Orientador: Fernando Cendes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T02:54:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_EleonoraBorges_D.pdf: 2276279 bytes, checksum: d153e20d01fc2adb69c63827fff175d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Objetivos: Avaliar os transtornos depressivos em comorbidade com a epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT), em pacientes com crises refratárias às drogas antiepilépticas (DAEs). Pacientes e métodos: Realizamos um estudo transversal, entrevistando e coletando informações dos prontuários de pacientes que procuraram atendimento no Ambulatório de epilepsia de difícil controle do HC-UNICAMP. A população foi de adultos, com idade igual ou maior de 24 anos, em acompanhamento no HC-UNICAMP, com diagnóstico de ELT refratária, em uso adequado da medicação instituída e ausência de rebaixamento intelectual, demência ou problemas de linguagem. Os pacientes foram submetidos a uma entrevista psiquiátrica semiestruturada, o que conferiu diagnóstico segundo a Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10)-OMS. Aplicamos os seguintes instrumentos: (1) Mini Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional (MINI) e (2) Inventário de Depressão de Beck (IDB). Resultados: Foram incluídos 40 pacientes com idade de 24-60 anos, trinta e um dos 40 pacientes (77,5%) apresentaram transtornos depressivos: 14 (45,2 %) com distimia, 11 (35,5%) com transtorno depressivo recorrente e 6 (19,3%) com transtorno bipolar, na ocasião depressivo. Dois (5%) apresentaram transtorno misto de ansiedade e depressão. Os outros 7 pacientes (15%) apresentaram eventuais manifestações de depressão e ansiedade, sem constituírem um diagnóstico de depressão, sendo um deles com transtorno orgânico de ansiedade. Apenas 8 dos 31 pacientes (25,8%) receberam tratamento antidepressivo satisfatório prévio. A duração da epilepsia apresentou uma tendência a ser maior nos pacientes com transtorno depressivo (p=0.10); não houve associação entre depressão e frequência de crises. Conclusões: Este trabalho confirma que o transtorno depressivo é frequente e subdiagnosticado em pacientes com ELTM refratária às DAEs. A duração da epilepsia apresenta uma tendência a ser maior nos pacientes deprimidos. Não houve associação entre depressão e frequência de crises / Abstract: Objectives: To assess depressive disorders in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), refractory to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Patients and methods: We performed a cross-sectional study, interviewing and collecting information from records of patients who sought treatment at the Epilepsy Clinic of the HC-UNICAMP. The population consisted of adults aged greater than 24 years followed at UNICAMP, diagnosed with refractory TLE, in appropriate use of AEDs and lack of established mental retardation, dementia or language problems. Patients underwent a semi-structured psychiatric interview, which gave diagnosis according to the International Classification of Diseases (CID-10) - WHO. We applied the following instruments: (1) Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and (2) the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results: There were 40 patients aged 24-60 years. Thirty-one of these (77.5%) had depressive disorders: 14 (45.2%) with dysthymia, 11 (35.5%) with recurrent depressive disorder and 6 (19.3%) with bipolar disorder who had depression at the time of evaluation. Two (5%) had mixed anxiety disorder and depression. The other 7 patients (15%) showed signs of depression and anxiety, without imposing a diagnosis of depression, one of them with organic anxiety disorder. Only 8 of the 31 patients (25.8%) had received prior satisfactory antidepressant treatment. The duration of epilepsy tended to be higher in patients with depressive disorder (p = 0.10). There was no association between depression and seizure frequency. Conclusions: This study confirms that depressive disorder is common and underdiagnosed in patients with TLE refractory to AEDs. The duration of epilepsy had a tendency to be higher in depressed patients. There was no association between depression and seizure frequency / Doutorado / Neurologia / Doutora em Ciências Médicas

DNA methylation is necessary for learning, memory consolidation and has been implicated in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. Obtaining high quality and comprehensive data for the three common forms of methylation in brain is challenging for methylome-wide association studies (MWAS). To address this we optimized a panel of enrichment methods for screening the brain methylome. Results show that these enrichment techniques approach the coverage and fidelity of the current gold standard bisulfite based techniques. Our MBD-based method can also be used with low amounts of genomic material from limited human biomaterials. Psychiatric disorders have high prevalence and are often chronic making them a leading contributor to disability. Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a lifetime prevalence of ~15% and high recurrence leading to substantial morbidity and costs to society. The underlying biological processes that contribute to MDD are poorly understood. Noting the importance of DNA methylation in neurobiology, we conducted the largest MWAS in human post-mortem brain uncover novel candidate genes and biomarkers associated with MDD. The top result of this MDD MWAS was within the gene ANKS1B. This gene has been implicated in many past genetic studies of psychiatric disorders and has experimental support as a regulator of neurotransmission. Targeted epigenetic editing technologies allow for precise modification of DNA methylation in living cells. However, an appropriate model system is critical to properly interpreting such experiments. An accelerated protocol for differentiating Ntera2 cells into human neurons was developed for this purpose. Ntera2-derived neurons express key neuronal markers and are well suited to use in epigenetic editing experiments. Concurrently, the generation of the reagents necessary for recapitulating the aberrant methylation at ANKS1B linked to MDD was undertaken. Using a modified CRISPR/Cas9 approach demethylating enzyme was directed to target sites to attempt perform editing of DNA methylation. Results indicate that significant but biologically irrelevant changes to methylation at ANSK1B were achieved. The novelty of the technology employed presented challenges to the success of the current work. However, the field of epigenetic editing is advancing rapidly and will remain an attractive method for functional characterization of future MWAS findings and basic neuroscience research.

Background: Chronic cough is a common health problem with variable success rates to standardized treatment. Psychologic symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress have been reported in association with chronic cough. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the psychologic symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in adults with chronic cough 3 months after management using the ACCP cough treatment guidelines. Methods: This study used a descriptive longitudinal observation design. The major tenets associated with the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms were examined. Intervention fidelity to the study components was measured. Results: A sample of 80 consecutive patients with chronic cough of greater than 8 weeks duration was recruited from one cough specialty clinic. Mean age of subjects was 58.54 years; 68.7% were female; 98.7% were white, and 97.5% were non-smokers. Mean cough duration was 85.99 months and mean cough severity was 6.11 (possible 0 –10; higher scores equal greater cough severity). Cough severity improved post treatment (n=65, M=2.32, (SE =.291), t (64) =7.98, p=.000); cough-specific quality-of-life also improved (n=65, M=9.17, (SE=1.30), t (64) =7.02, p=.000). Physiologic (urge-to-cough r=.360, ability to speak r=.469) and psychologic factors (depression r=.512, anxiety r=.507, stress r=.484) were significantly related to cough-specific quality-of-life and to cough severity (urge-to-cough r=.643, ability to speak r=.674 and depression r=.356, anxiety r=.419, stress r=.323) (all r, p=.01); social support and number of diagnoses were not related to either variable. Those experiencing greater financial strain had worse cough severity. Women, those experiencing financial strain, and those taking self-prescribed therapy had worse cough-specific quality-of-life. Intervention fidelity to the study plan was rated as high according to observation, participant receipt, and patient/physician concordance. Qualitative review identified potential areas of variability with intervention fidelity. Conclusions: By measuring the factors related to the major tenets of the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms, this theory has helped to explain why those with chronic cough may have symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress and why these symptoms improve as cough severity and cough-specific quality-of-life improve. Moreover, by measuring intervention fidelity, it may be possible to determine why cough guidelines may not be yielding consistently favorable results.

Background and objectives: Whilst Active and Receptive Music Therapy techniques have been widely researched and are employed within a range of contexts and with diverse client populations, this study reports on their specific qualitative musical and verbal affordances in major depressive disorder and schizophrenia-spectrum psychotic disorders. The study also describes and compares the respective and joint contributions of the music therapy techniques in giving rise to the affordances as well as reporting on the similarities and differences within and between diagnostic groups. This is the first study of its kind within the South African context. Methods: A qualitative research approach using a case study design, sampled purposefully twenty patients of the above mentioned diagnostic groups for participation in this study comprising a course of eight twice weekly music therapy sessions. The primary data sources were transcribed video recordings of therapy sessions and an individual in-depth semi-structured interview after the course of therapy. Clinical session notes served as a corroborative data source. In-depth content and thematic analysis explored and compared qualitative affordances during music therapy comprising active and Receptive Music Therapy techniques. The qualitative affordances under investigation were i) musical qualities, and ii) verbal expressions. Emerging from these affordances were the respective and combined affordances of the music therapy techniques as well as the similarities and differences between the diagnostic groups. Findings: Thirteen themes emerged from the analysis of clients' verbatim verbal responses to both active music making and Receptive Music Therapy techniques. These themes are: i) not to feel; ii) to do or not to do; iii) grappling with the desired future; iv) hurt and fear of undesirable outcomes; v) sadness, brokenness and futility; vi) anger, trust and vulnerability; vii) desire for connection with and affection of others; viii) barricaded from being present, now; ix) tensing and un-tensing; x) personal relating to one’s musical expression; xi) reflections on the music and music making in therapy; xii) resilience and courage and xiii) invigoration and liberation. The Active Music Therapy techniques comprising clinical improvisation, structured musical exercises, drumming, vocal work, songwriting and movement, gave rise to ten themes expressing the musical affordances. The themes that emerged were i) reciprocal responding; ii) the explicit use of symbols through music; iii) regularity; iv) disturbance and difficulty; v) turning points; vi) energy bursting or lacking; vii) bodily synchrony; viii) intensified emotional expression; ix) exploring new territory and Active Music Therapy techniques comprising clinical improvisation, structured musical exercises, drumming, vocal work, songwriting and movement, gave rise to ten themes expressing the musical affordances. The themes that emerged were i) reciprocal responding; ii) the explicit use of symbols through music; iii) regularity; iv) disturbance and difficulty; v) turning points; vi) energy bursting or lacking; vii) bodily synchrony; viii) intensified emotional expression; ix) exploring new territory and x) resolution and arrival. The emerging themes express the extent of musical and verbal expression of all clients representing both diagnostic groups. Most saliently among clients with depression the affordances were the themes on accessing creativity, accessing and articulating internal feelings, experiencing resilient parts of self, reflecting on and integrating symbolic material, motivation to act and extending musical and verbal expression during social interaction. Among clients suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorder, the most striking affordances were experiences of regularity and flow within disorganization, orientation to ‘here and now’ experiences through active music making and working with symbolic material expressed on a continuum of concrete to abstract. Clients from both diagnostic groups experienced a reduction in unwanted symptoms as expressed through increased energy levels, experiences of pleasure in music making and spontaneous musical and verbal self-expression. Conclusion: This study revealed qualitative affordances of specific music therapy techniques expressed through verbal content and musical qualities. These showed responses within a therapeutic relationship that express inter- and intra-personal connection, give voice to what is not always verbally accessible and facilitate multi-sensory, creative experiences, increased motivation, emotional expression, and the reclamation of energy, spontaneity and resilience. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Psychiatry / PhD / Unrestricted

The rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine changed the direction of the research of potential antidepressants and its effect was also evaluated in this thesis. However, the main focus of this thesis is a new methodological approach to the research of depressive disorder. The main interest lies with the evaluation of automated monitoring of behaviour in this research. The first aim of this thesis was to evaluate the antidepressant effect of ketamine in the forced swimming test using software enabling automated monitoring of behaviour. The second aim was to meassure the change in phosphorylated Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), using Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). The last, but the most important aim of this thesis was to implement the utilization of Phenotyper boxes in the automated behavioural evaluation of the olfactory bulbectomy model of depressive disorder and also evaluate the effect of ketamine in this model. Ketamine did not show an antidepressant effect in forced swimming test, however this observation could be influenced by chosen dose and mouse strain. Sensitivity of the test to chosen experimental protocol shows insufficient validity of this test. Observed change in level of phosphorylated mTOR corresponded with the behavioural results. Data collected from Phenotyper...

Depression is a common comorbidity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), yet it may not be adequately recognized during routine clinical care. RA symptoms may confer a risk for depression, and vice versa; depression may affect RA disease activity and response to treatment. The study aims were to compare patient- and physician-reported depression measures, evaluate the temporal bi-directional association between RA disease activity and depressive symptomology, and assess depression as a moderator of RA treatment. Patients were identified using a national RA registry sample (Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America; CORRONA). Depression prevalence and incidence rates were estimated, and concordance and disagreement using measures reported separately by patients and physicians, as well as baseline cross-sectional associations between RA disease and a history of depression. A survival analysis was conducted to temporally predict the incident onset of self-reported depressive symptoms using the different metrics of RA disease activity. Also, mixed effects models were used to assess prospective changes in RA disease activity by prevalent and incident depressive symptom status. Lastly, logistic regression models compared the likelihood of clinical response to RA treatment during follow-up in those with and without depression when starting biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy. Patient-reported depression rates were much higher and significantly different from physician based comorbidity estimates. Patient and physician RA disease activity measures were associated with an increased risk for depression onset, but not laboratory-reported serum biomarkers. Similarly, depression was temporally associated with significantly slower rates of decline regarding every patient-reported disease activity measure, some physician-reported metrics, but not acute phase reactants. Moreover, there was a significantly lower probability of achieving clinical remission among those with depression on a biologic DMARD after 6 months and an analogous effect at 12-months that was slightly lower in magnitude, which did not reach statistical significance. Rheumatologists under-reported the occurrence of prevalent and incident depressive symptoms, and thus are likely unaware of its presence in their RA patients. Further, the results suggest the bi-directional effects between these conditions are related to the cognitive and behavioral aspects of depression and their interactions with disease activity, rather than shared immunological mechanisms in the context of cell-mediated immunity. When also considering the impact on clinical response to biologic DMARDS, the findings collectively imply that rheumatologists must address any challenges due to depression to provide the best care to their patients.

Depression is the leading cause of disability among women of reproductive age worldwide. Upwards of 1 in 5 women suffer from perinatal depression. This condition has deleterious effects on several birth outcomes, infant attachment, and children’s behavior/development. Maternal suicide causes 20% of postpartum deaths in depressed women. Although the vast majority of perinatal women are amenable to being screened for depression, screening alone does not improve treatment rates or patient outcomes. Obstetrics/Gynecology (Ob/Gyn) clinics need supports in place to adequately address depression in their patient populations. The primary goal of this thesis is to develop, refine, and pilot test a new low-cost and sustainable stepped care program for Ob/Gyn clinics that will improve perinatal women’s depression treatment rates and outcomes. We developed and beta tested the Rapid Access to Perinatal Psychiatric Care in Depression (RAPPID) Program, to create a comprehensive intervention that is proactive, multifaceted, and practical. RAPPID aims to improve perinatal depression treatment and treatment response rates through: (1) access to immediate resource provision/referrals and psychiatric telephone consultation for Ob/Gyn providers; (2) clinic-specific implementation of depression care, including training support and toolkits; and (3) proactive depression screening, assessment, and treatment in OB/Gyn clinics. RAPPID builds on a low-cost and widely disseminated population-based model for delivering psychiatric care in primary care settings. Formative data and feedback from key stakeholders also informed the development of RAPPID. Our formative and pilot work in real-world settings suggests RAPPID is feasible and has the potential to improve depression detection and treatment in Ob/Gyn settings. The next step will be to compare two active interventions, RAPPID vs. enhanced usual care (access to resource provision/referrals and psychiatric telephone consultation) in a cluster-randomized trial in which we will randomize 12 Ob/Gyn clinics to either RAPPID or enhanced usual care.

La dépression chez les jeunes est fréquente et entraîne une détresse et un handicap pour les individus et leurs familles/aides-soignants. Les lignes directrices en matière de traitement et de prévention soulignent la nécessité d'informations de qualité et d'interventions psychosociales fondées sur des données probantes. Récemment, on s'intéresse de plus en plus aux interventions psychopédagogiques, qui fournissent généralement des informations précises sur les problèmes de santé et sur l'auto-gestion au client et à ses aides-soignants. L'objectif de cette revue systématique est de déterminer si les interventions psychopédagogiques peuvent être utilisées pour prévenir et traiter la dépression chez les jeunes adultes. Des recherches systématiques ont été effectuées dans MEDLINE Ovid, PsycInfo, et les listes de références. Aucune étude ne répondait aux critères d'inclusion de cette revue. Quatorze études issues d'une édition spéciale du Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal (Davis et al., 2018) ont été discutées. Ce numéro met l'accent sur les besoins et les services efficaces pour les personnes souffrant de graves problèmes de santé mentale pendant leur transition vers l'âge adulte. Les populations ciblées par ces études sont les suivantes : les étudiants universitaires bénéficiant d'un soutien éducatif, les jeunes adultes blancs et latino- américains bénéficiant d'une aide pour trouver un emploi, les jeunes et les jeunes adultes impliqués dans le système judiciaire, les jeunes adultes souffrant de troubles de l'humeur et les prestataires de services destinés aux jeunes en transition vers l'âge adulte. L'accent mis sur la diversité des échantillons met en lumière certains des progrès réalisés dans le domaine. Les interventions psychopédagogiques peuvent jouer un rôle dans la prévention et la prise en charge de la dépression chez les jeunes, en tant qu'approche principale ou complémentaire. Le nombre limité d'études, le manque d'hétérogénéité dans les formats et les évaluations, ainsi que le manque de cohérence dans la définition des interventions psychopédagogiques rendent difficile la comparaison des programmes et la mesure de l'efficacité globale. Les études futures doivent établir une définition commune des interventions psychopédagogiques, développer/évaluer les interventions psychopédagogiques conformément aux cadres d'interventions complexes et analyser leurs composantes actives. / Youth depression is common and leads to distress and impairment for individuals and their families/caregivers. Treatment and prevention guidelines stress the need for good information and evidence-based psychosocial interventions. Increasingly, there is a growing interest in psychoeducational interventions (PIs), which broadly deliver accurate information about health issues and self-management to the client and his/her caregivers. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate whether psychoeducational interventions can be used to prevent and treat youth depression. Systematic searches were undertaken in MEDLINE Ovid, psycINFO, and reference lists. No studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Fourteen studies from a special edition of the Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal (Davis et al., 2018) were discussed. This issue focuses on the needs of, and effective services for individuals with serious mental health conditions as they transition into adulthood. The populations of focus in these studies are: college students receiving educational supports, White and Latino young adults receiving employment supports, youth and young adults with justice system involvement, young adults with mood disorders, and service providers for youth in transition to adulthood. The focus on diverse samples highlights some of the progress in the field. PIs can have a role in preventing and managing youth depression, as a primary or complementary approach. The limited number of studies, heterogeneity in formats and evaluation, and inconsistent approach to defining PI, make it difficult to compare programmes and measure overall effectiveness. Future studies need to establish an agreed definition of PI, develop/evaluate PIs in line with frameworks for complex interventions, and analyse their active components.

Thèse de doctorat présenté en vue de l'obtention du doctorat en psychologie - recherche intervention, option psychologie clinique (Ph.D) / Les biais cognitifs sont des tendances qu’ont les individus à traiter l’information d’une certaine manière. Le terme biais réfère au fait que ces tendances sont souvent répétitives et rigides. Bien que l’on retrouve des biais cognitifs chez tous les individus, certains sont plus spécifiquement liés à la psychose et pourraient expliquer certains symptômes liés aux troubles psychotiques. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est d’examiner le niveau de preuve, ainsi que la taille de l’effet de l’association entre les biais de raisonnement et d’interprétation et les caractéristiques psychotiques (troubles psychotiques, symptômes psychotiques, expériences psychotiques sous-cliniques (psychotic-like experiences) et le risque de développer une psychose (psychosis risk)) ainsi que le niveau de preuve et la taille de l’effet des interventions psychologiques sur les biais cognitifs auprès de personnes ayant des caractéristiques psychotiques. Le deuxième objectif est d’explorer les biais cognitifs de manière transdiagnostique chez les individus ayant un trouble psychotique ou un trouble dépressif majeur. La première étude est une méta-revue portant sur les biais cognitifs associés aux caractéristiques psychotiques, et sur l’effet des interventions psychologique sur la modification des bais cognitifs. Cent-vingt-trois résultats provenant de quinze méta-analyses ont été évalués à l’aide du système Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE; Gotlib, 2010). Les résultats ont montré qu’un niveau de preuve modéré à élevé soutenait les liens en des caractéristiques psychotiques et certains biais cognitifs, notamment : les biais d’interprétation lorsque étudiés regroupés, l’externalisation des événements cognitifs, le biais d’autoprotection (self-serving bias), l’attribution d’intentions hostiles, la saillance aberrante, le biais d’inflexibilité cognitive ou (belief inflexibility bias) (lorsque mesuré avec Maudsley Assessment of Delusions Schedule (MADS ; Wessely et al., 1993) et le biais de sauter aux conclusions (jump to conclusions) lorsqu’étudiées avec des tâches expérimentales (le biais de la collecte de données (data-gathering bias)). Les autres biais étudiés par les méta-analyses incluses dans la méta-revue ne sont pas soutenus par un niveau de preuve suffisante (le biais de personnalisation (personalizing bias), le biais contre les indices infirmatoires (bias against disconfirmatory evidence ; BADE), le biais contre les indices confirmatoires (bias against confirmatory evidence ;BACE), et le biais d’acceptation libérale (liberal acceptance bias)). Certains biais cognitifs étaient notamment liés aux symptômes similaires à la psychose chez des personnes en santé et chez des personnes à risque élevé de psychose. Un niveau de preuve modéré-élevé soutient un petit effet de taille des interventions psychologiques sur les biais cognitifs. La deuxième étude est une validation francophone du CBQp. Le questionnaire a été traduit et validé auprès de personnes ayant un trouble psychotique (N=30), un trouble dépressif (N=32) et dans un groupe normatif (N=663). Une analyse transdiagnostique par regroupements hiérarchiques de profils de biais cognitifs a également été réalisée. Nos résultats ont révélé une structure factorielle similaire à celle des auteurs originaux, avec la solution à un facteur (évaluation d’un score de biais cognitifs global) étant la meilleure, mais les solutions à deux facteurs (évaluation de biais divisés en deux thèmes liés à la psychose) et cinq facteurs (évaluation de cinq biais cognitifs différents) étaient les plus intéressantes cliniquement. Finalement, une solution à six regroupements a émergé de l’analyse par regroupements hiérarchiques, suggérant que des individus ayant des diagnostics similaires peuvent avoir des profils de biais cognitifs différents, et que des individus ayant des diagnostics différents peuvent avoir des profils de biais cognitifs similaires. Davantage d’études et de méta-analyses sont nécessaires pour mieux identifier les liens entre certains biais cognitifs et les caractéristiques psychotiques pour lesquels il n’y a aucune méta-analyse sur des échantillons cliniques, tels que le biais d’attribution d’intentions hostiles (hostility attribution bias), la saillance aberrante et le biais de sauter aux conclusions (lorsque mesurés avec des questionnaires autorapportés). D'autres biais étudiés par des méta-analyses chez des populations cliniques (par exemple, le biais de personnalisation, le biais contre les indices infirmatoires, le biais contre les indices confirmatoires et le biais d'acceptation libérale) doivent encore faire l'objet de recherches supplémentaires de qualité avant de pouvoir conclure sur leur relation avec les caractéristiques psychotiques. Une méta-analyse clarifiant les biais cognitifs spécifiques qui sont altérés par des interventions cognitives (spécifiques également) pourrait nous aider à mieux comprendre les composantes les plus efficaces des interventions sur les différents biais cognitifs, et ainsi améliorer les interventions actuelles. Les associations entre différents biais cognitifs et les symptômes similaires à la psychose dans les études analogues suggèrent également que d’autres groupes populationnels pourraient bénéficier d’interventions ciblant les biais cognitifs, la présence de ces biais et symptômes se retrouvant sur un spectre. Finalement, les résultats de notre deuxième étude nous laissent croire qu’il serait intéressant d’évaluer la présence de différents biais cognitifs de manière transdiagnostique à l’aide d’autres instruments de mesure. Notre version francophone du questionnaire de biais cognitifs pour la psychose pourra être utilisée auprès de populations francophones. / Cognitive biases are individual tendencies to process information in a certain way. The term bias refers to the fact that these tendencies are often rigid and repetitive. Although cognitive biases are found in all individuals, some are more specifically related to psychosis and may explain some of the symptoms associated with psychotic disorders. The first aim of this thesis is to examine the quality of evidence and effect size of the association between reasoning and interpretation biases and psychotic features (psychotic disorders, psychotic symptoms, psychotic-like experiences and psychosis risk) as well as the quality of evidence and effect size of psychotic interventions on cognitive biases in individuals with psychotic features. The second objective is to explore cognitive biases transdiagnostically in individuals with a psychotic disorder or a major depressive disorder. The first study is a meta-review on cognitive biases associated with psychotic features, and on the effects of psychological interventions on cognitive biases. One hundred and twenty-three outcomes from 15 meta-analyses were assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE; Gotlib, 2010). The results showed that moderate to high-quality evidence supported links between psychotic features and certain cognitive biases, namely: interpretation biases when studied together, the externalization of cognitive events, the self-serving bias, the hostility attributions bias, the aberrant salience bias, belief inflexibility bias (when measured with Maudsley Assessment of Delusions Schedule (MADS; Wessely et al., 1993) and the jumping to conclusion bias when measured with experimental tasks (the data-gathering bias). The other biases studied by the meta-analyses included in the meta-review are not supported by sufficient quality of evidence (the personalizing bias, the bias against disconfirmatory evidence, the bias against confirmatory evidence, and the liberal acceptance bias). Some cognitive biases were notably related to psychosis-like symptoms in healthy people and in people at high risk of psychosis. Moderate-high-quality evidence supports a small effect size of psychological interventions on cognitive biases. The second study is a French validation of the CBQp. The questionnaire was translated and validated with people with a psychotic disorder (N=30), a depressive disorder (N=32) and in a normative group (N=663). A cross-diagnostic analysis by hierarchical clustering of cognitive bias profiles was also performed. Our results showed a similar factor structure to that of the original authors, with the one-factor solution (assessment of a global cognitive bias score) being the strongest, but the two-factor (assessment of biases divided into two psychosis-related themes) and five-factor (assessment of five different cognitive biases) solutions being the most clinically interesting. Finally, a six-cluster solution emerged from the hierarchical cluster analysis, suggesting that individuals with similar diagnoses may have different cognitive bias profiles, and that individuals with different diagnoses may have similar cognitive bias profiles. More studies and meta-analyses are needed to better understand links between certain cognitive biases and psychotic features, including the hostility attribution bias and the aberrant salience, and the jump to conclusions bias when measured with self-report questionnaires, for which there is no meta-analysis in clinical studies. Other biases studied reviewed by meta-analyses on clinical populations (e.g. the personalizing bias, the bias against disconfirmatory evidence, the bias against confirmatory evidence, and the liberal acceptance bias) still need further quality research before being able to conclude about their relation with psychotic characteristics. A meta-analysis of the effect of specific psychological interventions on the different cognitive biases targeted by them could also help us to identify which specific interventions are effective on the different cognitive biases, and thus improve current interventions. Associations between different cognitive biases and psychosis-like symptoms in non-clinical studies also suggest that other population groups may benefit from interventions that have been developed to target cognitive biases, as the presence of these biases and symptoms occur across a spectrum. Finally, the results from our second study suggest that it would be interesting to assess the presence of different cognitive biases transdiagnostically using other measurement instruments. Our French version of the cognitive bias questionnaire for psychosis is now available to be used with French-speaking populations.

博士(心理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University