El interés del psicoanálisis por comprender la subjetividad femenina, por mucho tiempo, estuvo centrado en el desarrollo de la sexualidad (Chodorow, 1984; Gilligan, 1986). Este acercamiento teórico redujo el impacto del factor intersubjetivo en el desarrollo femenino. El foco de estudio ahora gira en torno a la subjetividad, según la cual toda experiencia interna está cargada de sentido, y al mismo tiempo tiene influencia de los encuentros con otras subjetividades (Benjamin, 1996). Por lo tanto, la subjetividad femenina se define en relación a la identidad femenina. En los encuentros con otras subjetividades, pueden emerger relaciones desiguales basadas en las diferencias de género expresadas en la asignación de los roles de género (Chodorow, 1984). Por eso, este estudio busca comprender el discurso sobre la subjetividad femenina en un proceso de psicoterapia psicoanalítica focal de una mujer en situación de violencia de pareja. Para ello, se utiliza un caso único sistematizado, grabado y transcrito, de doce sesiones. El método usado es el análisis temático, que divide en categorías el contenido referente al discurso sobre la subjetividad femenina. Se encuentra que la Terapia interpersonal dinámica breve promueve cambios en la subjetividad de las personas. Estos cambios se constatan en la relación con la pareja, en aspectos como tendencia al sacrificio, asimetría, falta de libertad y resignación; mientras que en la relación consigo misma, resaltan las variaciones en la capacidad para la agencia. Sin embargo, se conservan aspectos que guardan estrecha relación con la identidad femenina, como las tendencias a complacer y obedecer, y el descuido de sí misma. / For a long time, psychoanalysis focused on the development of sexuality to understand female subjectivity (Chodorow, 1984; Gilligan, 1986). This theoretical approach reduced the intersubjective factor impact on female development. The focus of study, now, revolves around subjectivity, which means that the internal experiences are charged with meaning, and at the same time has influences from encounters with other subjectivities (Benjamin, 1996). Hence, female subjectivity is defined in relation to female identity. In encounters with other subjectivities, unequal relationships may arise based on gender differences expressed in the assignment of gender roles (Chodorow, 1984). Therefore, the present study seeks to understand the female subjectivity discourse in a brief psychoanalytic psychotherapeutic process in a female patient in a partner violence situation. To do this, a systematized single case of twelve sessions, which was recorded and transcribed, is used. The selected method was the thematic analysis in order to divide the content related to the discourse on female subjectivity into categories. It is found that the brief dynamic interpersonal therapy promotes changes in the subjectivity of people. These transformations are verified in the relationship with others, mainly with the couple, in aspects such as a tendency to sacrifice, asymmetry, lack of freedom and resignation; while in the relationship with the herself, there are variations in the agency capacity. However, other aspects that are closely related to female identity, such as tendencies towards complacency and obedience, and self-neglect are preserved.

“Sam” es un cortometraje de ficción que explora el mundo interior de un joven con depresión y retrata la nostalgia de un pasado que no se puede recuperar. A través de una carta el narrador nos guía a través de su sentir y nos introduce a su mundo. En la presente investigación, se busca analizar cómo aporta cada área del audiovisual a retratar y visibilizar una de las tantas caras de la depresión. Además, se quiere explorar cómo se planea lograr que el espectador se adentre en las emociones del personaje a través de las distintas técnicas audiovisuales. Es importante realizar esta investigación debido a la temática del cortometraje y lo vital que es para las personas visibilizar esta problemática y que se hable más del tema. Es por ello que “Sam” presenta esta propuesta exploratoria de un personaje y su sentir a través de la dirección de fotografía, el arte, el sonido, la edición y otros elementos que serán analizados en esta investigación. / “Sam” is a fictional short film that explores the inner world of a young man with depression and portrays the nostalgia of a past that cannot be recovered. Through a letter, the narrator guides us through his feelings and introduces us to his own world. In this research, we seek to analyze how each audiovisual area contributes to portraying and making visible one of the many faces of depression. In addition, we want to explore how is it planned to get the viewer to merge with the character's emotions through different audiovisual techniques. It is important to continue with this research due to the theme of the short film and how vital it is for people to make this problem visible and to talk more about it. That is why "Sam" presents this exploratory proposal of a character and his feelings through the direction of photography, art, sound, editing and other elements that will be analyzed in this investigation.

Según el Plan de Salud Mental del Perú 2020-2021, el 20% de la población padece algún trastorno mental, siendo la depresión, ansiedad y estrés las dolencias más comunes; sin embargo, el Ministerio de Salud no consigue tratar a toda la población quedando alrededor de 5 millones de peruanos sin atención, de este segmento algunos optan por algún tratamiento, pero otros no lo continúan por motivos de costo, por otro lado, existen quienes no se atienden debido al estigma social de visitar un psicólogo o porque no reconocen tener una dolencia. El proyecto SANABIEN VR busca contribuir en la atención de esta población y a su vez diferenciarse de otros tratamientos, para ello utilizará la terapia de exposición con el apoyo de tecnología mediante la aplicación de realidad virtual junto a consultorios móviles. El usuario experimentará escenarios virtuales, los cuales le permitirán abrir emociones las que posteriormente serán tratadas y gestionadas por un equipo de profesionales, siendo la realidad virtual una herramienta altamente innovadora y potente, apuntando a que la población se interese en el cuidado de la salud mental y haya menos deserción en sus terapias. Este proyecto tiene el potencial de ser escalable a otras regiones, además de tener un impacto social alineado con el ODS 3. El impacto económico se estima en S/2,365,312 de VAN y un impacto social de S/3,026,178 de VANS, por lo cual la solución es rentable y socialmente sostenible. / According to the Mental Health Plan of Peru 2020-2021, 20% of the population suffers from some mental disorder, with depression, anxiety, and stress being the most common ailments; however, the Ministry of Health is unable to treat the entire population, leaving around 5 million Peruvians without care. From this segment some people opt for some kind of treatment, but others do not continue it due to cost reasons. On the other hand, there are those who do not seek help due to the social stigma of visiting a psychologist or because they do not recognize having an ailment. The SANABIEN VR project seeks to contribute to the care of this population, also, to differentiate itself from other treatments, to do this it will use exposure therapy with the support of technology through the application of virtual reality together with mobile clinics. The user will experience virtual scenarios, which will allow them to open emotions that will later be treated and managed by a team of professionals, virtual reality being a highly innovative and powerful tool, aiming to get the population interested in caring for mental health and there is less desertion in their therapies. This project has the potential to be scalable to other regions, in addition to having a social impact aligned with SDG 3. The economic impact is estimated at S/2,365,312 of NPV and a social impact of S/3,026,178 of VANS, for which the solution is profitable and socially sustainable.

Este estudio pretende explorar la relación entre el riesgo de consumo de marihuana y la sintomatología depresiva en un grupo de estudiantes universitarios peruanos. Los participantes fueron 120 jóvenes universitarios, entre los 18 y 29 años de edad, entre hombres y mujeres de diversas universidades de Lima Metropolitana, a quienes se les aplicó la Prueba de detección de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y sustancias (ASSIST v3.0), la versión argentina del Inventario de Depresión de Beck – II (BDI – II) y una ficha de datos sociodemográficos. Los resultados mostraron una relación directa y pequeña entre el riesgo de consumo de marihuana y la sintomatología depresiva. La mayoría de los participantes se ubicaron en un nivel de riesgo de consumo moderado y en un nivel de sintomatología depresiva mínima. Por otro lado, la frecuencia de consumo y la edad de inicio de consumo temprano no evidenciaron una relación con la sintomatología depresiva, además, no se encontraron diferencias en función al sexo en cuanto a las variables implicadas. Finalmente, se proponen posibles explicaciones para estos hallazgos y se reportan las limitaciones del estudio. Los resultados de esta investigación pueden contribuir a un mejor entendimiento sobre ciertas problemáticas en términos de salud física y mental. / This study aims to explore the relationship between the risk of marijuana use and depressive symptoms in a group of university students. The participants were 120 university students between 18 and 29 years of age, among men and women, from various universities in Metropolitan Lima. Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST v3.0), Beck´s Depression Inventory - II (BDI - II) and a sociodemographic data sheet were applied. The results showed a direct and small relationship between the risk of marijuana use and depressive symptomatology. Most of the participants were at a moderate level of risk of consumption and at a level of minimal depressive symptomatology. On the other hand, the frequency of consumption and the onset age of early consumption did not show a relationship with the depressive symptoms. In addition, no differences were found according to sex in terms of the variables involved. Possible explanations for these findings are proposed and some limitations present in the investigation are reported. The results of this research can contribute to a better understanding of certain problems in terms of physical and mental health.

El propósito de esta investigación consistió en examinar la conexión entre las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas (NPB) y la Sintomatología Depresiva (SD) en un grupo de estudiantes que forman parte de una universidad ubicada en Lima-Metropolitana. Con este propósito, participaron un total de 109 jóvenes universitarios cuyas edades oscilaban entre los 18 y 25 años. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la “Escala de Satisfacción y Frustración de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas” (ESFNPB), y el “Inventario de depresión de Beck II” (Beck Depression Inventory II - BDI-II), los cuales presentaron pruebas suficientes con respecto a la confiabilidad en la muestra. Se encontró que las correlaciones entre NPB y la SD fueron significativas, y presentaron magnitudes grandes. Además, se halló que la Satisfacción y Frustración de estas Necesidades predicen la presencia de SD. Además, se realizaron análisis comparativos de variables sociodemográficas como el sexo y la convivencia, con las variables psicológicas del estudio (NPB y SD), sin embargo, no se encontraron discrepancias significativas. Finalmente, el propósito del estudio se logró al evidenciar correlaciones significativas entre las dimensiones de las NPB y la SD. / The purpose of this research was to examine the connection between Basic Psychological Needs (BPN) and Depressive Symptoms (DS) in a group of students who are part of a university located in Metropolitan Lima. For this purpose, a total of 109 college students aged between 18 and 25 participated. The instruments used were the "Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale" (BPNSFS), and the "Beck Depression Inventory II" (BDIII), which showed sufficient evidence regarding reliability in the sample. It was found that the correlations between BPN and DS were significant, and they exhibited large magnitudes. Additionally, it was found that the Satisfaction and Frustration of these Needs predict the presence of DS. Comparative analyses of sociodemographic variables such as gender and cohabitation were also conducted with the psychological variables of the study (BPN and DS); however, no significant discrepancies were found. Finally, the purpose of the study was achieved by demonstrating significant correlations between the dimensions of BPN and DS.

1) Objectives: - To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacist care compared with usual care (UC) on improving adherence to antidepressants in depressed outpatients. - To evaluate the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of a community pharmacist intervention (CPI) compared to UC in the improvement of adherence to antidepressants and patient wellbeing in a primary care population initiating treatment with antidepressants. 2) Methods: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the impact of pharmacist interventions on improving adherence to antidepressants was conducted. RCTs were identified through electronic databases and manual search. Methodological quality was assessed and methodological details and outcomes were extracted in duplicate. A RCT comparing patients with depressive disorder receiving a low intensity CPI (87) with patients receiving UC (92) was performed in Barcelona. The intervention consisted of an educational programme focused on improving knowledge about medication, improving patients’ compliance and reducing stigma. Measurements took place at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Adherence was continuously registered from the computerized pharmacy records. Secondary outcomes included clinical severity of depression (PHQ‐9), health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) (EuroQol‐5D) and satisfaction with the treatment received. Direct and indirect costs were assessed using the Client Service Receipt Inventory. Unit costs were derived from official local sources. Quality‐Adjusted Life‐Years (QALYs) were calculated using the EuroQol‐5D Spanish tariffs. 3) Results: Six RCTs were identified in the systematic review; most of them were conducted in the USA. A total of 887 depressed patients who were initiating or maintaining treatment with antidepressants and who received pharmacist care (459 patients) or UC (428 patients) were included in the review. The most commonly reported interventions were patient education and monitoring, monitoring and management of toxicity and side effects and compliance promotion. Overall, no statistical heterogeneity or publication bias was detected. The pooled odds ratio was 1.64 (95% CI 1.24‐2.17). Subgroup analysis showed no statistically significant differences in results. Results from the RCT showed that patients in the CPI group were more likely to remain adherent at 3 and 6‐month follow‐up but the difference was not statistically significant. No statistically significant differences were observed in clinical symptoms or satisfaction with the pharmacy service. However, patients in the CPI group showed greater statistically significant improvement in HRQOL compared to UC patients, both in the ITT and PP analyses. Overall costs were higher in the CPI group than in UC patients, mainly because of differences in productivity losses. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in QALYs. From the societal perspective, the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) for CPI compared with UC was €9,335 per extra adherent patient. The incremental cost‐utility ratio (ICUR) was €38,896 per QALY gained. If willingness to pay (WTP) is €50,000 per one extra adherent patient, per extra remission of symptoms or per QALY, the probability of the CPI being cost‐effective was 0.71, 0.52 and 0.56, respectively. From the healthcare perspective, the ICER was €862 per extra adherent patient. ICUR was €3,542. The probability of the intervention being cost‐effective was 0.75 if WTP is €12,000 for an extra adherent patient and €40,000 for QALY gained. The probability of the CPI being cost‐effective in remission of depressive symptoms was 0.55 for a WTP of €50,000. 4) Conclusions: A pharmacist intervention could be a good strategy to improve patients’ adherence to antidepressants in primary care but evidence supporting the pharmacist intervention in depressed patients is still limited, especially in community pharmacies and outside the USA. A low intensity CPI proved to be ineffective in improving patients’ adherence to antidepressants or clinical symptomatology. However, it was effective in improving the patient’s HRQOL. The CPI was not cost‐effective in comparison with UC in the improvement of adherence, depressive symptoms and QALYs.