This dissertation proposes a novel treatment of deontic modals such as permission, obligation and prohibition with special attention to applicability to legal language.

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Em nossa dissertação de mestrado, ESTUDOS SOBRE A LÓGICA PARACONSISTENTE DL E APLICAÇÕES EM DIREITO estávamos interessados na construção de um sistema deôntico paraconsistente a partir de uma lógica dialética e na introdução de operadores de interpretação na lógica clássica. A pesquisa atual pretende ampliar o uso de lógicas deônticas paraconsistentes para formalizações com quantificadores e operador de igualdade e apresentar a lógica DL-DQ=, como uma melhor formalização do que os sistemas input/out e algumas lógicas de proposições normativas. Pretendemos aplicar a lógica DL-DQ= na solução de paradoxos deônticos. / In our masters dissertation, ESTUDOS SOBRE A LÓGICA PARACONSISTENTE DL E APLICAÇÕES EM DIREITO (Studies of Paraconsistent Logic DL and its applications in Law) we focused on establishing a paraconsistent deontic system based on specific dialectical logic and urging in interpretations symbols in classical logic. In this research we try to expand the paraconsistent deontic logic to formal languages with symbols for quantifiers and equality and to develop the logic DL-DQ= which we believe presents a better formalization, compared to two other system called Input\\Output and Normative Propositional Logics. We intend to apply DL-DQ= as tool to solve deontic paradoxes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Full text release at OhioLINK's ETD Center delayed at author's request

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / This research has tried to investigate the relashionship between linguistic expressions of deontic modality and the construction of speeches which reveal values of the Victorian age. The study was developed under the functionalist linguistic theory once it allows us to go through both linguistic expressions and meaning in a specific context in order to analyze the effects in meaning expressed by means of deontic modality. In this sense, the investigation was based on Palmer (1986), Dik (1997), Verstraete (2004), Neves (2006), among other authors who helped us understand the linguistic modality, specially the deontic type, and the features related to its occurrence. We have analyzed 299 deontically modalized pieces of enunciation from both male and female characters from the play Lady Windermereâs fan, by Oscar Wilde, concerning all the acts of the play. Deontic modality is related to the possibility or necessity of acts executed by morally responsible agents and was analyzed under the manifestation of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects as a whole. The data we analyzed have shown us that the âAuxiliary verbsâ category corespond to the linguistic means of expression of modality more frequently used and was registred in 51% of the cases. Within this category we have considered both modal auxiliaries and the âhave to + infinitiveâ expression. The âAuxiliary verbsâ category was followed by âVerbal Modesâ (26,4) and âMain verbsâ (16%) categories. As for deontic values, obligation corresponded to 58% of the cases, that is, 174 occurrences. Among these, 139 were internal obligation, not corresponding to our expectations. One can also observe the high frequency of the type of deontic source âEnunciatorâ (234 cases). We believed the frequency of the source âInstitutionâ would be the highest. About the inclusion of the deontic source in the deontic target, we have registred the non-inclusion in 68% of the cases. This last aspect caused an effect of distance between deontic source and target in the play and helped establishing boundaries between boss and employee, or reinforcing the social class division, which is a characteristic of the Victorian period. Contrary to what we believed, female characters were responsible for 65,6% pieces of enunciation (196 cases), which means they produced more deontic values than male characters. Among these cases, 120 occurrences corresponded to an obligation, 31 occurrences corresponded to a permission, and 21 cases were a prohibition. In this sense, we have concluded that the deontic modals in the pieces of enunciation from the characters from the play Lady Windermereâs fan do not serve to express exclusively victorian values. / O presente trabalho buscou investigar a relaÃÃo entre as expressÃes linguÃsticas da modalidade deÃntica e a construÃÃo de discursos que revelam valores da era vitoriana. Nossa pesquisa foi desenvolvida sob a Ãtica funcionalista, visto que, para analisarmos os efeitos de sentidos expressos por meio daquela modalidade, faz-se necessÃrio transitar entre forma linguÃstica e sentido em um determinado contexto especÃfico. Assim, a investigaÃÃo foi desenvolvida com base em Palmer (1986), Dik (1997), Verstraete (2004), Neves (2006), dentre outros autores que nos auxiliaram na compreensÃo da modalidade linguÃstica, em especial a deÃntica, e dos aspectos relacionados à sua ocorrÃncia. Analisamos 299 enunciados modalizados deonticamente, de personagens dos gÃneros masculino e feminino, presentes em todos os atos da peÃa Lady Windermereâs fan, de Oscar Wilde. A modalidade deÃntica diz respeito à possibilidade ou necessidade de atos executados por agentes moralmente responsÃveis e foi analisada, em cada um desses enunciados, sob o ponto de vista sintÃtico, semÃntico e pragmÃtico, integradamente. A partir de anÃlise dos dados obtidos, constatamos que os meios linguÃsticos de expressÃo da modalidade de maior produtividade foram aqueles agrupados na categoria âVerbos auxiliaresâ, categoria na qual inserimos os auxiliares modais e a expressÃo âhave to + infitiniveâ (ter que/de + infinitivo), que corresponderam à 51% das ocorrÃncias analisadas, seguidos do modo verbal (26,4% dos casos) e do verbo pleno (16%). Jà o valor deÃntico mais instaurado foi o de obrigaÃÃo, correspondendo a 58% de todas as ocorrÃncias, ou seja, 174 ocorrÃncias, dentre as quais, 139 foram do tipo interna, contrariamente ao que esperÃvamos. O tipo de fonte deÃntica mais recorrente foi âEnunciadorâ, com 234 ocorrÃncias. AcreditÃvamos que a fonte âInstituiÃÃoâ seria a de maior frequÃncia. Quanto à inclusÃo da fonte no alvo deÃntico, observamos que, em 68% dos casos, o valor deÃntico nÃo recaiu sobre a fonte, causando um efeito de distanciamento entre fonte e alvo deÃntico que estabeleceram limites entre patrÃo e empregado, por exemplo, ou reforÃaram a divisÃo social de classes, caracterÃstica do perÃodo vitoriano. Contrariamente ao que acreditÃvamos, as personagens do gÃnero feminino instauraram um maior nÃmero de valores deÃnticos, sendo responsÃveis por 65,6% dos enunciados analisados (196 casos), dentre os quais, em 120 ocorrÃncias, uma obrigaÃÃo foi instaurada; em 31, o valor de permissÃo foi registrado; e, em 21, uma proibiÃÃo foi instaurada. Desse modo, concluÃmos que os os modalizadores deÃnticos presentes nos enunciados dos personagens da peÃa Lady Windermereâs fan nÃo se prestam, exclusivamente, à expressÃo de valores vitorianos.

This research focuses on the design and verification of inter-organizational controls. Instead of looking at a documentary procedure, which is the flow of documents and data among the parties, the research examines the underlying deontic purpose of the procedure, the so-called deontic process, and identifies control requirements to secure this purpose. The vision of the research is a formal theory for streamlining bureaucracy in business and government procedures. Underpinning most inter-organizational procedures are deontic relations, which are about rights and obligations of the parties. When all parties trust each other, they are willing to fulfill their obligations and honor the counter parties’ rights; thus controls may not be needed. The challenge is in cases where trust may not be assumed. In these cases, the parties need to rely on explicit controls to reduce their exposure to the risk of opportunism. However, at present there is no analytic approach or technique to determine which controls are needed for a given contracting or governance situation. The research proposes a formal method for deriving inter-organizational control requirements based on static analysis of deontic relations and dynamic analysis of deontic changes. The formal method will take a deontic process model of an inter-organizational transaction and certain domain knowledge as inputs to automatically generate control requirements that a documentary procedure needs to satisfy in order to limit fraud potentials. The deliverables of the research include a formal representation namely Deontic Petri Nets that combine multiple modal logics and Petri nets for modeling deontic processes, a set of control principles that represent an initial formal theory on the relationships between deontic processes and documentary procedures, and a working prototype that uses model checking technique to identify fraud potentials in a deontic process and generate control requirements to limit them. Fourteen scenarios of two well-known international payment procedures -- cash in advance and documentary credit -- have been used to test the prototype. The results showed that all control requirements stipulated in these procedures could be derived automatically.

No description available.

The purpose of this paper is to make a suggestion to deontic logic: Respect Hume\'s Law, the answer to the is-ought problem that says that all ought-talk is completely cut off from is-talk. Most deontic logicians have sought another solution: Namely, the solution that says that we can bridge the is-ought gap. Thus, a century\'s worth of research into these normative systems of logic has lead to many attempts at doing just that. At the same time, the field of deontic logic has come to be plagued with paradox. My argument essentially depends upon there being a substantive relation between this betrayal of Hume and the plethora of paradoxes that have appeared in two-adic (binary normative operator), one-adic (unary normative operator), and zero-adic (constant normative operator) deontic systems, expressed in the traditions of von Wright, Kripke, and Anderson, respectively. My suggestion has two motivations: First, to rid the philosophical literature of its puzzles and second, to give Hume\'s Law a proper formalization. Exploring the issues related to this project also points to the idea that maybe we should re-engineer (e.g., further generalize) our classical calculus, which might involve the adoption of many-valued logics somewhere down the line. / Master of Arts

<p> In this thesis we develop a mathematical framework to express and reason about properties of fault-tolerant computing systems. The main idea behind this mathematical framework is to use axiomatic theories to specify systems. The standard logical operators allow us to describe the basic behavior of the system, while we use deontic predicates on actions to express prescriptions about the system's behavior. Deontic logics have proved to be useful for reasoning about legal and moral systems, where the situation is more or less similar to fault-tolerance: there exists a set of rules that states what the normal behaviours or scenarios are. Violations arise when these rules are not followed and, as a consequence, some actions must be performed to return to a normal or desirable state. We develop our own deontic logic, keeping in mind that we want to use it for specifying fault-tolerant systems. We investigate the properties of this logic, commenting on those that are relevant to the use of the logic in practice. We provide two different deductive systems; one of them is a standard (Hilbert style) deductive system, while the other one is a tableaux system, which can be applied automatically to prove properties of specifications.</p> <p> In any specification language, it is important to have at hand mechanisms which enable designers to modularize the system description; we investigate how to apply these mechanisms to the logics proposed in this thesis, and, in particular, we focus on how the modularization of specifications affects the local prescriptions of a module (or component). We study the problems that arise from the interaction between components. We show that, in some cases, we can guarantee that the locality of violations in a particular component is preserved. Some examples are provided throughout this thesis to illustrate how the ideas described below can be applied in practice. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:11:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotalEugenia.pdf: 1111400 bytes, checksum: 8d0150bdfd73d917028015cfe5760882 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work deals with the question of logical consistency inside the context of moral dilemmas or, more specifically, genuine moral dilemmas, which are situations where someone has a conflict between two obligatory actions guided by the same moral principle. In other words, it is a situation where there are two moral obligations which should be satisfied, but since they are incompatible, while sometimes one is the negation of the other, they cannot be both accomplished. When we formalize moral dilemmas along with some deontic principles, the result is a contradiction. Inside the framework of classical deontic logic, due to its limitation of dealing with paradoxes of such kind, the existence of moral dilemmas is taken as something absurd, as an affront to rationality. Thus, given the inconsistency, the solution would be to deny the existence of the dilemmas, which has been the most widespread solution, or to deny the deontic principles involved in the inconsistency. We do not agree with these two solutions. Instead, we propose to weaken the rationalist argumentation based on the existence of dialetheias and on the suggestion of dealing with moral dilemmas inside a paraconsistent framework, in such a way that the existence of inconsistence would not be a reason any more to deny the existence of such dilemmas. / RESUMOO presente trabalho aborda a questão da consistência lógica dentro do contexto dos dilemas morais; mais especificamente dilemas morais genuínos, que são situações nas quais uma pessoa tem o conflito entre duas ações obrigatórias guiadas pelo mesmo princípio. Ou seja, existem duas obrigações que deveriam ser satisfeitas, mas por se tratarem de ações incompatíveis, em que uma é a negação da outra, não podem ambas ser praticadas. Quando se faz a formalização do dilema moral conjuntamente com alguns princípios deônticos o resultado é uma contradição. Dentro do framework da Lógica Deôntica clássica, por causa de sua limitação em tratar com paradoxos devido a alguns princípios clássicos, a existência dos dilemas morais é tida como algo absurdo ou uma afronta à racionalidade. Assim, dada à inconsistência, a solução seria negar a existência dos dilemas ou negar os princípios deônticos envolvidos na inconsistência. A solução mais propagada foi a negação da existência dos dilemas. Entretanto, discordando dessa solução, tentamos enfraquecer a argumentação racionalista com base na ideia de dialetéias e consequentemente sugerindo que, se os dilemas morais forem tratados em um framework paraconsistente a inconsistência não seria motivo suficiente para negar a existência desses dilemas.