Yes / Ceramic containers, intentionally deposited into wetlands, offer detailed insights into Early Neolithic culinary practices. Additionally, they are key for ascertaining the Neolithisation process in Denmark since they appear to form a typo-chronological sequence. Here, we use a combination of organic residue analysis (ORA) of pottery alongside Bayesian chronological modelling of the radiocarbon dates obtained on these vessels to explore the initial stages of votive deposition in wetlands, a practice that stretches from the Mesolithic to the onset of Christianity in Northern Europe. We consider 34 Early-Middle Neolithic (c. 3900–2350 cal BC) ‘bog pots’ from Denmark, of which 20 have ORA data, and 26 have been dated directly. Carbonised surface residues and absorbed lipids from powdered sherds were analysed using a combination of bulk carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and GC-combustion-isotope ratio MS (GC-C-IRMS). The molecular and isotopic compositions of the analysed samples revealed the presence of aquatic, ruminant carcass and dairy fats as well as plant waxes with the majority containing mixtures thereof. Dairy fats were present from the onset of the Funnel Beaker culture, whilst aquatic foods, prevalent at the close of the preceding Mesolithic period, continued to be processed in pottery for the following thousand years. / UK Arts and Humanities Research Board Grant B/RG/AN1717/APN14658 (to O.E.C.) and the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council Grant AH/E008232/1 (to C.P.H and O.E.C.) for funding this research. H.K.R. acknowledges the British Academy for funding during the preparation of the manuscript.

Citizenship laws in Denmark have become more restrictive since the early 2000s. The jus sanguini elements of citizenship hinder descendants of migrants from obtaining citizenship. Despite being born or growing up in the country, they must meet strict requirements to be granted a chance to stay. Additionally, an understanding of a national identity being tied to ethnicity and descent creates barriers for ethnic minorities in Denmark to assert their Danish identity. By conducting in-depth interviews with individuals excluded from citizenship and using the theoretical framework of ethnic identity development, this thesis seeks to explore the connection between citizenship and identity among non-Danish citizens who grew up in the country. The research found that due to the strict requirements and the common understanding of Danish national identity, the research participants were unable to fully explore their national identity, leading to lack of identity achievement.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Stockholms högskola, 1930. / Summary in German. Includes bibliographical references (p. 221-226).

The aim of this study was to examine how the Danish people and Denmark are represented in the daily Swedish press. We wanted to examine how the Danish people were represented, the characteristics given to the Danes and the differences we see between the different genres. We used theories about discourse, representation, stereotype and national community, too see what underlying messages was hidden in the texts. We analysed 30 texts from three Swedish daily newspapers: Sydsvenska Dagbladet Snällposten, Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet. The method we used was discourse analysis based on Faircloughs theories and methods.One of the most interesting results we found was that the Danish people often were represented as different kinds of stereotypes. We found the following stereotypes that we named: the drunken Danish, the racist, the laidback Danish and the criminal Danish. The drunk Danish stereotype is mostly seen in the text about sports when the journalists are writing about the Danish football supporters. In these texts the supporters are given properties like drunk and that they like to drink a lot of beer when they are watching football. The stereotype that we named the racist, we mostly see in the texts that were about politics and about the Dansk Folkeparti. The laidback Danish is particularly evident in texts that describe the Danish culture. The fourth stereotype, the criminal, we see in the texts about gang violence.Our study also showed that the Danish people and Denmark are represented through people that are not Danish. In many of the texts we could see that Swedish journalists interviewed other Swedish people about Denmark and the Danish people.

A Dinamarca possui, sem dúvida alguma, uma das políticas mais excepcionais em relação à Europa integrada. Desde os primórdios da integração europeia, no início dos anos 50, o país demonstrou um forte ceticismo e, para alguns, um forte receio com a ideia de uma Europa unida. Mesmo após sua incorporação à Comunidade Europeia, no início dos anos 70, a Dinamarca se posicionou como membro de uma outra comunidade, a nórdica, e que, dessa forma, seu papel na Comunidade Europeia consistia em criar uma ponte entre estas duas comunidades. Era de comum entendimento entre as elites do país, bem como por grande parte da sociedade civil, que a integração europeia representava valores típicos da Europa continental que, por sua vez, conflitavam com os valores nórdicos. O excepcionalismo dinamarquês manteve-se mesmo após o término da Guerra Fria, quando, em 1993, o Governo do país compreendeu, em seu Livro Branco, que a União Europeia seria o principal fórum internacional para a promoção dos valores e interesses da Dinamarca, mas devido a uma recusa popular em aceitar o Tratado que Estabelecia a União Europeia, o país estipulou a existência de quatro ressalvas formais os opt-outs às políticas europeias, entre aquelas mais sensíveis à soberania nacional. Inúmeras hipóteses foram levantadas na tentativa de compreender tal peculiaridade, entre estas, destacamos a existência de uma percepção mantida tanto pela elite política do país, como por parte da sociedade civil, de uma alternativa nórdica à Europa. Dessa forma, a relutância dinamarquesa com o processo europeu de integração poderia ser compreendido pelo desejo do país em se inserir em um outro processo de integração, somente entre os países nórdicos. Tendo em vista tal entendimento, esta pesquisa, através de uma abordagem sociológico-histórica, tem por objetivo compreender em que medida a percepção de uma alternativa nórdica à Europa impactou na construção do, então chamado, dilema de integração dinamarquês, ou seja, desta posição relutante desenvolvida pelo país em relação à Comunidade Europeia / União Europeia. Para colaborar, iremos analisar a questão nórdica no desenvolvimento da política externa e de segurança da Dinamarca. Argumentaremos que embora nem sempre tenha sido apresentado como uma alternativa real, a questão nórdica demonstra-se de extrema importância para compreender a posição dinamarquesa na Europa. / Denmark has, without doubt, one of the most exceptional policies towards Europe. From the beginning of European integration in the early 50s the country has demonstrated a strong skepticism and, for some, a strong concern with the idea of a united Europe. Even after her incorporation into the European Community in the early 70s, Denmark has positioned herself as a member of another community, the Nordic one, and, therefore, the Danish role in the European Community was to \'build bridges\' between these two communities. It was a common understanding among the Danish elites, and to a large part of civil society, that European integration represented typical values of the \'continental Europe\' which, in turn, were in conflict with the Nordic values. The Danish exceptionalism remained even after the end of the Cold War, when in 1993 the Danish government understood in its White Paper that the European Union would be the main international forum for the promotion of Danish values and interest, but due to a popular refusal to accept the Treaty that established the European Union, the government stipulated the existence of four formal reservations - the opt-outs to European policies, among those most sensitive to national sovereignty. Several hypotheses have been raised in an attempt to understand this peculiarity, among these, we can highlight the existence of a perception both by the political elite of the country as by civil society of a Nordic alternative to Europe. Thus, the Danish reluctance to the European integration process could be understood by the country\'s desire to be part in another integration process, among the Nordic countries. Therefore, through a historical sociological approach, this research seeks to understand to what extent the perception of a Nordic alternative to Europe impacted on the construction of the so called \'Danish integration dilemma, i.e. in this reluctant position developed by the country towards the European Community / European Union. To this end, we will examine the Nordic question in the development of the Danish Foreign and Security Policy. We will argue that although it has not always been presented as a real alternative, the Nordic question can be seen as a very important factor to understand the Danish position in Europe.

The freedom of movement is a human right concept that has always been confronted with some form of state regulation. I will focus on the international dimension of migration, especially immigration, which will be analyzed first on a general level and then on the example of Denmark. As this small European state is a typical activist in the field of human rights and a frequent participant in the humanitarian missions, one would say the Danish immigration policy can serve as an ideal example. However, this may not be true. My aim is to analyze the membership of Denmark in various international organizations dealing with immigration, EU in particular. Then, the relationship between the immigrants and Danish foreign policy with focus on Muslims will be considered. My research shows that the tendency of Denmark to restrict her immigration policy is a result of global development and has deep historical roots.

In the history of seventeenth-century European music the court of Christian IV (r. 1588-1648) occupies a position of prominence. Christian, eager for fame as a patron of the arts, drew to Denmark many of the musical giants of the age, among them the lutenist John Dowland and the composer Heinrich Schltz. Sadly, except for financial records and occasional letters still in the archives, few traces remain of these brilliant years in Denmark. The music composed and played during this half century has largely disappeared, most of it probably in the tragic fire of 1794 that destroyed the old Christiansborg Castle in Copenhagen and with it the court music archives. Except for the recently-discovered Clausholm Fragments, only three specimens of keyboard music from the period remain: Ny kgl. Saml. 1997 fol. (Obmaus Tablature), Gl. kgl. Saonl. 376 fol. (Copenhagen Tablature), and mu 6703.2131/6 (VoigtlaJnder Tablature). It has generally been assumed that the manuscripts were of German origin. The present study, however, demonstrates a probable Danish origin for the third, possible Danish connections for the second, and establishes that the first is of Austrian provenance. The Obmaus Tablature is an amateur's preservation of a German keyboard style already outdated. This slender manuscript, dated 1637, contains a total of ten "archaic" pieces exhibiting the peculiarities of keyboard dances and song settings from the late sixteenth century. The awkward style of the pieces leads to the conclusion that they were transcribed for keyboard--more literally than imaginatively--from lute originals. The Copenhagen Tablature, consisting of thirty-four folios, is of primary importance for its evidence of the spread of the French claveqin style and the development of the keyboard suite. Of the sixty-nine pieces the majority are French dance forms, several with doubles; also included are preludes, German dances, and settings of chorales, psalms, and secular songs. In this study the dating of the various portions of the manuscript is discussed, and conjectures as to the compilers are presented.

Sammanfattning Syftet med denna uppsats är att jämföra svensk och dansk turordning vid uppsägning på grund av arbetsbrist. I första hand kartlägger jag hur länderna reglerar turordning. Därefter undersöker jag vilken funktion reglerna kring turordning fyller för arbetstagare i Sverige respektive Danmark. Vidare undersöker jag i vilken utsträckning reglerna kring turordningen fyller samma funktion i Danmark som i Sverige? Vilket skydd ger det arbetstagaren?   Jag har använt mig av rättsdogmatisk metod för att kartlägga ländernas regler för turordning. Komparativ metod har sedan använts vid jämförandet mellan länderna. Vidare har jag använt mig av Anna Christensens teori om det normativa grundmönstret för att lättare förstå och kunna dra slutsatser av vilken funktion regler om turordning i Sverige och Danmark fyller för arbetstagaren.   I Sverige styrs reglerna om turordning till stor del av det normativa grundmönstret, skydd för etablerad position. Genom arbetsgivarens ledningsrätt att själv avgöra när och var det råder arbetsbrist samt vissa inskränkningar i turordningsreglerna dras de svenska turordningsreglerna även något åt det normativa grundmönstret, det marknadsfunktionella mönstret. I Danmark styrs reglerna för turordning i störst utsträckning av det marknadsfunktionella mönstret.   Turordningsreglerna i Sverige ger skydd för arbetstagare med lång anställningstid i relation till arbetstagare med kortare anställningstid. I Danmark får turordningsreglerna ingen funktion för arbetstagarna förrän de uppnår en lång anciennitet (anställningstid). Innan dess har arbetsgivaren ledningsrätten att avgöra när och var det råder arbetsbrist. Denne får då avgöra vilken eller vilka arbetstagare som ska bli uppsagda, utan någon större hänsyn till objektiva kriterier som anciennitet. / Abstract The purpose of this essay is to compare Swedish and Danish rotation system in the event of termination due to redundancy. First, I identify how the countries regulate rotation. Then I study what purpose the rules around the rotation serve for the workers in Sweden and Denmark. Furthermore, I go over to what extent the rules of the rotation system serve the same purpose in Denmark as in Sweden? Which protection are the workers receiving? I have used law of dogmatic approach to identify the countries' rules for the rotation. Comparative method is then used for a comparison between the countries. Furthermore, I have used Anna Christensen's theory on the normative basis pattern to better understand and be able to draw conclusions of what purpose the rules of rotation in Sweden and Denmark serve for the workers.   In Sweden are the rules of rotation governed much by the normative base pattern, the protection of established position. The employer's rights to decide when and where there is redundancy and some restrictions on the rotation rules, brings the Swedish rotation rules towards the normative basis pattern, the market functional pattern. In Denmark are the rules of rotation governed mostly by the market functional pattern.   The rules of rotation in Sweden provide protection for workers with long service in relation to workers with shorter service. In Denmark have the rules of rotation no function for the workers until they reach a long seniority. Before that, the employer has the management right to determine when and where there is redundancy. The employer may then determine which one of the workers who will become redundant, with little regard to objective criteria such as seniority.

<p><strong>Sammanfattning</strong></p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att jämföra svensk och dansk turordning vid uppsägning på grund av arbetsbrist. I första hand kartlägger jag hur länderna reglerar turordning. Därefter undersöker jag vilken funktion reglerna kring turordning fyller för arbetstagare i Sverige respektive Danmark. Vidare undersöker jag i vilken utsträckning reglerna kring turordningen fyller samma funktion i Danmark som i Sverige? Vilket skydd ger det arbetstagaren?</p><p> </p><p>Jag har använt mig av rättsdogmatisk metod för att kartlägga ländernas regler för turordning. Komparativ metod har sedan använts vid jämförandet mellan länderna. Vidare har jag använt mig av Anna Christensens teori om det normativa grundmönstret för att lättare förstå och kunna dra slutsatser av vilken funktion regler om turordning i Sverige och Danmark fyller för arbetstagaren.</p><p> </p><p>I Sverige styrs reglerna om turordning till stor del av det normativa grundmönstret, <em>skydd för etablerad position</em>. Genom arbetsgivarens ledningsrätt att själv avgöra när och var det råder arbetsbrist samt vissa inskränkningar i turordningsreglerna dras de svenska turordningsreglerna även något åt det normativa grundmönstret, det <em>marknadsfunktionella mönstret</em>. I Danmark styrs reglerna för turordning i störst utsträckning av det <em>marknadsfunktionella mönstret</em>.</p><p> </p><p>Turordningsreglerna i Sverige ger skydd för arbetstagare med lång anställningstid i relation till arbetstagare med kortare anställningstid. I Danmark får turordningsreglerna ingen funktion för arbetstagarna förrän de uppnår en lång anciennitet (anställningstid). Innan dess har arbetsgivaren ledningsrätten att avgöra när och var det råder arbetsbrist. Denne får då avgöra vilken eller vilka arbetstagare som ska bli uppsagda, utan någon större hänsyn till objektiva kriterier som anciennitet.</p> / <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The purpose of this essay is to compare Swedish and Danish rotation system in the event of termination due to redundancy. First, I identify how the countries regulate rotation. Then I study what purpose the rules around the rotation serve for the workers in Sweden and Denmark. Furthermore, I go over to what extent the rules of the rotation system serve the same purpose in Denmark as in Sweden? Which protection are the workers receiving? I have used law of dogmatic approach to identify the countries' rules for the rotation. Comparative method is then used for a comparison between the countries. Furthermore, I have used Anna Christensen's theory on the normative basis pattern to better understand and be able to draw conclusions of what purpose the rules of rotation in Sweden and Denmark serve for the workers.</p><p> </p><p>In Sweden are the rules of rotation governed much by the normative base pattern, <em>the protection of established position</em>. The employer's rights to decide when and where there is redundancy and some restrictions on the rotation rules, brings the Swedish rotation rules towards the normative basis pattern, <em>the market functional pattern</em>. In Denmark are the rules of rotation governed mostly by <em>the market functional pattern</em>.</p><p> </p><p>The rules of rotation in Sweden provide protection for workers with long service in relation to workers with shorter service. In Denmark have the rules of rotation no function for the workers until they reach a long seniority. Before that, the employer has the management right to determine when and where there is redundancy. The employer may then determine which one of the workers who will become redundant, with little regard to objective criteria such as seniority.</p>

published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration