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Poliques, stratégies et perspectives de la recherche en santé bucco-dentaire en Afrique : consultation Delphi, 2012-2013 / Policies, strategies and prospects of research in oral health in Africa : Delphi Method, 2012-2013Kanoute, Aida 15 October 2014 (has links)
Ce travail est une contribution au renforcement des capacités de recherche et de l'identification des stratégies et des perspectives afin de promouvoir une meilleure recherche en santé bucco-dentaire en Afrique grâce à la production de l'avis d'un panel d'experts lors d'une consultation Delphi. Ceci d'autant plus que les systèmes de santé bucco-dentaire et les connaissances scientifiques évoluent rapidement. Le continent africain est confronté à de nombreux défis parmi lesquels figurent le fardeau des maladies bucco-dentaires et les besoins élevés en soins des populations. Afin de satisfaire la demande en soins et de poser des actions de santé publique efficaces, les décideurs ont besoin d'outils, de capacités et d'informations pour évaluer et suivre les besoins de santé, choisir des stratégies d'intervention, des options politiques appropriées pour la conception de leurs propres stratégies en vue améliorer la performance des systèmes de soins bucco-dentaires. Dans ce contexte, il est nécessaire de concevoir une approche cohérente de la politique de santé bucco-dentaire dans la Région africaine ce qui implique une meilleure connaissance de la situation. Car l'avancement de l'Afrique est tributaire de sa capacité à générer, à adapter et à utiliser des connaissances scientifiques pour satisfaire aux besoins locaux en matière de santé et de développement. C'est pourquoi il y a un besoin de former la prochaine génération de scientifiques africains. Les universités doivent promouvoir, soutenir la recherche ainsi que la formation de sorte que les étudiants puissent participer aux recherches et bénéficier de l'enseignement de chercheur tout au long de leurs formations. La collecte de données sur la santé bucco-dentaire est par conséquent essentielle pour obtenir une vision précise de la situation en Afrique et ainsi mesurer les progrès réalisés. L'objectif de ce travail de recherche est de produire l'avis d'un panel d'experts sur différents items lors d'une consultation Delphi à deux phases. Ceci dans l'optique d'évaluer l'état actuel de la recherche, d'identifier les stratégies afin de promouvoir une meilleure recherche en santé bucco-dentaire en Afrique et de dégager des perspectives pour son progrès. Les analyses soulignent les priorités aux actions à privilégier tout en impliquant un certain nombre de recommandations pour renforcer et promouvoir les capacités de la recherche en santé bucco-dentaire. En fin de compte la solution qui s'imposerait serait de favoriser et d'optimiser la culture de la recherche dans les programmes nationaux de santé bucco-dentaire et d'assurer une large diffusion des résultats de la recherche pour les utiliser à des fins de planification / This work is a contribution to the strengthening of research capacity and the identification of strategies and opportunities to promote better research in oral health in Africa through the filing of the notice of a panel of experts at a Delphi consultation. This especially as systems oral health and scientific knowledge evolves rapidly. However, the African continent is facing many challenges, including the burden of oral diseases and the needs of populations that are huge. To meet these challenges care and ask actions effective public health policy makers need tools, skills and information to assess and monitor health needs, choose intervention strategies, policy options appropriate for the design of their own circumstances and improve system performance oral care. In this context, it is necessary to develop a coherent policy approach to oral health in the African Region, but this implies a better knowledge of the situation. For the advancement of Africa depends on its ability to generate, adapt and use scientific knowledge to meet local needs in health and development. That is why there is an urgent need to build the next generation of African scientists. Universities should promote and support research and training so that students are exposed to research and be taught by researchers throughout their courses. The collection of data on oral health is essential to get an accurate picture of the situation in Africa and to measure progress. Thus the objective of this research is to produce the opinion of a panel of experts on various items at a Delphi consultation two phases. In order to assess the current state of research, identify strategies to promote better research in oral health in Africa and prospects for its development. Analyzes give priorities to focus on the actions and involve a number of recommendations to strengthen and promote the capacity of research in oral health. Ultimately, we must promote a culture of research in national programs of oral health, ensure wide dissemination of research results and use them for planning purposes
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Estudo das habilidades técnicas do ataque na posição quatro do voleibol / The study of technical skills in volleyball attack from zone fourMarcos Augusto Rocha 23 April 2009 (has links)
O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo de habilidades técnicas do ataque da posição quatro e por meio do modelo, analisar o comportamento do ataque da posição quatro na categoria infanto-juvenil masculina. Para o primeiro objetivo, utilizou-se do método delphi, entrevistando-se em dois momentos distintos (1ª e 2ª etapas) 14 treinadores das seleções brasileiras de voleibol masculina e feminina. Enquanto que na primeira etapa foi delineada a estrutura do modelo, na segunda, foi possível elaborar o modelo propriamente dito a partir do nível esperado de consenso. Os resultados demonstraram que, para as onze situações de bloqueio, cento e setenta e duas habilidades técnicas foram relacionadas pelos treinadores, entre as quais, somente quatro (SBT1-I, SBT1-J, SBT3-A e SBT3-S) não alcançaram o critério de consenso estabelecido (média, moda, mediana igual ou superior a 4.0 e desvio padrão igual ou inferior a 0,65). Para o segundo objetivo, foram observados doze jogos em campeonatos mundiais dos anos 2005 e 2007, nos quais foram analisados valores de freqüência de ocorrência e eficácia. Os resultados mostraram maiores ocorrências nas situações de bloqueios duplos seguidas dos bloqueios simples e triplos. Quanto às habilidades técnicas, a corrida de aproximação em diagonal foi a mais utilizada pelos atacantes com opção de ataque direto. As habilidades com ataque explorando o bloqueio ocorreram com maior freqüência frente aos bloqueios duplos e triplos compactos. A análise de correlação de Spearman detectou baixo nível de associação entre freqüência de ocorrência e eficácia. Contudo, a análise de regressão logística (binária e multinomial) entre as habilidades mais freqüentes permitiu verificar que a SBD1-A foi a situação/habilidade que mais ocorreu, no entanto, com menores chances de sucesso entre a maioria das situações/habilidades investigadas. As habilidades técnicas empregadas nas situações de bloqueio simples obtiveram maiores chances de sucesso que as habilidades utilizadas nos bloqueios duplos. Os resultados destacaram o aspecto situacional do ataque, o qual revelou necessidade de aplicação de habilidades técnicas específicas em determinadas estruturas de bloqueio para se obter o sucesso / The objective of this study was to develop a model for attack technical skills in zone four and to analyze the performance of young players through this model. In the first case, through the delphi method and in two distinct moments (1st and 2nd phases), fourteen coaches of the Brazilian male and female teams were interviewed. The structure of the model was designed in the first phase and, by means of consensus, the model itself was eventually designed in the second phase. Results evidenced that 170 attack technical skills were reported by the coaches in eleven block situations, and only four (SBT1-I, SBT1-J, SBT3-A e SBT3-S) did not reach the consensus level (mean, mode, median equal or above 4.0 and standard deviation 0,65). In the second case, twelve games were analyzed during the world championships in years 2005 and 2007 in the frequency and efficacy of actions. The results from the analysis of attack performances from zone four during the world championships showed a larger number in double blocks followed by simple and triple blocks. As for technical skills, the type of run with diagonal approach was the most used by attack players with the option of direct attack. Techniques where attack explores blocking were most common in compact double and triple blocks. The Spearman correlation analysis showed no relation between frequency and efficacy. However, a logistic regression analysis (binary and multinomial) between the most frequent techniques evidenced that SBD1-A block/skill situation was the most frequent but least likely to success. Technical skills in simple block situations were more likely to be successful than those in double blocks. The results also highlighted the situational aspect of attack that requires specific technical skills for certain block structures to be successful
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Análise futura do etanol do Brasil por meio da geração de cenários prospectivosReche, Cleverton Santos 28 June 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-06-28 / Currently, large metropolises seek to improve the quality of life of their population in aspects of urban mobility. Ethanol is a renewable biofuel, of great relevance to Brazil, because it is a clean fuel. Increased consumption compared to other fossil fuels could have a positive impact on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The research question that guided the study was: what scenarios for ethanol produced in Brazil in 2030? For this, this work adopted the format of independent and sequential studies, totaling 3 studies. Study I was carried out, based on a search in the Web of Science database, with the objective of verifying the construction of the knowledge of the theme "Prospective Scenarios", through the identification of the main publications and authors, based on an analysis Bibliometric. We found 232 articles, which were ranked in descending order of the most cited author for the least cited. This study was developed from an exploratory factorial analysis and five factors were identified. Subsequently, study II was developed with the objective of reviewing and comparing the methodologies of prospective scenarios to identify the most used methods and to compare the methods. The articles were separated into groups of relevant relevance for the theme to later carry out a comparative analysis, providing a view of the practical aspects of scenario planning, such as the selection and the appropriate number of scenarios for validation. Finally, study III was elaborated with the objective of proposing scenarios for the ethanol produced in Brazil in 2030. The data collection was done by sending a questionnaire to specialists on the subject, via the internet, following the guidelines of the Delphi method. Three prospective scenarios were elaborated: a probable scenario, an exploratory scenario and a normative scenario. The scenarios were based on the context of the sugarcane sector, through the uncertainties, opportunities and threats and the analysis of complex environments presented in the study. / Atualmente as grandes metrópoles buscam melhorar a qualidade de vida de sua população em aspectos a mobilidade urbana. O etanol é um biocombustível renovável, de grande relevância para o Brasil, porque é um combustível limpo. O aumento do seu consumo frente a outros combustíveis fósseis poderá ter um impacto positivo na redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa. A pergunta de pesquisa que norteou o estudo foi: quais seriam os cenários para o etanol produzido no Brasil em 2030? Para tanto, este trabalho adotou o formato de estudos independentes e sequenciais, somando ao todo, 3 estudos. O estudo I foi realizado, a partir de uma busca na base de dados Web of Science, com o objetivo de verificar a construção do conhecimento do tema “Cenários Prospectivos”, por meio da identificação das principais publicações e autores, a partir de uma análise bibliométrica. Foram encontrados 232 artigos, os quais foram classificados por ordem decrescente do autor mais citado para o menos citado. Este estudo foi desenvolvido a partir de uma análise fatorial exploratória e foram identificados cinco fatores. Na sequência, foi desenvolvido o estudo II com o objetivo de revisar e comparar as metodologias de cenários prospectivos para identificar os métodos mais utilizados e realizar a comparação entre os métodos. Os artigos foram separados em grupos de relevância pelo tema para, posteriormente, realizar uma análise comparativa, fornecendo uma visão dos aspectos práticos do planejamento de cenários, como a seleção e o número apropriado de cenários para validação. Por fim, foi elaborado o estudo III com o objetivo de propor cenários para o etanol produzido no Brasil em 2030. A coleta dos dados foi a partir do envio de um questionário a especialistas sobre o tema, via internet, seguindo as diretrizes do método Delphi. Foram elaborados 3 cenários prospectivos: um cenário provável, um cenário exploratório e um cenário normativo. Os cenários tiveram como base o contexto do setor sucroenergético, por meio das incertezas, oportunidades e ameaças e a análise de ambientes complexos apresentados no estudo.
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Propuesta de una guía para el desarrollo de una Project Management Office (PMO) Low Cost en Mypes de Lima-Perú para proyectos de edificaciones multifamiliares a través del Método Delphi / Proposal of a guide for the development of a Project Management Office (PMO) Low Cost in MYPES of Lima – Peru for multifamiliary building projects through the Delphi MethodBerrocal Encalada, Jhonny Ignacio, Tumialan Misari, Eliana Nataly 23 July 2020 (has links)
En la actualidad, el sector construcción ha sido muy relevante en el crecimiento del PBI del Perú. El crecimiento ha sido generado por la cantidad de obras que se están realizando en todo el país; debido a este crecimiento, las micro y pequeñas empresas constructoras han tomado mayor relevancia entre los últimos años por su contribución en proyectos de edificaciones multifamiliares. Se puede denotar la importancia que tienen las MYPEs debido a su aporte al PBI, pero, al no tener un control adecuado de gestión, han tenido problemas para gestionar sus proyectos por lo que su utilidad se ha visto afectada considerablemente. Estas pérdidas han generado que muchas MYPES detengan su participación en el mercado indefinidamente, afectando a la contribución del PBI del sector. Para solucionar la mala gestión de proyectos en las obras de edificaciones multifamiliares, se ha propuesto una guía para el desarrollo de una Project Management Office (PMO) Low Cost, para Micro y Pequeñas empresas que no tengan el capital necesario para invertir en una Project Management Office estándar. Esta guía pretende ser validada a través del método Delphi, recurriendo a los expertos del medio local que tengan experiencia en Gerencia de Proyectos. Los resultados esperados son los de una mejora en el nivel de madurez de las MYPEs tomando en cuenta la mejora en la gestión de proyectos. / Currently, the construction sector has been very relevant in the growth of Peru's GDP. The growth has been generated by the number of works being carried out throughout the country; Due to this growth, micro and small construction companies have become more relevant in recent years for their contribution in multi-family building projects. The importance of the MYPEs due to their contribution to the GDP can be denoted, but, as they did not have adequate management control, they have had problems managing their projects and their utility has been considerably affected. These losses have caused many MYPES to stop their participation in the market indefinitely, affecting the contribution of the sector's GDP. To solve the mismanagement of projects in the works of multi-family buildings, a guide has been proposed for the development of a Project Management Office (PMO) Low Cost, for Micro and Small companies that do not have the necessary capital to invest in a Project Management Standard Office. This guide is intended to be validated through the Delphi method, using experts from the local environment who have experience in Project Management. The expected results are those of an improvement in the maturity level of the MYPEs taking into account the improvement in project management. / Tesis
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Identification des risques, opportunités et facteurs critiques de succès de l’industrie 4.0 pour la performance industrielle des PME. / Identification of risks, opportunities , critical success factors for industry 4.0 to production planning and control of SMEMoeuf, Alexandre 06 April 2018 (has links)
Acteurs majeurs de l’industrie, les PME (Petites et Moyennes Entreprises) doivent répondre à des exigences toujours plus complexes de leurs clients. L’une des solutions est l’amélioration du pilotage des processus industriels qui comprend la planification et l’exploitation des ressources, le contrôle de la production, la mesure et l’évaluation de la performance. Récemment est né le concept d’industrie 4.0 qui vise au pilotage de la chaîne logistique par la synchronisation en temps réel des flux pour tendre à la fabrication unitaire et personnalisée. Ce concept se base sur l’émergence de nouvelles technologies telles que l’internet des objets et le cloud computing. Notre objectif est d’identifier les risques, les opportunités et les facteurs critiques de succès de l’industrie 4.0 concernant la performance industrielle des PME. Nos premiers travaux montrent que les PME présentent des caractéristiques managériales propres qui peuvent venir à l’encontre des prérequis nécessaires à l’exploitation de l’industrie 4.0. Notre revue de la littérature montre d’une part des disparités dans les cas d’application de l’industrie 4.0 dans les PME, et d’autre part que ces cas sont peu documentés. La difficulté inhérente à l’identification de cas concrets ne nous a pas permis d’organiser une étude statistique de l’application de l’industrie 4.0. Afin de répondre à nos objectifs, nous avons ainsi organisé une étude prospective par consultation d’experts. Cette étude a montré que le manque d’expertise et la stratégie à courte vue sont les risques les plus importants de l’industrie 4.0 dans les PME. L’étude montre également que la formation est le facteur de réussite le plus important, que le dirigeant joue un rôle prépondérant dans la réussite et/ou l’échec d’un projet industrie 4.0 et qu’il est conseillé de se faire accompagner par des experts pour tout projet d’industrie 4.0. Enfin, l’industrie 4.0 est une opportunité exceptionnelle de repenser les processus de production, mais également de proposer de nouveaux modèles d’affaires pour les PME. Les PME présentent des atouts majeurs face à cette révolution industrielle et elles doivent en tirer profit pour ne pas perdre leur avantage concurrentiel vis-à-vis des grandes entreprises. / The SMEs, predominant actors of the industry, have to reach customer expectations that are more and more complex. One of the solutions is to improve the management of the industrial processes which includes production planning and control, performance measurement and evaluation. Lately the concept of industry 4.0 has emerged. This new approach allows the control of production processes by providing real time synchronization of flows and by enabling the production of unitary and customized products. This concept is based on emerging new technologies such as cloud computing and Internet of Things. Our research goal is to identify the industry 4.0 risks, opportunities and critical success factors regarding SMEs industrial performances. Our first work shows that the SMEs have their own specific managerial features that may undermine the adoption of the industry 4.0 concept. Our review of the scientific literature also shows that there are disparities between industry 4.0 business cases in SMEs. These business cases are also poorly documented a provide only few insights for SMEs managers. The inherent difficulty to identify detailed examples prevented us from conducting a statistical study of the industry 4.0 cases within SMEs. In order to reach our research goal, we conducted a prospective study by consulting experts. Our study shows that the major risks facing the adoption of the industry 4.0 concept in SMEs is the lack of expertise and the short-term strategy mindset. The study also shows that training is the most important success factor, that managers have a prominent role in the success and/or the failure of an industry 4.0 project, and that SMEs should be supported by external experts. Lastly, industry 4.0 offers a unique opportunity to redesign SMEs production processes and to adopt new business models. SMEs have decisive advantages toward this industrial revolution that they must use in order to keep their competitive advantages against large company.
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Un modelo de gestión del conocimiento académico : estudio de casos en universidades peruanasMorgan Rozas, Milagros 03 1900 (has links)
La presente tesis se encuentra en acceso abierto en el siguiente enlace; http://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/397746 / Esta tesis tiene como objetivo plantear un modelo alternativo para la gestión del conocimiento académico en las universidades peruanas que integre a sus procesos y principales responsables. Se trata de una investigación descriptiva que emplea el método del Estudio de Casos Múltiple en cinco universidades peruanas (dos privadas y tres públicas). Para validar el protocolo de recogida de datos del Estudio de Casos Múltiple, se utiliza la metodologfa Delphi, consultando con expertos en gestión del conocimiento y en gestión de universidades. Asimismo, aplica un Estudio de Casos Piloto en una sexta universidad con el fin de probar dicho protocolo en una situación real. Presenta tres resultados. Primero, al analizar los modelos de gestión del conocimiento académico que aplican las cinco universidades estudiadas, identifica que dicha gestión es concebida bajo tres enfoques distintos y se realiza de manera intuitiva o por tradición, no de forma sistemática y sin integrar a todos sus procesos y principales responsables. Segundo, los factores criticas de éxito con mayor impacto en la gestión eficaz del conocimiento académico, según las universidades estudiadas son: personal calificado, responsable y comprometido con la investigación; compromiso y convicción de la alta dirección; cultura organizacional que fomente la creación, intercambio y utilización del conocimiento; y, actitud y capacidad de aprendizaje del personal de la universidad. Tercero, detecta los componentes de medición del impacto del modelo de gestión del conocimiento académico propuesto para las universidades peruanas por etapa de la gestión del conocimiento académico (creación, intercambio y utilización) y por proceso de la universidad (enseñanza y aprendizaje; investigación, y transferencia o servicios a la sociedad). Concluye que el modelo alternativo para la gestión del conocimiento académico desarrollado en esta investigación, es susceptible de ser aplicado en los tres enfoques identificados en las universidades que formaron parte del Estudio de Casos Múltiple. Sus componentes fundamentales incluyen el planeamiento, el seguimiento, la gestión de los procesos, los principios, métodos, técnicas, herramientas y tecnologías que se combinan en un sistema con el fin de obtener un resultado cuyos indicadores evidencian el cumplimiento de la misión y los objetivos de la universidad. / This thesis aims to propose an alternative model for the management of academic knowledge in Peruvian universities, to integrate their processes and principal users. This descriptive research uses Multiple Case Study methodology in five Peruvian universities (two private and three public). To validate the data collection protocol of the Multiple Case Study, the Delphi methodology is employed, which was validated by experts in knowledge management and management of universities. As well, a Pilot Case Study is conducted at a sixth university to test the protocol in a real situation. This research generated three results. First, by analyzing the academic knowledge management models applied at the five Peruvian universities studied, it identifies three different approaches that management executes intuitively or by tradition, not systematically, and without integrating all processes and main participants. Second, the critical success factors with the greatest impact on the effective management of academic knowledge, according to the universities studied, are the following: the presence of qualified personnel, who are responsible and commited to investigation; commitment and convlction of senior management; an organizational culture that encourages the creation, sharing and use of knowledge; and the attitude and learning ability of the university staff. Third, it detects the components that measure the impact of the academic knowledge management model proposed for the Peruvian universities in tenns of the academic knowledge management stages (creation, exchange and use) and university processes (teaching and learning; research; transfer or services to the society). lt concludes that the alternative model for the academic knowledge management proposed through this research, applies to the three approaches identified in the universities that were part of the Multiple Case Study. lts basic components include planning, monitoring, management processes, principies, methods, techniques, tools and technologies, combined into a system to obtain a result whose indicators show compliance with the mission and goals of the university
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Potenciál zavedení integrované výuky na českých školách z pohledu vybraných učitelů / The potential of integrated science's implementation in Czech schools in selected teachers' perspectiveKolafová, Barbora January 2021 (has links)
This thesis is about the possibilities of including integrated science subjects teaching at czech schools. It presents historical milestones that had an impact on education and the current state of teaching science subjects in the Czech Republic. Because of a declining interest of students in natural sciences, the several newer teaching strategies of proven foreign research are elaborated in the theoretical part of the work. The research of this work is focused on the opinions of a selected sample of teachers, which are related to their idea of the ideal concept of integrated teaching in the implementation of established in Czech schools. Another goal of the work is to reveal the pros and cons of this form of teaching. The research was conducted on a selected sample of teachers which were willing to engage in research voluntarily. The research questions should revealed teachers claims on four categories - strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of integrated teaching, which was included in the second round of assessment. The ideal concept of integrated teaching from the perspective of the interviewed teachers was also identified in the first round. Data from the first round were given by respondents in the second and third rounds for evaluation according to relevance, which ranked the...
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Dedication and Display of Portrait Statues in Hellenistic Greece: Spatial Practices and Identity PoliticsBaltes, Elizabeth P. January 2016 (has links)
<p>This dissertation models a new approach to the study of ancient portrait statues—one that situates them in their historical, political, and spatial contexts. By bringing into conversation bodies of evidence that have traditionally been studied in discrete categories, I investigate how statue landscapes articulated and reinforced a complex set of political and social identities, how space was utilized and manipulated on a local and a regional level, and how patrons responded to the spatial pressures and visual politics of statue dedication within a constantly changing landscape. </p><p>Instead of treating sites independently, I have found it to be more productive—and, indeed, necessary—to examine broader patterns of statue dedication. I demonstrate that a regional perspective, that is, one that takes into account the role of choice and spatial preference in setting up a statue within a regional network of available display locations, can illuminate how space shaped the ancient practice of portrait dedication. This level of analysis is a new approach to the study of portrait statues and it has proved to be a productive way of thinking about how statues and context were used together to articulate identity. Understanding how individual monuments worked within these broader landscapes of portrait dedications, how statue monuments functioned within federal systems, and how monuments set up by individuals and social groups operated along side those set up by political bodies clarifies the important place of honorific statues as an expression of power and identity within the history of the site, the region, and Hellenistic Greece.</p> / Dissertation
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Threats associated with build, operate and transfer (B.O.T) infrastructure projects in Southern Africa and the impact it has on the risk profile.Moloigaswe, Shimah. 15 January 2014 (has links)
The rapid economic growth in many developing countries results in a high demand for infrastructure
and governments find that they are unable to fund the vital infrastructure or to maintain the existing
ones (Gupta and Sravat, 1998). To remedy this they are increasingly opting for an alternative source
of funding through the large international companies which have considerable credit standing for
concession contracts such as Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) since those companies have a much
larger capacity to fund the large scale projects than the recipient country.
The objective of this research project is to provide a brief review of the South African experience
with the utilisation of the BOT approach for infrastructure developments, examining the risks and
the measures used to mitigate them. This is so as to draw lessons for policy makers on how to
improve the use of this strategic instrument for infrastructure provision. The emphasis will be on
overall risks associated with the scheme as well as the mitigating factors in light of the current social,
political and economic context of the country and the region.
Data was collected using the Delphi survey method and the study targeted individuals who were
knowledgeable and experienced with the issues under investigation and from different sectors
involved with execution of BOT infrastructure development projects in South Africa. These included
contractors, lenders, operators as well as some from the host government. The questionnaire was
designed to identify the perceptions of the individuals regarding risk management in BOT projects as
well as identify significant risk associated with the scheme.
The 10 most critical risks were ranked based on the ratings of the respondents in the final phase of
the Delphi survey. The risk that was rated the most critical turned out to be ‘Political instability in
the host country’. This is defined as the danger of political or financial instability in the host country
caused by events such as insurrections, strikes, creeping expropriation and outright nationalization.
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Sucesso do microempreendedor individual no Brasil / Success of individual microentrepreneur in BrazilBrito, Natalia Dinoá Duarte Cardoso de 20 May 2016 (has links)
O empreendedorismo pode ser definido como qualquer tentativa de criação de um novo empreendimento como, por exemplo, uma atividade autônoma, uma nova empresa ou a expansão de um empreendimento existente. No Brasil, o empreendedorismo é uma atividade exercida por dezenas de milhões de indivíduos. Destes, 6,2 milhões são microempreendedores individuais (MEI). Esta categoria de empresários tem um faturamento bruto anual limitado por lei a R$ 60.000,00, e não pode ter mais de um empregado. Os microempreendedores individuais são importantes agentes na economia. Se todos os MEI atingirem o faturamento máximo, o valor movimentado na economia ultrapassa R$ 370 bilhões. Percebendo a importância destes agentes, o governo expandiu os regimes fiscais favoráveis aos microempreendedores individuais. Há também outras ações de incentivo, por parte de bancos públicos e privados, aos pequenos empreendedores, como a concessão de microcrédito. Contudo, mesmo com o acesso a tais benefícios, manter um empreendimento em funcionamento pode ser uma tarefa complexa. Por dispor de poucos recursos humanos e financeiros, torna-se essencial ao MEI que almeja o sucesso, possuir conhecimentos técnicos e gerenciais. Diante disso, alguns programas têm surgido com o intuito de ensinar aos MEI a controlar suas finanças e a gerir seus negócios, tornando-os empresários de sucesso. Todavia, para auxiliar os MEI a serem bem-sucedidos, faz-se necessário compreender o que é o sucesso deste público alvo. Assim, esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o intuito de identificar e analisar fatores que indicam sucesso do microempreendedor individual. Para isso, optou-se pela utilização do método Delphi. Para participação no Delphi, especialistas em pequenos empreendimentos foram selecionados e submetidos a aplicações de questionários, que continham fatores que pudessem indicar sucesso do microempreendedor individual. Para a elaboração dos questionários, foi realizado um levantamento na literatura sobre sucesso do empreendedor, sendo encontrados poucos estudos voltados ao tema. Dezesseis fatores foram levantados e apresentados aos especialistas. No decorrer das aplicações, fatores foram excluídos e incluídos. Ao final, os fatores considerados como mais importantes pelos especialistas foram: lucro, fluxo de caixa positivo, sobrevivência, vendas, remuneração do empreendedor, carteira de clientes, autorrealização, regularidade fiscal, profissionalização, separação entre pessoa física e pessoa jurídica, crescimento, independência, inovação, reconhecimento, formalização e aquisição de bens. O resultado da pesquisa permite as seguintes reflexões: 1) com exceção da autorrealização, fatores apontados como de sucesso pessoal não foram bem classificados. 2) diversos fatores como lucro, fluxo de caixa, venda, separação entre pessoas física e jurídica e sobrevivência são conceitos amplamente abordados pelas Ciências Contábeis, podendo ser incorporados e enfatizados pelos programas de apoio; 3) a inovação, apresentada por teóricos como a principal atribuição do empreendedor e abordada por alguns programas de apoio, foi apontada por alguns especialistas como um fator que indica sucesso, enquanto outros afirmam que o MEI dificilmente agregaria algo inovador a seus produtos ou serviços. Espera-se que os resultados da pesquisa forneçam aos programas de apoio aos MEI e aos fomentadores de políticas públicas, subsídios para que se tornem mais eficazes ao auxiliar estes indivíduos a se tornarem bem sucedidos. / Entrepreneurship can be defined as any attempt to create a new venture, for example, an autonomous activity, a new business or expanding an existing business. In Brazil, entrepreneurship is an activity carried out by tens of millions of individuals. Of these, 6.2 million are individual microentrepreneurs (or MEI, in Brazil). This category of business has annual gross sales limited by law to R$ 60,000.00, and cannot have more than one employee. Individual microentrepreneurs are important agents in the economy. If all of these individuals reached the maximum billing, the amount moved in the economy would R$ 370 billion. Realizing the importance of these agents, the government expanded the favorable tax regimes to MEI. There are also other actions taken by public and private banks to stimulate small entrepreneurs, such as microcredit. However, even with access to such benefits, maintaining an enterprise in operation can be a complex task. Because they have few human and financial resources, it is essential to a MEI that expects to be successful to have knowledge not only of technical, but also managerial issues. Therefore, some programs have emerged in order to teach MEI to manage their finances and manage their business, making them successful entrepreneurs. However, in order to assist the MEI to be successful, it is necessary to understand what success is for this target audience. Thus, this research was conducted in order to identify and analyze factors that indicate the success of individual microentrepreneurs. For this purpose, the Delphi method was selected. To participate in the Delphi, experts in small enterprises were selected and required to answer applications containing factors that could indicate the success of individual microentrepreneurs. For the preparation of questionnaires, a survey was conducted on entrepreneurial success, although there are few studies related to the theme. Sixteen factors were collected and presented to specialists. During the application, factors were excluded and included. In the end, the factors considered most important by the experts were: profit, positive cash flow, survival, sales, entrepreneur compensation, customer base, sense of accomplishment, tax compliance, professionalization, separation between the individual entrepreneur and the owned business, growth, independence, innovation, recognition, formalization and purchase of goods. The results of the research allow for the following considerations: 1) except for sense of accomplishment, factors identified as personal success have not been classified positively; 2) several factors such as profit, cash flow, sales, separation between the individual entrepreneur and the owned business and survival are concepts widely discussed by the Accounting Sciences and can be incorporated and emphasized by the support programs; 3) innovation, presented by theorists as the main attribution of the entrepreneur and addressed by some support programs, was considered by some experts as a factor that indicates success, while others claim that the MEIs could hardly add innovation to their products or services. It is hoped that the research results provide MEI support programs and public policy makers with subsidies in order to get even more effective in helping these individuals to become successful
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