Orientadores: Ronei Luciano Mamoni, Maria Heloisa Souza Lima Blotta / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T10:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Longhi_LarissaNaraAlegrini_D.pdf: 4091504 bytes, checksum: 149e4a062c177377d07fb66598d14e85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Pesquisas recentes têm demonstrado a importância da resposta imune inata no controle da resposta adaptativa. Em estudo anterior pudemos demonstrar que as células Natural Killer (NK) participam da resposta imunológica ao Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, agente etiológico da Paracoccidioidomicose (PCM). Atualmente sabe-se que células dendríticas (DCs) são capazes de interagir com células NK, aumentando a sua atividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o mecanismo utilizado pelas células NK no reconhecimento de células leveduriformes de P. brasiliensis e, se DCs estimuladas pelo fungo são capazes de interagir com células NK e por conseguinte influenciar a diferenciação de linfócitos T. Foram utilizadas DCs derivadas de monócitos e células CD56+ (NK) isoladas do sangue periférico de indivíduos saudáveis. A análise do papel dos receptores do tipo toll (TLR-2 e TLR-4) e do receptor de complemento 3 (CR3 - CD11b) no reconhecimento do P. brasiliensis pelas células NK demonstrou que este último receptor é provavelmente mais importante, uma vez que o seu bloqueio diminuiu a ativação e a atividade citotóxica direta das células NK contra o fungo. Enquanto que o TLR2, em conjunto com o CR3 leva à produção de citocinas como IFN-gama e TNF-alfa. Além disso, nossos resultados demonstraram que DCs estimuladas com o fungo são ativadas e produzem citocinas importantes para a ativação de células NK (IL-12, IL-18, IL-23 e IL-15). Células NK estimuladas com essas citocinas ou cocultivadas com DCs (previamente estimuladas com leveduras do fungo) apresentam maior capacidade de proliferação, aumento na expressão de marcadores de ativação (CD25 e CD69), aumento na capacidade fungicida e aumento da produção de citocinas como IFN-gama e TNF-alfa. Esses efeitos foram parcialmente dependentes de contato, provavelmente envolvendo a participação de IL-15 associada à membrana das DCs, e também à produção de citocinas solúveis (IL-12, IL-23 e IL-18) pelas DCs. Por outro lado, a interação entre células NK e DCs leva estas últimas a aumentarem a expressão de moléculas coestimulatórias (CD80 e CD86) e de moléculas de MHC de classe II, importantes para a apresentação de antígenos aos linfócitos T. Também pudemos observar que a interação entre DCs estimuladas com células leveduriformes de P. brasiliensis e células NK levam a diferenciação de linfócitos T CD4+ e T CD8+ produtores de IFN-gama, ao mesmo tempo inibindo a diferenciação de linfócitos T produtores de IL-4. Em conjunto nossos resultados demonstraram que a interação entre DCs e células NK estimuladas com células leveduriformes de P. brasiliensis leva a um aumento tanto da ativação das DCs quanto das células NK, e que essa interação pode ser importante para modular a resposta imunológica adquirida subsequente / Abstract: Several studies have shown that the innate immune response presents a fundamental role in controlling the adaptive immune response. In a previous study we demonstrated that natural killer cells (NK) participate in the immune response to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). Currently it is known that dendritic cells (DCs) are able to interact with NK cells, increasing its activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanism used by NK cells in the recognition of P. brasiliensis yeast cells and, whether DCs stimulated by the fungus are able to interact with NK cells and therefore influence the differentiation of T lymphocytes. We used DCs derived from monocytes and CD56 + (NK) cells isolated from peripheral blood of healthy individuals. We analyzed the role of some toll-like receptors (TLR-2 and TLR-4) and the complement receptor 3 (CR3 - CD11b) in the recognition of P. brasiliensis NK cells. Our results showed that the CR3 is probably more important, since that its blockage decreased the activation and the direct cytotoxic activity of NK cells against the fungus. Furthermore, activation via TLR2, together with CR3, leads to the production of cytokines such as IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. Moreover, our results demonstrated that DCs stimulated with the fungus are activated and produce cytokines important for the activation of NK cells (IL-12, IL-18, IL-23 and IL-15). NK cells stimulated with these cytokines or co-cultured with DCs (previously stimulated with yeast cells) presented greater capacity for proliferation, increased expression of activation markers (CD25 and CD69), increased fungicide capacity and increased production of cytokines such as IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. These effects were partially dependent on contact, probably involving the participation of membrane associated IL-15, and also the production of soluble cytokines (IL-12, IL-23 and IL-18) by DCs. In addition, the interaction between NK cells and DCs leads to an increased expression of molecules important for the antigen presentation to T cells, such as costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) and class II MHC on DCs. We also observed that the interaction between DCs (stimulated with the fungus) and NK cells increased the differentiation of T CD4+ and T CD8+ cells into IFN-gamma producing lymphocytes, while inhibited the differentiation of IL-4 producing T lymphocytes. Altogether our results demonstrate that the crosstalk between DCs and NK cells stimulated with P. brasiliensis yeast cells leads to an increased activation of both DCs and NK cells, and that this interaction can be important for modulating the subsequent acquired immune response against the fungus / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutora em Ciências Médicas

Le cancer du sein représente un problème de santé publique. Les efforts déployés pour définir de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques ont mis en lumière les mécanismes développés par la tumeur pour inhiber l'instauration d'une réponse immune adaptative efficace. La tumeur favorise la mise en place d'une immunosubversion, caractériisée par la fort infiltration d'une sous-population de lymphocytes T CD4 régulateurs (Treg). Les Treg jouent un rôle central dans les mécanismes de contrôle de réactions pro-inflammatoires et protègent contre le développement de pathologies auto-immunes. Nous avons observé que le Treg sont recrutés spécéfiquement dans l'environnement tumoral via l'axe de chimiotactisme CCR4/CCL22 suite à la détetion des cellules transformées par les NK et les macrophages. D'autre part, plusieurs publications récentes démontrent un rôle des cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC) dans l'indcution de Treg chez l'homme et la souris. Nos observations montrent que des facteurs solubles sécrétés dans l'environnement tumoral inhibent la fonction clef des pDC, ce qui favorise fortement leur capacité à induire l'expansion de Treg et de T CD4 prodcuteur d'IL-10. Ces cellules T immunosuppressives expriment fortement le récepteur de co-simulation ICOS, prolifèrent in situ, exercent un important pouvoir supresseur sur les autres popuylations T et leur présence est associées à un impact péjoratif sur la survie des patientes. Par l'utilisation de l'Ac bloquant anti-COS 314.8 nous avons démontré le rôle essentiel d'ICOS dans la prolifération des Treg et l'induction de T CD4 sécréteurs d'IL-10 par les pDC dasn les tumeurs, offrant la perspective d'une nouvelle immunothérapie visant à éradqiuer les Treg intra-tumoraux. / Tumor immunosbversion favors disease progression and is mediated by increased IL-10 secretion, reduced type-I IFN production and regulatory T cell (Treg) accumulation among CD4+ T cell in breast tumor. We showed that the presence of high number of both Treg and/or plasmacytoid DC (pDC) a subpopulation of antigen presenting celles correlates with poor prognosis in breast carcinoma. We previoously demonstrated that CCR4+ Treg are recruited from the periphery trough CCL22 production by breast tumor cells. Tumor-asssociated Treg (Ta-Treg) are highly activated (GITRhighHDLA-DRhighCD39high), show a selective expression of high levels of ICOS and proliferate in situ (Ki-67+). Tumor associated (Ta-) pDC express a partially activated phenotype but their type-1 interferon (IFN) production is strongly impaired in human tumors. pDc secretion of type-I IFN is linked to their capacity to induce anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity in mice models. We shown that 1) Ta-Treg and Ta-pDC colocalize in breast tumor section and 2) TapDC favor Ta-Treg proliferation and IL-10 secretion by CD4+ T cells in absence of type-I IFN. Ogf importance, targeting ICOS with a neutralizing antibody suppresses Ta-Treg proliferation as well as IL-10 secretion inpDC/CD4+ T cell co-culture, demonstrationg a riole of ICOS-ICOS-L interaction in Ta-Treg proliferation mediated by Ta-pDC. At the end, we report that high ICOS expression in breast tumor sections is associated with reduced patient's overall and disease free survival. Altogether these observations suggest that ICOS in breat cancer may represent a therapeutic target to restore anti-tumor immunity

Chez des patients allergiques, il est possible de retrouver dans leur sérum desanticorps spécifiques du médicament (IgE) et dans leur sang des lymphocytes T spécifiquesdu médicament. La présence de LT spécifiques du médicament chez des patients allergiquessuggère la présentation du médicament par des cellules présentatrices d’antigène telles queles cellules dendritiques.Nous nous sommes alors intéressés à mieux comprendre l’implication deslymphocytes T et des cellules dendritiques dans le développement des allergies auxantibiotiques comme la pénicilline G (ou Benzyl-Pénicilline) ou le sulfaméthoxazole.Ce travail de thèse a permis: i) de démontrer la présence de lymphocytes Tspécifiques de la pénicilline G dans le sang périphérique de donneurs non allergiques à unefréquence mesurable, ii) de développer deux approches expérimentales et de modélisationpour l’identification des épitopes potentiellement présentés aux lymphocytes T et iii)d’étudier l’effet des médicaments sur les cellules dendritiques.Les perspectives de ce travail sont de mieux comprendre les mécanismes impliquésdans les allergies médicamenteuses au niveau des lymphocytes T et des cellules dendritiqueset de développer des tests de prédiction du « potentiel allergique » des médicaments, afinde mieux prédire les allergies médicamenteuses lors du développement des médicaments. / In allergic patients, antibodies like IgE or T-lymphocytes specific for the drugimplicated can be detected and measured. Presence of T-lymphocytes specific for the drugin allergic patients suggested the presentation of the culprit drug to T-lymphocytes byantigen presenting cells like dendritic cells.We were interested in better understanding the implication of T-lymphocytes anddendritic cells in the development of antibiotics allergies such as penicillin G (or Benzyl-Penicillin) or sulfamethoxazole.The results obtained in this work allowed us: i) to demonstrate the presence ofbenzyl-penicillin-specific T cells in the peripheral blood of non-allergic donors, at adetectable frequency; ii) to develop two approaches: one experimental and one usingmodelisation for the identification of epitopes potentially presented to T-lymphocytes andiii) to study the effect of drugs on DC.The perspectives of this research work are to better understand the mechanismsimplicated in drug allergies and to develop predictive tests for “drug allergic potential", inorder to be able to better predict drug allergies during drug development.