Orientador: Mário Jefferson Quirino Louzada / Banca: Ricardo Velludo Gomes Soutello / Banca: Gilberto Aparecido Coclete / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram avaliados 19 cães, que deram entrada nos Hospitais Veterinários de Andradina com fraturas de ossos longos e de quatro que foram osteotomisados no Hospital Veterinário de Araçatuba, sem levar em consideração a raça, idade, sexo e tamanho dos animais acometidos de fratura, apenas o local da lesão, esta em ossos longos. As fraturas foram radiografadas em um primeiro momento, os animais encaminhados ou não á cirurgia, como tramite normal dentro da rotina de um Hospital. Este trabalho teve como objetivo demonstrar que os programas computacionais "ODR" e ImageJ, são ferramentas que podem auxiliar no diagnóstico, fornecendo dados quantitativos e qualitativos do reparo ósseo, favorecendo o diagnóstico na avaliação da fratura, como também, acompanhar o processo de reparo ósseo. As radiografias feitas após cirurgia e de acompanhamento, foram digitalizadas por um scanner, e avaliadas com o programa computacional "ImageJ". Os resultados obtidos foram analisados e comparados a laudos radiográficos visuais, demonstrando ser exeqüível e viável, de baixo custo, fornecendo dados quantitativos do diagnóstico e acompanhamento do reparo ósseo / Abstract: This study evaluated 19 dogs, which were received in Hospitals Veterinarians Andradina with long bone fractures and four were osteotomisados at the Veterinary Hospital of Araçatuba, without regard to race, age, sex and size of animals suffering from fracture, only the location of the lesion, the long bones. The fractures were radiographed at first, the animals sent to surgery or not, as tramite normal routine within a hospital. This study aimed to demonstrate that computer programs "ODR" and "ImageJ", are tools that can aid in diagnosis, providing quantitative and qualitative data of bone repair, favoring the diagnosis in the evaluation of the fracture, but also monitor the repair process bone. The radiographs made after surgery and follow-up (when possible), were scanned by a scanner and evaluated with the computer programs "ImageJ". The results were analyzed and compared the radiographic findings visually demonstrated to be feasible and viable, low cost, providing quantitative data of diagnosis and monitoring of bone healing / Mestre

A osteoporose é uma epidemia mundial, exprime altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade, resultando também em altos custos sociais. O exame de densitometria óssea por dupla emissão de raios-X (DXA) é o exame padrão ouro para o diagnóstico da doença, porém a baixa disponibilidade de equipamentos e o alto custo dificultam o acesso ao exame, principalmente nos países pobres e nos emergentes. Desta forma absorciometria radiografica da falange (AR) se destaca pois tem baixa dose de radiação, é mais simples utilizando apenas uma radiografia de mão e um software. A radiografia panorâmica é amplamente utilizada na rotina do atendimento odontológico no mundo todo, e tem sido estudada para a avaliação de pacientes com baixa densidade mineral óssea (DMO). O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar a qualidade óssea mandibular, por meio dos índices radiomorfométricos em radiografia panorâmica, com a qualidade óssea das falanges da mão não dominante, por meio da AR. A amostra constituiu-se por 167 pacientes (128 mulheres e 39 homens) com média de idade de 52.09 (± 11.5) divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com o exame AR: Mulheres Normais (MN) com 92; Mulheres Doentes (MD) com 36; Homens Normais (HN) com 25; e Homens Doentes (HD) com 14.9. Os resultados demonstraram que houve correlação (p<0.00037) entre a classificação de Klemetti com a AR. A análise de variância de IM, IG, IFM, IFP apresentaram diferenças significativas (p <0.05) entre os grupos comparados. A área encontranda sob a curva ROC foi de 0.74 (SE = 97.4%, ES= 78%) para IM, 0.79 (SE = 94, ES= 54%) para IG, 0.77 (SE =94.8%, ES= 64%) para IFM, 0.76 (SE= 93,1%, ES= 62%) para IFP, 0.71(SE =96.5%, ES 86%) para DF. Concluiu-se que a análise dos índices radiomorfométricos apresentaram acurácia moderadamente precisa para a detecção da alteração na qualidade óssea mandibular de acordo com a AR. / Osteoporosis is a worldwide epidemic, expressed high rates of morbidity and mortality, also resulting in high social costs. Bone densitometry by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is gold standard for the diagnosis of disease, but the low availability of equipment and high costs make it difficult to take, especially in poor and emerging countries. Thus absorptiometry radiographically phalanx (AR) stands out because has low radiation dose, it is simpler using only one hand X-ray and software. Panoramic radiography is widely used in routine dental care worldwide, and has been studied for the evaluation of patients with low bone mineral density (BMD).The aim of this study was to correlate the mandibular bone quality through radiomorphometric indices in panoramic radiograph with bone quality of the non-dominant hand phalanges, through AR. The sample consisted of 167 patients (128 women and 39 men) with a mean age of 52.09 (± 11.5) divided into four groups according to the AR test: Healthy Women (MN) 92; Diseased Women (MD) 36; Men healthy (HN) 25 and Diseased Men (HD) with 14.9. The results showed correlation (p <0.00037) between the Klemetti with RA. Variance analysis IM, IG, MFIs, IFP shown significant differences (p <0.05) between the two groups. Area under the ROC curve was 0.74 (SE = 97.4%, ES = 78%) for MI, 0.79 (SE = 94, ES = 54%) for IG, 0.77 (SE = 94.8%, ES = 64%) for MFIs, 0.76 (SE = 93.1%, ES = 62%) for IFP, 0.71 (SE = 96.5%, ES 86%) for DF. It was concluded that the analysis of radiomorphometric indices showed moderate accuracy for detecting the change in mandibular bone quality according to AR.

Este estudo transversal teve por objetivo avaliar e relacionar entre si densidade mineral óssea (DMO), composição corporal e doença periodontal em 22 pacientes do gênero masculino, de 22 a 48 anos, portadores de obesidade, com IMC40kg/m2, candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica, atendidos no Hospital Amaral Carvalho (HAC) pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Foram realizadas as avaliações antropométrica, do DXA e da condição periodontal. As variáveis qualitativas e quantitativas foram analisadas por meio da correlação linear pelo índice de correlação de Pearson, considerando o intervalo de confiança de 95% e nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). O peso médio foi de 148kg (122-198); IMC médio de 48,8 (40,5-62,5); CMO, em média, de 3,31kg (2,7-4,1); DMO de corpo total média de 1,3 g/cm2 (1,1-1,5); e Z-score médio de 1,2 (0,0-2,9). A média de gordura corporal total foi de 43,3% (37,4-52,1), e a porcentagem de massa livre de gordura total foi de 56,6 (47,9-82,3). O IMG (Índice de massa gorda) médio foi de 20,6 (14,4-27,0), relação A/G de 1,2 (1.0-1,6) e o peso de tronco médio, 85,8kg (68,3-116,2). Dos pacientes, 29% apresentaram doença periodontal severa. Na casuística, ocorreu uma diferença a menor de 4,5kg (1,0 a 7,8) no peso de DXA comparado ao peso antropométrico, o que corresponde a uma diferença média de 3,06% (0,05-5,27). Na análise de correlação da avaliação odontológica vs resultado DXA, obteve-se apenas correlação significativa entre o índice de sangramento gengival e o IMG (p=0,031, R= -0,525). Pode-se concluir que o índice de massa corporal esteve inversamente relacionado ao sangramento gengival. Estudos futuros deverão ser conduzidos para esclarecer melhor estes achados. / The present cross-sectional study was aimed at evaluating and establishing the relation between bone mineral density (BMD), body composition and periodontal disease in 22 male patients, aged 22-48 years, with obesity (BMI of 40kg / m2), eligible for bariatric surgery, at Hospital Amaral Carvalho Hospital (HAC) by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). Patients underwent anthropometric evaluations, whole-body DXA and periodontal assessment. Qualitative and quantitative variables were analyzed by means of linear correlation analyzes using the Pearsons correlation coefficient with 95% confidence interval and significance level of 5% (p <0.05). The data analyzes were performed with the aid of the SPSS v.22 program. Mean patients weight was 148kg (122-198); mean BMI, 48.8 (40.5-62.5); mean BMC, 3.31kg (2.7-4.1); mean whole-body BMD, 1.3 g / cm2 (1.1-1.5); and mean Z-score, 1.2 (0.0-2.9). Mean total body fat was 43.3% (37.4-52.1), and the percentage of total lean mass was 56.6 (47.9-82.3). Mean FMI (fat mass index) was 20.6 (14.4- 27.0); A/G ratio 1.2 (1.0-1.6) and mean trunk weight, 85.8 kg (68.3-116, 2). In the present study, 29% of the patients presented with severe periodontal disease. In the sample, there was a shortfall of 4.5 kg (1.0 to 7.8) in the DXA weight compared to anthropometric weight, which corresponds to an average difference of 3.06% (0.05- 5.27). In the correlation analysis between Dentistry assessment and DXA score, only a significant correlation was found between gingival bleeding index and FMI (p = 0.031, R = -0.525). It could be concluded that the body mass index was inversely related to de gingival bleeding. Future studies are needed to better clarify these findings.

INTRODUÇÃO: A Doença Metabólica Óssea é uma patologia caracterizada por alterações da mineralização esquelética decorrente do acréscimo deficiente do conteúdo mineral ósseo do recém-nascido pré-termo (RNPT). A densitometria óssea tem sido o método de escolha para avaliar o conteúdo mineral ósseo, particularmente no RNPT alimentado ou não com leite humano. OBJETIVOS: 1. Comparar os resultados do conteúdo e densidade minerais ósseos obtidos do corpo inteiro através da densitometria óssea em RNPT adequados para a idade gestacional (AIG) com os valores obtidos em recém-nascidos de termo (RNT), alimentados com leite humano exclusivo; 2. Comparar os parâmetros bioquímicos ósseos sanguíneos (cálcio, fósforo e fosfatase alcalina) entre os RNPT e RNTAIG; 3. Analisar a excreção urinária de cálcio e fósforo no RNPTAIG, alimentado com leite humano exclusivo. MÉTODOS: Estudo coorte prospectivo realizado na Unidade Neonatal da Divisão de Clínica Pediátrica do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Durante o período de julho de 2006 a setembro de 2008 foram estudados 28 RN sendo 14 RNPT com idade gestacional inferior a 34 semanas e 14 RNT, em 3 momentos: 40 semanas de idade pósconcepcional corrigida, 3 e 6 meses de idade pós-natal corrigida, alimentados com leite humano exclusivo da própria mãe ou procedente do banco de leite. Foi realizada a densitometria óssea através da técnica de dupla emissão de fonte de Raio-X (DXA) em um aparelho da marca Hologic, modelo Discovery A, no laboratório de metabolismo ósseo da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, sendo avaliados: conteúdo mineral ósseo (BMC), densidade mineral óssea (BMD) e massa magra. Foram também realizados: cálcio, fósforo e fosfatase alcalina séricos nas idades de 40 semanas pósconcepcionais (RNPT e RNT) e com 6 meses de idade pós-natal corrigida (RNPT). Além disso, analisou-se a concentração de cálcio e fósforo na urina de 6 horas dos RNPT entre a 3ª e a 4ª semanas de vida. RESULTADOS: O BMC do RNPT foi inferior ao obtido no RNT na mesma idade de 40 semanas pós-concepcionais (p<0,001), o mesmo ocorreu com o BMD (p<0,001) e com a massa magra (p=0,047). Destacamos que houve uma importante aceleração para que os pré-termos atingissem os valores normais encontrados nos recém-nascidos de termo aos 6 meses de idade corrigida, ie, BMC (137,1422,46 vs. 152,8620,92 g, p=0,054), BMD (0,220,02 vs. 0,230,02 g/cm2, p=0,618) e massa magra (5.750,13765,11 vs. 5.745,88726,52g, p=1,00) que foram comparáveis nos dois grupos. Os parâmetros bioquímicos séricos foram semelhantes entre os RNPT e os RNT. Entre os RNPT, três (21,4%) apresentaram exames urinários sugestivos de Síndrome da Deficiência de Fósforo sendo indicado o uso da solução oral de cálcio e fósforo. CONCLUSÕES: A avaliação da mineralização óssea através da DXA do corpo inteiro pode ser utilizada em RNPT constituindo exame de excelência, com precisão elevada e exposição baixa à radiação para detecção de alterações ósseas quando há risco de Doença Metabólica Óssea. Neste estudo, a alimentação com leite humano seja da própria mãe ou do banco de leite pode proporcionar um crescimento ósseo adequado, no RNPT, semelhante ao do RNT nos primeiros 6 meses de vida. Os parâmetros bioquímicos urinários (cálcio e fósforo) foram de utilidade para detecção precoce de hipofosfatúria e risco de deficiência mineral nos RNPT, entretanto requerem coleta de urina de 6 horas, tornando difícil a investigação após a alta hospitalar. Mesmo os RNPT, com exames urinários normais, apresentaram na densitometria óssea um BMC inferior aos valores encontrados nos RNT mostrando que a DXA se constitui em um método sensível e que poderá ser utilizada para o seguimento destes RNPT. / BACKGROUND: Metabolic Bone Disease is a pathology characterized by skeletal mineralization changes resulting from insufficient increase of the bone mineral content in preterm newborns (PTNB). Bone densitometry has been the method of choice to evaluate the bone mineral content, particularly in the PTNB that is or is not fed with human milk. OBJECTIVES: 1. To compare the bone mineral content and density results obtained from the whole body using bone densitometry in appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) PTNB with the values obtained from full-term newborns (FTNB), exclusively fed with human milk; 2. To compare blood bone biochemical parameters (calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase) obtained from PTNB and AGA FTNB; 3. To analyze calcium and phosphorus urinary excretion in AGA PTNB exclusively fed with human milk. METHODS: Prospective cohort study conducted at the University of Sao Paulo (USP) University Hospital Pediatric Clinic Neonatal Unit. From July 2006 to September 2008, 28 NB were studied, with 14 of them being PTNB of gestational age inferior to 34 weeks and 14 being FTNB, in 3 timepoints: 40 weeks of corrected post-conception age, and 3 and 6 months of corrected postnatal age, exclusively fed with human milk from their own mothers or from a human milk bank. Bone densitometry was performed by using the dual-energy X-ray absorption (DXA) technique in a Hologic device, Discovery A model, at USP Medical School bone metabolism laboratory, and the following were evaluated: bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and lean mass. Also, the following were performed: serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase at 40 weeks post-conception (PTNB and FTNB) and 6 months of corrected postnatal age (PTNB). In addition, calcium and phosphorus concentrations in PTNBs 6-hour urine were analyzed at 3 and 4 weeks of life. RESULTS: The BMC of preterm newborn was lower than in fullterm at the same 40 weeks postconceptional age (p<0.001), the same occurred with the BMD (p<0.001) and the lean mass (p=0.047). Interestingly, there was an important acceleration to achieve the normal values seen in fullterm at six months age, ie, BMC (137.14+-22.46 vs. 152.86+-20.92 g, p=0.054), BMD (0.22+-0.02 vs. 0.23+-0.02 g/cm2, p=0.618) and lean mass (5,750.13+-765.11 vs. 5,745.88726.52g, p=1.00) were comparable in both groups. PTNB and FTNBs serum biochemical parameters were similar. Among PTNBs, three (21.4%) had urinary exams suggesting Phosphorus Deficiency Syndrome, with the use of oral calcium and phosphorus solution being indicated. CONCLUSIONS: The bone mineralization evaluation using whole-body DXA may be used in PTNBs, being an optimal exam of high precision and low radiation exposure to detect bone changes when there is a risk for MBD. In this study, being fed with human milk, either from the own mothers or from a human milk bank is able to provide appropriate bone growth in PTNBs, similar to that seen in FTNBs in the first 6 months of life. Urinary biochemical parameters (calcium and phosphorus) were useful for the early detection of hypophosphaturia and mineral deficiency risk in PTNBs; however, the collection of 6-hour urine is required, as the investigation becomes difficult after hospital discharge. Even PTNBs with normal urinary exams showed, upon bone densitometry, a BMC inferior to the values found in FTNBs, which supports that DXA presents a sensitive method that can be used to follow up these PTNBs.

<p>Hip fractures are the most serious consequence of osteoporosis, and are one important cause of morbidity and mortality among the elderly. Prophylactic treatment for hip fractures are now available. Early detection of individuals with increased risk for hip fractures is therefor of great interest. A subset of non-institutionalised patients with a first hip fracture (cases;n=l18) and controls (n=263), aged 65-85 years, underwent dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the femoral neck, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the heel and phalanges and radiographic absorptiometry (RA) of the phalanges. The entire cohort was followed for approximately four years or to death. In women, DXA of the proximal femur and QUS of the heel showed a high predictive value for an incident first hip fracture, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.4-5.5) and 3.4 (95%CI 2.2-5.0) respectively. The association was even stronger in men, but only for DXA of the proximal femu,r with an adjusted OR of4.8 (95%CI 2.3-9.9). Bone densitometry at non-weight-bearing sites, QUS and RA of the phalanges did not discriminate female cases from controls, but proved capable of separating male cases from controls. The risk of death was higher in cases than in controls, with a multivariate rate ratio (RR) of 3.4 (95%CI 1.7-7.0). There was no significant association between bone density and mortality. </p><p>Nursing home residents underwent QUS of the heel and phalanges. Almost all of the female residents and 51% of the male residents were, if the WHO-criterion for osteoporosis was applied, osteoporotic as assessed by heel and finger QUS. The QUS values were approximately 1.5 SD lower than expected for age and gender. </p><p>In this randomised controlled intervention study we evaluated the effect of external hip protectors in nursing home residents; 302 residents were allocated to wear such protectors and 442 were controls. External hip protectors were found to be effective in preventing hip fractures in nursing home residents, with an adjusted relative risk for hip fracture of 0.33 (CI 0.11 - 1.00). </p>

Hip fractures are the most serious consequence of osteoporosis, and are one important cause of morbidity and mortality among the elderly. Prophylactic treatment for hip fractures are now available. Early detection of individuals with increased risk for hip fractures is therefor of great interest. A subset of non-institutionalised patients with a first hip fracture (cases;n=l18) and controls (n=263), aged 65-85 years, underwent dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the femoral neck, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the heel and phalanges and radiographic absorptiometry (RA) of the phalanges. The entire cohort was followed for approximately four years or to death. In women, DXA of the proximal femur and QUS of the heel showed a high predictive value for an incident first hip fracture, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.6 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.4-5.5) and 3.4 (95%CI 2.2-5.0) respectively. The association was even stronger in men, but only for DXA of the proximal femu,r with an adjusted OR of4.8 (95%CI 2.3-9.9). Bone densitometry at non-weight-bearing sites, QUS and RA of the phalanges did not discriminate female cases from controls, but proved capable of separating male cases from controls. The risk of death was higher in cases than in controls, with a multivariate rate ratio (RR) of 3.4 (95%CI 1.7-7.0). There was no significant association between bone density and mortality. Nursing home residents underwent QUS of the heel and phalanges. Almost all of the female residents and 51% of the male residents were, if the WHO-criterion for osteoporosis was applied, osteoporotic as assessed by heel and finger QUS. The QUS values were approximately 1.5 SD lower than expected for age and gender. In this randomised controlled intervention study we evaluated the effect of external hip protectors in nursing home residents; 302 residents were allocated to wear such protectors and 442 were controls. External hip protectors were found to be effective in preventing hip fractures in nursing home residents, with an adjusted relative risk for hip fracture of 0.33 (CI 0.11 - 1.00).

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einsatz von Positronenemittern zur Bestimmung der Dichte eines zweiphasigen Mediums beschrieben. Zur Messung wird die Dichteabhängigkeit der Positronenreichweite ausgenutzt. Die Realisierbarkeit des Verfahrens wird zunächst in einer Computersimulation geprüft. Danach werden Experimente an einem hochauflösenden PET-Scanner vorgestellt. Bei diesen Experimenten wird die Dichteabhängigkeit der Reichweite von Positronen anhand von Modellmedien aus festen Schaumstoffen untersucht. Dabei werden die in der Computersimulation erzielten Ergebnisse bestätigt. Aus den experimentellen Ergebnissen wird ein Modell zur Beschreibung der Abnahme der Koinzidenzrate in Abhängigkeit von der Entfernung des Detektors von der Positronenquelle und der Mediendichte entwikkelt. Auf der Basis des Modells erfolgt die Konzipierung einer für die Dichtemessung optimierten Detektoranordnung. Die Funktionsweise dieses Detektorsystems wird in Form technischer Unterlagen und experimenteller Ergebnisse beschrieben. Mit dem optimierten Detektorsystem werden die Untersuchungen an den Modellmedien nochmals durchgeführt, wobei die bisherigen Ergebnisse bestätigt werden. Das beschriebene Meßverfahren dient der Bestimmung der mittleren Dichte in einem überwiegend gasförmigen Medium, wobei eine Mittelwertbildung über das Meßvolumen erfolgt. Das Verfahren kombiniert die Vorteile bekannter densitometrischer Meßmethoden auf der Basis einer Schwächung von Strahlung, indem die hohe Dichtesensitivität der Positronenstrahlung mit der relativ geringen Absorption der energiereichen Annihilationsquanten kombiniert wird.

published_or_final_version / Medicine / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

The oil and gas industry need for high performing and low cost multiphase meters is ever more justified given the rapid depletion of conventional oil reserves. This has led oil companies to develop smaller/marginal fields and reservoirs in remote locations and deep offshore, thereby placing great demands for compact and more cost effective soluti8ons of on-line continuous multiphase flow measurement. The pattern recognition approach for clamp-on multiphase measurement employed in this research study provides one means for meeting this need. Cont/d.

Tez (Tıpta Uzmanlık) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Anabilim Dalı, 2006. / Kaynakça var.