The dissertation argues that the development of the British abolition movement was based on the abolitionists' perception that their actions were kairotic; they attempted to shape their own kairos by taking temporal events and reinterpreting them to construct a kairotic process that led to a perceived fulfillment: abolition. Thus, the dissertation examines the rhetorical strategies used by white abolitionists to construct an abolitionist kairos that was designed to produce salvation for white Britons more than it was to help free blacks. The dissertation especially examines the three major texts produced by black persons living in England during the late eighteenth centuryIgnatius Sancho's Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho (1782), Ottobauh Cugoano's Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil of Slavery (1787), and Olaudah Equiano's The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African (1789)to illustrate how black rhetoric was appropriated by whites to fulfill their own kairotic desires. By examining the rhetorical strategies employed in both white and black rhetorics, the dissertation illustrates how the abolitionists thought the movement was shaped by, and how they were shaping the movement through, kairotic time. While the dissertation contends that the abolition movement was rhetorically designed to provide redemption, and thus salvation, it illustrates that the abolitionist's intent was not merely to save the slave, but to redeem blacks first in the eyes of white Christians by opening blacks to an understanding and acceptance of God. Perhaps more importantly, abolitionists would use black salvation to buy back their own souls and the soul of their nation in the eyes of God in order to regain their own salvation lost in the slave trade. But ironically, they had to appear to be saving others to save themselves. So white abolitionists used the black narratives to persuade their overwhelmingly white audience that slavery was as bad for them as it was for the African slave. And in the process, a corpus of black writing was produced that gives current readers two glimpses of one world.

v Abstract This thesis proposes a theoretical framework for application of ethics in banking and analyses effects of such application on financial performance of banks. A sentiments-adjusted economic motivation enables employment of ethical concepts, such as universality and humanity, in economics as well as banking. Then, using Bankscope data of more than 80,000 bank-year observations for the years 2003-2013, it is shown that banks applying ethics have higher exposure to real economy and less volatile Return on Equity. A consequent analysis revealed that in comparison with their closest peers those banks have lower profitability caused by higher relative costs that conversely result in lower loan losses. JEL Classification A13, B12, B16, G21, Q56 Keywords banking, ethics, economic motivation, Smith, self-interest, sentiments, Kant, sustainability, Bankscope, banking business models, within- between model, profitability, volatility, ethical, sustainable, values-based, social Length 115 862 characters Author's e-mail radek.halamka@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail teply@fsv.cuni.cz

Extraire l'opinion publique en analysant les Big Social data a connu un essor considérable en raison de leur nature interactive, en temps réel. En effet, les données issues des réseaux sociaux sont étroitement liées à la vie personnelle que l’on peut utiliser pour accompagner les grands événements en suivant le comportement des personnes. C’est donc dans ce contexte que nous nous intéressons particulièrement aux méthodes d’analyse du Big data. La problématique qui se pose est que ces données sont tellement volumineuses et hétérogènes qu’elles en deviennent difficiles à gérer avec les outils classiques. Pour faire face aux défis du Big data, de nouveaux outils ont émergés. Cependant, il est souvent difficile de choisir la solution adéquate, car la vaste liste des outils disponibles change continuellement. Pour cela, nous avons fourni une étude comparative actualisée des différents outils utilisés pour extraire l'information stratégique du Big Data et les mapper aux différents besoins de traitement.La contribution principale de la thèse de doctorat est de proposer une approche d’analyse générique pour détecter de façon automatique des tendances d’opinion sur des sujets donnés à partir des réseaux sociaux. En effet, étant donné un très petit ensemble de hashtags annotés manuellement, l’approche proposée transfère l'information du sentiment connue des hashtags à des mots individuels. La ressource lexicale qui en résulte est un lexique de polarité à grande échelle dont l'efficacité est mesurée par rapport à différentes tâches de l’analyse de sentiment. La comparaison de notre méthode avec différents paradigmes dans la littérature confirme l'impact bénéfique de notre méthode dans la conception des systèmes d’analyse de sentiments très précis. En effet, notre modèle est capable d'atteindre une précision globale de 90,21%, dépassant largement les modèles de référence actuels sur l'analyse du sentiment des réseaux sociaux. / Extracting public opinion by analyzing Big Social data has grown substantially due to its interactive nature, in real time. In fact, our actions on social media generate digital traces that are closely related to our personal lives and can be used to accompany major events by analysing peoples' behavior. It is in this context that we are particularly interested in Big Data analysis methods. The volume of these daily-generated traces increases exponentially creating massive loads of information, known as big data. Such important volume of information cannot be stored nor dealt with using the conventional tools, and so new tools have emerged to help us cope with the big data challenges. For this, the aim of the first part of this manuscript is to go through the pros and cons of these tools, compare their respective performances and highlight some of its interrelated applications such as health, marketing and politics. Also, we introduce the general context of big data, Hadoop and its different distributions. We provide a comprehensive overview of big data tools and their related applications.The main contribution of this PHD thesis is to propose a generic analysis approach to automatically detect trends on given topics from big social data. Indeed, given a very small set of manually annotated hashtags, the proposed approach transfers information from hashtags known sentiments (positive or negative) to individual words. The resulting lexical resource is a large-scale lexicon of polarity whose efficiency is measured against different tasks of sentiment analysis. The comparison of our method with different paradigms in literature confirms the impact of our method to design accurate sentiment analysis systems. Indeed, our model reaches an overall accuracy of 90.21%, significantly exceeding the current models on social sentiment analysis.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les sentiments dans les documents comparables. Premièrement, nous avons recueillis des corpus comparables en anglais, français et arabe de Wikipédia et d’Euronews, et nous avons aligné ces corpus au niveau document. Nous avons en plus collecté des documents d’informations des agences de presse locales et étrangères dans les langues anglaise et arabe. Les documents en anglais ont été recueillis du site de la BBC, ceux en arabe du site d’Al-Jazzera. Deuxièmement, nous avons présenté une mesure de similarité cross-linguistique des documents dans le but de récupérer et aligner automatiquement les documents comparables. Ensuite, nous avons proposé une méthode d’annotation cross-linguistique en termes de sentiments, afin d’étiqueter les documents source et cible avec des sentiments. Enfin, nous avons utilisé des mesures statistiques pour comparer l’accord des sentiments entre les documents comparables source et cible. Les méthodes présentées dans cette thèse ne dépendent pas d’une paire de langue bien déterminée, elles peuvent être appliquées sur toute autre couple de langue / The aim of this thesis is to study sentiments in comparable documents. First, we collect English, French and Arabic comparable corpora from Wikipedia and Euronews, and we align each corpus at the document level. We further gather English-Arabic news documents from local and foreign news agencies. The English documents are collected from BBC website and the Arabic documents are collected from Al-jazeera website. Second, we present a cross-lingual document similarity measure to automatically retrieve and align comparable documents. Then, we propose a cross-lingual sentiment annotation method to label source and target documents with sentiments. Finally, we use statistical measures to compare the agreement of sentiments in the source and the target pair of the comparable documents. The methods presented in this thesis are language independent and they can be applied on any language pair

O tema desta dissertação encontra-se na filosofia moral de David Hume, e este trabalho busca lançar luz sobre sua fundamentação a fim de esclarecer algumas dificuldades e ambiguidades. O problema aqui apresentado refere-se à natureza da simpatia e dos sentimentos morais na filosofia humeana, e visa determinar qual é o objeto adequado dos juízos morais e o status moral da simpatia enquanto produtora de conteúdo moral ou enquanto mecanismo de comunicação de sentimentos, bem como tratar de uma ambiguidade referente ao objeto próprio dos juízos morais e ao objeto próprio da simpatia. Isto será feito através de uma análise dos livros 2 e 3 do Tratado da Natureza Humana e nas Investigações dos Princípios da Moral das ocorrências do princípio da simpatia, atentando para seu papel no contexto de cada passagem e sua relação com as noções de prazer e dor, aprovação e desaprovação, no contexto da teoria moral humeana A tese de que apenas o caráter do agente ou motivo da ação pode ser objeto próprio de avaliação moral será problematizada através das relações que Hume estabelece entre os sentimentos de prazer e dor produzidos por ações e nossos sentimentos morais, onde não se trata do caráter ou motivo do agente, mas sim seus efeitos que constituem o objeto de avaliação moral, o que (tal como aponta o comentador Bernard Wand) poderia gerar ambiguidade em relação ao objeto próprio dos juízos morais ou dificuldades na explicação humeana para as avaliações morais. Minha intenção é esclarecer estas dificuldades e, através do exame de alguns outros comentadores da obra humeana, afastar a interpretação de Wand esclarecendo que não há ambiguidade ou circularidade entre causa e efeito dos juízos morais na teoria humeana. Ao longo deste procedimento, serão examinadas dificuldades que também dizem respeito às correções e às condições necessárias de operação adequada do mecanismo da simpatia, a fim de oferecer uma explicação coerente com os propósitos de Hume de explicar as origens de nossa aprovação e desaprovação morais a partir de um princípio geral de explicação. / The subject of this dissertation is in David Hume's moral philosophy, and this work seeks to cast light on its fundaments in order to clarify some difficulties and ambiguities. The problem here presented refers to the nature of sympathy and moral sentiments in Humean philosophy, and is aimed in determinate the proper object of moral judgment and the moral status of sympathy as source of moral content or as a mechanism of communication of sentiments, as well as solve an ambiguity concerning the proper object of moral judgments and the proper object of sympathy. This shall be done through an analysis of the books 2 and 3 of the Treatise of Human Nature and the Enquiries Concerning The Principles os Morals of the occurrences of the principle of sympathy, paying attention to its role in the context of each account and its relations with the notions of pleasure and pain, approval and disapproval in the context of the Humean moral theory The thesis that only the agent's motive or character can be the object of moral valuation will be problematized through the relations Hume establishes between the feelings of pleasure and pain produced by actions and our moral feelings, where it is not the agent’s character or motive, but its consequences, which constitute the object of moral appraisals, and this (as Bernard Wand points) might constitute an ambiguity concerning the proper object of moral evaluation. My intention is to clarify this difficulties and, through the analysis of other critics of Hume, refusing Wands interpretation and clarifying that there is no ambiguity and no circularity between the cause and effect of moral judgment in Hume’s theory. Throughout this procedure, difficulties will be examined concerning the corrections and the necessary conditions for sympathy’s proper operation, in order to offer a coherent explanation with Hume purposes of explaining the origins of our moral approval and disapproval from a general principle of explanation.

La problématique de l'analyse d'opinion connaît un intérêt croissant depuis une quinzaine d'années. Cette problématique mène à de nombreux travaux ayant des objectifs allant de la constitution de ressources lexicales à l'identification des cibles d'une opinion. Le cadre applicatif de notre étude est l'analyse automatique d'articles de journaux pour la veille d'opinion. Ce cadre est ambitieux vis-à-vis de l'état de l'art puisque nous sommes amené à étudier un grand nombre de critères propres à l'analyse d'opinion. Nous proposons un modèle conceptuel permettant de caractériser une opinion par la polarité, l'intensité, la prototypicalité, la cible, la source, l'engagement de l'auteur, etc. En particulier, nous modélisons la négation et ses effets sur l'intensité et la polarité. En plus des cas classiques de négation, nous sommes en mesure de modéliser des effets de rhétoriques tels que l'euphémisme ou la litote, très présents dans le genre journalistique. À partir de ce modèle conceptuel, nous présentons un ensemble de choix techniques permettant de préciser les ressources et traitements nécessaires à l'automatisation. Nous mettons en œuvre deux applications (en chinois et en français) de la chaîne de traitements issue du modèle permettant de confirmer la validité du modèle conceptuel ainsi que l'efficacité des traitements automatiques.

本論文以康德和經驗主義美學切入討論維多利亞文學中女性的家庭和社會奉獻，論證女性家庭奉獻的美感並非單純呼應家內天使的形象，而是作者藉此美感，提供女性一符合性別期待的社會奉獻管道。十九世紀的家內天使意識型態，歌頌中產階級女性角色為男性的幫手，其家庭奉獻象徵秩序與道德，讚揚女性的道德美感。此兩性空間的意識型態視女性的主要活動範圍為家庭，看似縮減其參與社會奉獻的相關性，但作家實以女性家庭奉獻的美感為敘事手法，傳達慈善始於家庭的想法，傳達女性情感與落實社會奉獻。 本論文檢視三本1850至1870期間的英國小說：喬爾斯‧狄更斯（Charles Dickens）、喬治‧愛略特（George Eliot）、伊利莎白‧蓋斯凱爾（Elizabeth Gaskell）的小說皆以女性奉獻為主，但各展現不同的美感與社會奉獻的關係，融合社會對家庭奉獻的傳統要求和實踐女性自我主體性。論文第一章介紹美的概念演變、維多利亞時期的女性奉獻美感、以及本論文的章節架構。第二章探索美感與道德的同異性。從康德美學的觀點，探討維多利亞的家內天使形象和狄更斯《荒涼山莊》女主角的家庭奉獻，論證美雖不等同於道德，但卻是道德的象徵。第三章分析女性的愉悅美感是源於奉獻行為。愛略特《米德爾小鎮》的女主角，融合利己情感和利他奉獻，以道德和愉悅感為奉獻的基礎，彰顯女性奉獻與道德愉悅感的關係。第四章檢視女性的同情美感和社會改革。蓋斯凱爾《北方與南方》女主角的同情美感，塑造出獨立能幹的形象，致力於家庭奉獻和排解階級糾紛，並促使男性角色改善階級衝突。結論章節論述，維多利亞小說中的家內天使形象和女性奉獻所產生的美感，隱藏複雜多樣的奉獻和主體關係，雖然女性以家庭奉獻的美感為出發點，實為進行社會奉獻，蘊含豐富的改革和情感動力，挑戰傳統家內天使形象的寓意。 / This study uses Kantian and Empiricism aesthetics to explore women’s devotion and effect to home and society in Victorian literature. The beauty of heroines’ devotion to home does not simply convey the conventional image of an angel in the house but offers women a socially acceptable access to social commitment in the Victorian novels written by Charles Dickens, George Eliot, and Elizabeth Gaskell. The ideology of an angel in the house regards middle-class women as helpmates. Women obtain the sense of beauty via their domestic devotion, which symbolizes order and morality. This female image not only reinforces the ideology of separate spheres but also cooperates with women’s participation in social commitment. Female devotion is used to reinforce the notion that charity begins at home and express women’s feeling and pursuit of social commitment. This study examines three Victorian novels between 1850 and 1870. The novels of Dickens, Eliot, and Gaskell accentuate female domesticity and present different aspects of female beauty in women’s participation in domestic devotion relevant to their social commitment of improving the world. They reconcile the society’s demands of women’s domestic devotion with personal pursuits for female subjectivity. In the first chapter, the study defines beauty, particularly of devotion in the Victorian time. It also shows the structure of the work through describing how other chapters are organized. The second chapter examines the affinity of beauty and morality in women’s devotion to home. Kantian aesthetics which explains the exercise of aesthetic judgments is helpful to explore Dickens’s angelic heroine’s moral beauty in Bleak House. The heroine’s beauty is not synonymous with morality but is, instead, symbolic of morality. The third chapter centers on the relation between female agreeable feelings, virtues, and beauty in Eliot’s Middlemarch. The heroine undergoes the process of reconciling self-regarding feelings and altruistic devotion to make virtuous contributions. Empiricist David Hume’s virtue theory helps explore the motivation and transformation behind the heroine’s virtuous action based on agreeable feelings and approbation of virtuous actions. The fourth chapter explores women’s beauty resulting from sympathy with family members and the poor. The independent heroine of Gaskell’s North and South dedicates herself to domestic devotion and class conflict. Her sympathetic beauty causes men to change present condition for the improvement of working-class life. In the fifth chapter, the analysis of female beauty and devotion in the three Victorian novels helps discover that various, complicated relation between devotion and subjectivity under the conventional disguise of women’s moral image. Although the women’s beauty originates from their devotion to home, the domestic devotion functions as their social commitment of reforming the world which contains rich, dynamic challenge to the ideological image of female beauty.

O tema desta dissertação encontra-se na filosofia moral de David Hume, e este trabalho busca lançar luz sobre sua fundamentação a fim de esclarecer algumas dificuldades e ambiguidades. O problema aqui apresentado refere-se à natureza da simpatia e dos sentimentos morais na filosofia humeana, e visa determinar qual é o objeto adequado dos juízos morais e o status moral da simpatia enquanto produtora de conteúdo moral ou enquanto mecanismo de comunicação de sentimentos, bem como tratar de uma ambiguidade referente ao objeto próprio dos juízos morais e ao objeto próprio da simpatia. Isto será feito através de uma análise dos livros 2 e 3 do Tratado da Natureza Humana e nas Investigações dos Princípios da Moral das ocorrências do princípio da simpatia, atentando para seu papel no contexto de cada passagem e sua relação com as noções de prazer e dor, aprovação e desaprovação, no contexto da teoria moral humeana A tese de que apenas o caráter do agente ou motivo da ação pode ser objeto próprio de avaliação moral será problematizada através das relações que Hume estabelece entre os sentimentos de prazer e dor produzidos por ações e nossos sentimentos morais, onde não se trata do caráter ou motivo do agente, mas sim seus efeitos que constituem o objeto de avaliação moral, o que (tal como aponta o comentador Bernard Wand) poderia gerar ambiguidade em relação ao objeto próprio dos juízos morais ou dificuldades na explicação humeana para as avaliações morais. Minha intenção é esclarecer estas dificuldades e, através do exame de alguns outros comentadores da obra humeana, afastar a interpretação de Wand esclarecendo que não há ambiguidade ou circularidade entre causa e efeito dos juízos morais na teoria humeana. Ao longo deste procedimento, serão examinadas dificuldades que também dizem respeito às correções e às condições necessárias de operação adequada do mecanismo da simpatia, a fim de oferecer uma explicação coerente com os propósitos de Hume de explicar as origens de nossa aprovação e desaprovação morais a partir de um princípio geral de explicação. / The subject of this dissertation is in David Hume's moral philosophy, and this work seeks to cast light on its fundaments in order to clarify some difficulties and ambiguities. The problem here presented refers to the nature of sympathy and moral sentiments in Humean philosophy, and is aimed in determinate the proper object of moral judgment and the moral status of sympathy as source of moral content or as a mechanism of communication of sentiments, as well as solve an ambiguity concerning the proper object of moral judgments and the proper object of sympathy. This shall be done through an analysis of the books 2 and 3 of the Treatise of Human Nature and the Enquiries Concerning The Principles os Morals of the occurrences of the principle of sympathy, paying attention to its role in the context of each account and its relations with the notions of pleasure and pain, approval and disapproval in the context of the Humean moral theory The thesis that only the agent's motive or character can be the object of moral valuation will be problematized through the relations Hume establishes between the feelings of pleasure and pain produced by actions and our moral feelings, where it is not the agent’s character or motive, but its consequences, which constitute the object of moral appraisals, and this (as Bernard Wand points) might constitute an ambiguity concerning the proper object of moral evaluation. My intention is to clarify this difficulties and, through the analysis of other critics of Hume, refusing Wands interpretation and clarifying that there is no ambiguity and no circularity between the cause and effect of moral judgment in Hume’s theory. Throughout this procedure, difficulties will be examined concerning the corrections and the necessary conditions for sympathy’s proper operation, in order to offer a coherent explanation with Hume purposes of explaining the origins of our moral approval and disapproval from a general principle of explanation.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / The present dissertation - through bibliographical research grounded mainly in the reading of the Theory of Moral Sentiments and of the Wealth of Nations - investigates the connection between Smith's moral philosophy and his approach regarding to the human principles that govern individual pursuit for improving own life condition. For achieve this goal are analyzed some of the Philosophical bases of the author (Stoics, Hutcheson, Hume) and studied the key concepts present in his two books in order to defend the viewpoint of that the Wealth of Nations is a continuity of the Theory of Moral Sentiments. From among the main lessons learned, from the study of the work of Adam Smith, are of which he cultivated, in his personal life, the qualities that in the TMS he considered defining of an excellent character: sobriety, temperance, fairness and magnanimity; which was through of the concepts of sympathy and the impartial spectator, created and developed in the TMS, that Smith created the concept of the prudent man, to which characterizes the majority of people who live in society; that the prudent man of Adam Smith is much different than homo economicus neoclassic; and, mainly, that the Smithian view of self-love is impregnated of moral connotations, once which goes far beyond mere self-interest for material wealth. / A presente dissertação - por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica fundamentada principalmente na leitura da Teoria dos Sentimentos Morais e na Riqueza das Nações - investiga a conexão entre a filosofia moral de Smith e a sua abordagem em relação aos princípios humanos que norteiam a busca individual por melhorar a própria condição de vida. Para alcançar este objetivo são analisadas algumas das bases Filosóficas do autor (estoicos, Hutcheson, Hume) e estudados os conceitos chaves presentes em seus dois livros de modo a defender o ponto de vista de que a Riqueza das Nações é uma continuidade da Teoria dos Sentimentos Morais. Dentre as principais lições aprendidas, a partir do estudo da obra de Adam Smith, está a de que ele cultivou, em sua vida pessoal, as qualidades que na TSM ele considerava definidoras de um caráter excelente: sobriedade, temperança, justeza e magnanimidade; que foi através dos conceitos de simpatia e espectador imparcial, criados e desenvolvidos na TSM, que Smith criou o conceito do homem prudente, o qual caracteriza a maioria das pessoas que vivem em sociedade; que o homem prudente de Adam Smith é muito diferente do homo economicus neoclássico; e, principalmente, que a visão smithiana de selflove está impregnada de conotações morais, uma vez que vai muito além do mero auto interesse por riquezas materiais.

O tema desta dissertação encontra-se na filosofia moral de David Hume, e este trabalho busca lançar luz sobre sua fundamentação a fim de esclarecer algumas dificuldades e ambiguidades. O problema aqui apresentado refere-se à natureza da simpatia e dos sentimentos morais na filosofia humeana, e visa determinar qual é o objeto adequado dos juízos morais e o status moral da simpatia enquanto produtora de conteúdo moral ou enquanto mecanismo de comunicação de sentimentos, bem como tratar de uma ambiguidade referente ao objeto próprio dos juízos morais e ao objeto próprio da simpatia. Isto será feito através de uma análise dos livros 2 e 3 do Tratado da Natureza Humana e nas Investigações dos Princípios da Moral das ocorrências do princípio da simpatia, atentando para seu papel no contexto de cada passagem e sua relação com as noções de prazer e dor, aprovação e desaprovação, no contexto da teoria moral humeana A tese de que apenas o caráter do agente ou motivo da ação pode ser objeto próprio de avaliação moral será problematizada através das relações que Hume estabelece entre os sentimentos de prazer e dor produzidos por ações e nossos sentimentos morais, onde não se trata do caráter ou motivo do agente, mas sim seus efeitos que constituem o objeto de avaliação moral, o que (tal como aponta o comentador Bernard Wand) poderia gerar ambiguidade em relação ao objeto próprio dos juízos morais ou dificuldades na explicação humeana para as avaliações morais. Minha intenção é esclarecer estas dificuldades e, através do exame de alguns outros comentadores da obra humeana, afastar a interpretação de Wand esclarecendo que não há ambiguidade ou circularidade entre causa e efeito dos juízos morais na teoria humeana. Ao longo deste procedimento, serão examinadas dificuldades que também dizem respeito às correções e às condições necessárias de operação adequada do mecanismo da simpatia, a fim de oferecer uma explicação coerente com os propósitos de Hume de explicar as origens de nossa aprovação e desaprovação morais a partir de um princípio geral de explicação. / The subject of this dissertation is in David Hume's moral philosophy, and this work seeks to cast light on its fundaments in order to clarify some difficulties and ambiguities. The problem here presented refers to the nature of sympathy and moral sentiments in Humean philosophy, and is aimed in determinate the proper object of moral judgment and the moral status of sympathy as source of moral content or as a mechanism of communication of sentiments, as well as solve an ambiguity concerning the proper object of moral judgments and the proper object of sympathy. This shall be done through an analysis of the books 2 and 3 of the Treatise of Human Nature and the Enquiries Concerning The Principles os Morals of the occurrences of the principle of sympathy, paying attention to its role in the context of each account and its relations with the notions of pleasure and pain, approval and disapproval in the context of the Humean moral theory The thesis that only the agent's motive or character can be the object of moral valuation will be problematized through the relations Hume establishes between the feelings of pleasure and pain produced by actions and our moral feelings, where it is not the agent’s character or motive, but its consequences, which constitute the object of moral appraisals, and this (as Bernard Wand points) might constitute an ambiguity concerning the proper object of moral evaluation. My intention is to clarify this difficulties and, through the analysis of other critics of Hume, refusing Wands interpretation and clarifying that there is no ambiguity and no circularity between the cause and effect of moral judgment in Hume’s theory. Throughout this procedure, difficulties will be examined concerning the corrections and the necessary conditions for sympathy’s proper operation, in order to offer a coherent explanation with Hume purposes of explaining the origins of our moral approval and disapproval from a general principle of explanation.