is considered. Synthesis efforts led to the development of two electrically powered reactor configurations that have improved energy efficiency and reduced carbon footprints over and compare to conventional thermal cracking furnace configurations.</p> <p>The ideas and results in the present work are radical in nature and could lead to a transformation in the utilization of light alkanes, natural gas and shale resources for the commercial production of fuels and chemicals.</p>

Heterogeneous catalysts form a highly important part of everyday life, ranging from the production of fertiliser enabling the growth of crops that sustain much of the world's population to the production of synthetic fuels. They constitute a key part of the chemical industry and contribute towards substantial economic and environmental benefits. Heterogeneous catalysts are also believed to have an important role to play in a future hydrogen economy, reducing our requirements for fossil fuels. To this end, formic acid has been proposed as a potential hydrogen storage material for small portable devices. Additionally, formic acid has historically been used as a probe molecule to study catalyst materials and recent developments in the knowledge of its decomposition pathways and the preferred sites of these reactions, establish a good foundation for further study. This work explores a range of novel modification techniques that alter the activity of Pd nanoparticles to decompose formic acid to H₂ and CO₂. The methods used are the addition of polymers, attaching various functional groups to the surface of the catalyst support and decoration of nanoparticles with sub-monolayer coverages of another metal. Using a range of characterisation methods including FTIR of an adsorbed CO probe, XRD and XPS coupled with computational modelling, it is found that these methods result in some significant electronic and/or geometric alterations to the Pd nanoparticles. For polymer modification, the nature of the pendent group is highly important in determining the effects of the polymer on the Pd particles, with all the tested polymers resulting in varying degrees of electronic donation to the Pd surface. The geometric modifications caused by the polymers also varied with pendent groups; with amine containing pendent groups found to selectively block low coordinate sites, preventing the undesired dehydration of formic acid which results in poisoning of the Pd catalyst by the resulting CO. Attachment of amine groups to the surface of metal oxide catalyst supports, is demonstrated to result in dramatic electronic promotional effects to the supported Pd nanoparticles, and when an amine polymer is attached to the support surface the geometric modification is again observed. Finally decoration of Pd nanoparticles with a sub-monolayer coverage of a second metal is examined, resulting in some similar electronic and geometric effects on Pd nanoparticle surfaces to those observed with polymer modification with corresponding changes in formic acid decomposition activity. Overall, a number of methods are displayed to tune the catalytic activity and selectivity of Pd nanoparticles for formic acid decomposition, resulting in catalysts with some of the highest reported TOF's at room temperature. These modification methods are believed to be potentially applicable to a wide range of other catalytic reactions that operate under mild conditions.

Les rayonnements ionisants (RI) traversent les tissus humains, y déposent de l'énergie et la dissipent en fragmentant des molécules. Les fragments obtenus peuvent être mis en évidence par spectrométrie de masse. Malgré la quantité d'informations obtenue expérimentalement à partir du spectre de masse, l'expérience seule ne peut pas répondre à toutes les questions concernant les mécanismes de fragmentation des bases de l'ADN/ARN, et l'étude issue des méthodes quantiques est un complément précieux à ces informations. L'étude théorique permet de connaître les liaisons moléculaires rendues faibles dans chaque base par ionisation et ainsi de prévoir les mécanismes de fragmentation et les fragments produits. Le but de ce travail est d'étudier l'ionisation et les mécanismes de fragmentation de bases de l'ADN/ARN (Uracile, Cytosine, Adénine et Guanine) et d'identifier les cations correspondants à chaque pic des spectres de masse. Nous avons effectué nos calculs en utilisant la DFT avec la fonctionnelle PBE. Dans cette thèse, pour toutes les bases d'ARN, la réaction de rétro Diels-Alder est une des voies principales de dissociation (élimination de HNCO ou de NCO•) à l'exception de l'adénine qui n'a pas d'atome d'oxygène. La perte d'une molécule NH3 (NH2•) est aussi un chemin commun à toutes les bases contenant un ou plusieurs groupes amine. Egalement, la possibilité de la perte d'un hydrogène à partir des cations est également envisagée, ainsi que la dissociation de ces cations déshydrogénés et des bases protonées, en se limitant à l'uracile. Ce travail montre tout l'intérêt de l'apport de calcul (DFT) à l'interprétation des spectres de masse de bases de l'ADN / Ionizing radiation (IR) cross human tissue, deposit energy and dissipate fragmenting molecules. The resulting fragments may be highlighted by mass spectrometry. Despite the amount of information obtained experimentally by the interpretation of the mass spectrum, experience alone cannot answer all the questions of the mechanism of fragmentation of DNA/RNA bases and a theoretical study is a complement to this information. A theoretical study allows us to know the weakest bonds in the molecule during ionization and thus may help to provide mechanisms of dissociation and produced fragments. The purpose of this work, using the DFT with the PBE functional, is to study the ionization and fragmentation mechanisms of DNA/RNA bases (Uracil, Cytosine, Adenine and Guanine) and to identify the cations corresponding to each peak in mass spectra. For all RNA bases, the retro Diels-Alder reaction (elimination of HNCO or NCO•) is a major route for dissociating, with the exception of adenine for which there is no atom oxygen in its structure. Loss of NH3 (NH2•) molecule is another common way to all bases that contain amine group. The possibility of the loss of hydrogen from the cations is also investigated, as well as the dissociation of dehydrogenated cations and protonated uracil. This work shows the interest of providing DFT calculation in the interpretation of mass spectra of DNA bases

Les travaux de cette thèse proposent le développement d’un procédé de fabrication de composants micro-structurés à base d’unmatériau magnétocalorique. A plus long terme, ces composants de type lame mince seront intégrés à des dispositifs deréfrigération magnétique. Leur réalisation par les procédés conventionnels tels que l’usinage n’est pas envisageable dansl’optique d’une industrialisation. La solution envisagée est basée sur la mise en forme de composants par réplication d’uncomposite magnétocalorique. Ce micro-composite est défini par le mélange des poudres magnétocaloriques hydrogénées detype La(Fe,Si)13 dans une matrice thermoplastique (PP, LDPE). Cette technique permet de bénéficier des avantages desprocédés de mise en forme des polymères comme l’extrusion ou le moulage par injection. Le développement d’un tel procédéest divisé en deux parties. La première partie concerne l’élaboration et la caractérisation du micro-compositemagnétocalorique. Les tests réalisés en mélangeur ont permis de proposer plusieurs formulations micro-compositesmagnétocaloriques selon différents taux de charge. Cette première partie du développement étudie les différents aspects dumatériau micro-composite comme la rhéologie et les propriétés magnétocaloriques des mélanges. La caractérisationrhéologique basée sur les tests au rhéomètre capillaire est réalisé afin d’évaluer la capacité de mise en forme des mélangesassociée au procédé d’extrusion-conformage. Les propriétés propres aux matériaux magnétocaloriques telles que la variationde température adiabatique (ΔT) et la température de Curie (Tc) sont investiguées. Le contrôle de la Tc par mesure DSC a misen évidence des problématiques de déshydrogénation des poudres liées à la température d’élaboration. L’impact du taux decharge en poudre est étudié par la mesure des ΔT permettant d’estimer les performances finales du micro-composite. Ladeuxième partie traite du développement du procédé de mise en forme par extrusion-conformage. Une ligne d’outillages dédiéeà l’extrusion-conformage des lames micro-structurées a été réalisée et validée à l’échelle du laboratoire. La stabilité de latempérature de Curie a été vérifiée tout au long du processus d’élaboration des composants micro-structurés. Les paramètresd’extrusion tels que la température d’extrusion ont pu être définis afin d’éviter la déshydrogénation des poudresmagnétocaloriques. Les composants extrudés sont caractérisés en termes d’homogénéité du taux de charge en poudre et detolérances géométriques aboutissant à la / This thesis proposes the development of a method of manufacturing micro-structured components made of a magnetocaloricmaterial. In the long term, these blade-type components will be integrated in magnetic refrigeration devices. On an industrialscale, their production by the conventional process, machining, is not possible. The solution proposed is based on shaping thecomponent by a replication process via a magnetocaloric composite material. This micro-composite is defined by the mixtureof hydrogenated magnetocaloric powders of La(Fe,Si)13 in a thermoplastic matrix (PP, LDPE). This technique allowsutilization of the polymer shaping process, extrusion. The development of this process is divided into two parts. The first partconcerns the development and characterization of the magnetocaloric micro-composite. Results from tests performed with themixer allow the proposal of several micro-composite formulations under different loading rates. These formulations are thenstudied for various aspects of micro-composite material. The rheological characterization based on capillary rheometer tests istaken to evaluate the shaping ability of the mixtures associated with the extrusion process. Specific properties ofmagnetocaloric materials such as the adiabatic temperature variation (ΔT) and the Curie temperature (Tc) are also investigated.The control of the Tc by DSC measurement highlighted problematic dehydrogenation of the powders as a result of theelaboration temperature. The impact of loading rate is studied by measuring the ΔT in order to estimate the final performanceof the micro-composite. The second part deals with the development of the shaping process by extrusion. A tooling linededicated to extrusion of the micro-structured blades is carried out and validated at the laboratory scale. The stability of Tc ischecked throughout the elaboration process of the micro-structured components. The extrusion parameters are defined to avoidthe dehydrogenation of magnetocaloric powders. The extruded components are characterized in terms of homogeneity of thepowder loading rate and geometric tolerances resulting in the validation of the developed process. The industrial transfer isnow possible to a large scale production.

O uso do óxido de nióbio como promotor e como suporte tem sido investigado em numerosas aplicações catalíticas, tais como, na oxidação seletiva, conversão de hidrocarbonetos, polimerização, eliminação de poluentes (NOx), desidrogenação, etc. Sabe-se que a adição de nióbio na &#947;-Al2O3 melhora a acidez, a seletividade e a estabilidade térmica e, conseqüentemente, a atividade catalítica desses materiais. A atividade catalítica dos sistemas contendo nióbia suportada é decorrente das diferentes espécies redox do óxido de nióbio presentes nas superfícies do sólido. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência do teor de nióbio e vanádio no sistema catalítico V2O5/Nb2O5-Al2O3 na reação de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano. A fim de alcançar o objetivo deste trabalho, as seguintes técnicas de caracterização foram utilizadas: volumetria de N2 (área específica e volume de poros), redução a temperatura programada, difratometria de raios X (DRX) e espectroscopia Raman. As propriedades ácidas e/ou básicas dos suportes e catalisadores foram avaliadas através da reação de decomposição do isopropanol. / The use of niobium oxide as a promoter and as a support has been investigated in various catalyst applications, such as selective oxidation, hydrocarbonate conversion, polymerization, elimination of (NOx) pollutants, dehydrogenation, etc. It is known that adding niobium to &#947;-Al2O3 improves acidity, selectivity and thermal stability and consequently the catalyst activity of these materials. The catalyst activity of systems containing supported niobium is due to the different redox species of niobium oxide present on the solid surface. This study aims to evaluate the influence of the niobium and vanadium content in the V2O5/Nb2O5-Al2O3 catalyst system in the propane oxidative dehydrogenation reaction. Aiming the target of this study, the following characterization techniques were used: N2 volumetry (specific area and pore volume), temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray diffractometry (DRX), and Raman spectroscopy. The acid-base properties of the supports and catalysts were studied through isopropanol decomposition reaction.

Catalisadores baseados em óxidos metálicos têm sido muito utilizados nos últimos anos para a desidrogenação oxidativa de alcanos leves. Dentre os principais catalisadores, estão os sistemas contendo V2O5, Nb2O5 e Al2O3. O processo de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano (DOP) representa uma via alternativa importante para a produção de propileno sob menores temperaturas, porém sua prática vem sendo limitada pela diminuição dos valores de seletividade ao propeno com o aumento da conversão do reagente. Metais alcalinos, dentre eles o potássio, são frequentemente utilizados como promotores em reações de oxidação seletiva com o objetivo de proporcionar melhores seletividades catalíticas aos mecanismos de reação, devido à redução da acidez e ao aumento da basicidade na superfície dos catalisadores. O projeto proposto tem como objetivo principal criar uma metodologia de síntese de novos suportes Nb2O5-Al2O3 e catalisadores V2O5-Nb2O5-Al2O3 dopados com potássio a serem utilizados em processos petroquímicos para a produção de olefinas leves. Para tanto, as seguintes técnicas de caracterização foram utilizadas: espectrometria de absorção atômica, espectroscopia de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES), volumetria de N2, difratometria de raios X (DRX) e redução à temperatura programada (RTP). As características ácidas e/ou básicas e a atividade catalítica dos suportes e catalisadores foram medidas pelas reações de decomposição do isopropanol e de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano, respectivamente. / Catalysts based on metal oxides have been extensively used in recent years for the oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes. Among the main catalysts, there are the systems containing V2O5, Nb2O5 e Al2O3. The oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODH) provides a potential low-temperature route for the synthesis of propylene, but its practice has been limited by a marked decrease in propene selectivity with increasing conversion of reactant. Alkali metals, such as potassium, are frequently used as promoters in selective oxidation reactions with the objective of providing higher selectivity in catalytic reaction mechanisms, due to the reduced acidity and increasing basicity of the catalysts surface. The considered project has as major objective create a new synthesis methodology of Nb2O5-Al2O3 supports and V2O5-Nb2O5-Al2O3 potassium-doped catalysts to be used in petrochemical processes for the production of light olefins. For in such a way, the following characterization techniques were used: atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), N2 volumetry, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). The properties acid and/or basic and the catalytic activity of supports and catalysts were evaluated by the isopropanol decomposition and oxidative dehydrogenation of propane reactions, respectively.

Catalisadores baseados em óxidos metálicos têm sido muito utilizados nos últimos anos para a desidrogenação oxidativa de alcanos leves. Dentre os principais catalisadores, estão os sistemas contendo V2O5, Nb2O5 e Al2O3. O processo de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano (DOP) representa uma via alternativa importante para a produção de propileno sob menores temperaturas, porém sua prática vem sendo limitada pela diminuição dos valores de seletividade ao propeno com o aumento da conversão do reagente. Metais alcalinos, dentre eles o potássio, são frequentemente utilizados como promotores em reações de oxidação seletiva com o objetivo de proporcionar melhores seletividades catalíticas aos mecanismos de reação, devido à redução da acidez e ao aumento da basicidade na superfície dos catalisadores. O projeto proposto tem como objetivo principal criar uma metodologia de síntese de novos suportes Nb2O5-Al2O3 e catalisadores V2O5-Nb2O5-Al2O3 dopados com potássio a serem utilizados em processos petroquímicos para a produção de olefinas leves. Para tanto, as seguintes técnicas de caracterização foram utilizadas: espectrometria de absorção atômica, espectroscopia de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES), volumetria de N2, difratometria de raios X (DRX) e redução à temperatura programada (RTP). As características ácidas e/ou básicas e a atividade catalítica dos suportes e catalisadores foram medidas pelas reações de decomposição do isopropanol e de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano, respectivamente. / Catalysts based on metal oxides have been extensively used in recent years for the oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes. Among the main catalysts, there are the systems containing V2O5, Nb2O5 e Al2O3. The oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODH) provides a potential low-temperature route for the synthesis of propylene, but its practice has been limited by a marked decrease in propene selectivity with increasing conversion of reactant. Alkali metals, such as potassium, are frequently used as promoters in selective oxidation reactions with the objective of providing higher selectivity in catalytic reaction mechanisms, due to the reduced acidity and increasing basicity of the catalysts surface. The considered project has as major objective create a new synthesis methodology of Nb2O5-Al2O3 supports and V2O5-Nb2O5-Al2O3 potassium-doped catalysts to be used in petrochemical processes for the production of light olefins. For in such a way, the following characterization techniques were used: atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), N2 volumetry, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). The properties acid and/or basic and the catalytic activity of supports and catalysts were evaluated by the isopropanol decomposition and oxidative dehydrogenation of propane reactions, respectively.

O uso do óxido de nióbio como promotor e como suporte tem sido investigado em numerosas aplicações catalíticas, tais como, na oxidação seletiva, conversão de hidrocarbonetos, polimerização, eliminação de poluentes (NOx), desidrogenação, etc. Sabe-se que a adição de nióbio na &#947;-Al2O3 melhora a acidez, a seletividade e a estabilidade térmica e, conseqüentemente, a atividade catalítica desses materiais. A atividade catalítica dos sistemas contendo nióbia suportada é decorrente das diferentes espécies redox do óxido de nióbio presentes nas superfícies do sólido. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência do teor de nióbio e vanádio no sistema catalítico V2O5/Nb2O5-Al2O3 na reação de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano. A fim de alcançar o objetivo deste trabalho, as seguintes técnicas de caracterização foram utilizadas: volumetria de N2 (área específica e volume de poros), redução a temperatura programada, difratometria de raios X (DRX) e espectroscopia Raman. As propriedades ácidas e/ou básicas dos suportes e catalisadores foram avaliadas através da reação de decomposição do isopropanol. / The use of niobium oxide as a promoter and as a support has been investigated in various catalyst applications, such as selective oxidation, hydrocarbonate conversion, polymerization, elimination of (NOx) pollutants, dehydrogenation, etc. It is known that adding niobium to &#947;-Al2O3 improves acidity, selectivity and thermal stability and consequently the catalyst activity of these materials. The catalyst activity of systems containing supported niobium is due to the different redox species of niobium oxide present on the solid surface. This study aims to evaluate the influence of the niobium and vanadium content in the V2O5/Nb2O5-Al2O3 catalyst system in the propane oxidative dehydrogenation reaction. Aiming the target of this study, the following characterization techniques were used: N2 volumetry (specific area and pore volume), temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray diffractometry (DRX), and Raman spectroscopy. The acid-base properties of the supports and catalysts were studied through isopropanol decomposition reaction.