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Research based on translation expertise, which is also sometimes referred to as translation competence, has been a growing area of investigation in translation studies. These studies have not only focused on how translation expertise may be conceptualised and defined, but also on how this expertise is acquired and developed by translators. One of the key observations that arise from an overview of current research in the field of translation expertise is the prevalence of process-oriented methodologies in the field, with product-oriented methodologies used comparatively infrequently. This study is based on the assumption that product-oriented methodologies, and specifically the corpus-based approach, may provide new insights into translation expertise. The study therefore sets out to address the lack of comprehensive and systematic corpus-based analyses of translation expertise. One of the foremost concerns of corpus-based translation studies has been the investigation of what is known as the features of translated language which are often categorised as: explicitation, simplification, normalisation and levelling-out. The main objective of this study is to investigate the hypothesis that the features of translated language can be taken as an index of translation expertise. The hypothesis is founded on the premise that if the features of translated language are considered to be the textual traces of translation strategies, then the different translation strategies associated with different levels of translation expertise will be reflected in different frequencies and distributions of these features of translated language in the work of experienced and inexperienced translators. The study therefore aimed to determine if there are significant differences in the frequency and distribution of the features of translated language in the work of experienced and inexperienced translators. As background to this main research question, the study also investigated a secondary hypothesis in which translated language demonstrates unique features that are the consequence of various aspects of the translation process. A custom-built comparable English corpus was used for the study, comprising three subcorpora: translations by experienced translators, translations by inexperienced translators, and non-translations. A selection of linguistic operationalization’s was chosen for each of the four features of translated language. The differences in the frequency and distribution of these linguistic operationalization’s in the three sub corpora were analysed by means of parametric or non-parametric ANOVA. The findings of the study provide some support for both hypotheses. In terms of the translation expertise hypothesis, some of the features of translated language demonstrate significantly different frequencies in the work of experienced translators compared to the work of inexperienced translators. It was found that experienced translators are less explicit in terms of: formal completeness, simplify less frequently because they use a more varied vocabulary, use longer sentences and have a lower readability index score on their translations, and use contractions more frequently, which signals that they normalise less than inexperienced translators. However, experienced translators also use neologisms and loanwords less frequently than inexperienced translators, which is suggestive of normalisation occurring more often in the work of experienced translators when it comes to lexical creativity. These linguistic differences are taken as indicative of the different translation strategies used by the two groups of translators. It is believed that the differences are primarily caused by variations in experienced and inexperienced translators‟ sensitivity to translation norms, their awareness of written language conventions, their language competence (which involves syntactic, morphological and vocabulary knowledge), and their sensitivity to register. Furthermore, it was also found that there are indeed significant differences between translated and non-translated language, which also provides support for the second hypothesis investigated in this study. Translators explicitate more frequently than non-translators in terms of formal completeness, tend to have a less extensive vocabulary, tend to raise the overall formality of their translations, and produce texts that are less creative and more conformist than non-translators‟ texts. However, statistical support is lacking for the hypothesis that translators explicitate more at the propositional level than original text producers do, as well as for the hypothesis that translators are inclined to use a more neutral middle register. / MA (Language Practice), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-16T12:39:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Romanelli.pdf: 2097921 bytes, checksum: ea35cad96082c1223168ed9b025baf74 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-28T19:36:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Romanelli.pdf: 2097921 bytes, checksum: ea35cad96082c1223168ed9b025baf74 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-28T19:36:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Romanelli.pdf: 2097921 bytes, checksum: ea35cad96082c1223168ed9b025baf74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Pretendeu-se, nesta pesquisa, reconstruir o processo criativo do tradutor, usando, pela primeira vez, como embasamento teórico e metodológico a Crítica Genética e os Estudos Descritivos da Tradução. Tentou-se remontar ao processo de criação em apreço através da análise do prototexto que levou ao texto considerado final. No caso específico desta pesquisa, analisou-se o duplo papel do tradutor, seja como autor de um novo texto, seja como um profissional que conta com estratégias próprias de criação ou recriação. O corpus constitui-se de cinco cadernos com traduções autógrafas de poemas escritos por Emily Dickinson. As traduções foram feitas pela poeta italiana Rina Sara Virgillito e são conservadas no Arquivo Nacional de Florença, na Itália, junto com outros documentos relativos à produção poética e tradutória de Virgillito, assim como cartas, desenhos, diários da época da tradução das poesias em questão (de 10/10/1995 até 15/01/1996), que formam o dossiê da pesquisa. Pretendeu-se também questionar, mediante a gênese do processo tradutório de Virgillito, preconceitos que dizem respeito à atividade do tradutor e do autor, em geral, como a presumida fidelidade ao texto de partida, a superioridade desse texto de partida em relação ao de chegada, a objetividade da interpretação e a concepção de autoria. / Salvador

O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar como as quatro traduções de Watchmen foram influenciadas pelos diferentes estágios de consolidação da graphic novel no sistema de histórias em quadrinhos do Brasil e pela aproximação deste com o sistema literário. Defende-se a ideia que as histórias em quadrinhos constituem seu próprio sistema e que no Brasil as traduções ocupam o centro do sistema, sendo responsáveis pela introdução de novos modelos de narrativas gráficas. A minissérie Watchmen foi lançada nos EUA entre 1986-1987 em 12 volumes pela editora DC, sendo logo depois reunida em um único livro, com o rótulo de graphic novel. No Brasil, Watchmen seguiu um caminho editorial similarcom as traduções refletindo as transformações do mercado nacional de quadrinhos dos últimos trinta anos em direção à consolidação de um público adulto mais exigente e a migração das vendas em bancas para as livrarias, de forma semelhante ao ocorrido nos EUA na década de 1980. Além disso, este estudo demonstra o peculiar papel de autonomia na escolha de estratégias tradutórias desempenhado pelo tradutor de três das versões brasileiras. O corpus deste estudo é composto dos seis números da edição da Editora Abril (1988), dos doze volumes lançados pela mesma editora em 1999, dos quatro livros da edição da Via Lettera (2005-2006) e a da Edição Definitiva lançada pela Panini Books, em 2011. / This study aims to demonstrate how the consolidation stage of the graphic novel in the Brazilian comic system and the relation between the comic system and the literary system influenced the four Brazilian translations of Watchmen. The ideia defended is that comics have their own system, and that translation occupies the center of the system in Brazil, being responsible for introducing new models of graphic narratives. Watchmen was released in the USA from 1986 to 1987 as a 12-issue miniseries by DC Comics, and not long after was collected into a single book under the label of graphic novel. In Brazil, Watchmen has followed a similar publishing path and the translations reflect the transformations of the national comic book market in the last three decades towards establishing a market for adults and more demanding readers, and to migrate sales from news agencies to bookstores, in a similar way to what happened in the US comic market from the 1980s. This study also demonstrates the peculiar autonomy held by the translator regarding to translations strategies in three of the Brazilian editions. The corpus of this study is composed of 6-issues miniseries published by Editora Abril (1988-1989), 12-issues also released by Editora Abril (1999), the 4 books by Via Lettera publishing house (2005-2006) and the Absolute Edition (2011) by Panini Books.

ABSTRACT The modern fable differs from the classic fable in terms of style, form, and content. Translating the modern fable likewise diverges from translating the classic fable in terms of the concerns that a translator might have along the way. This thesis serves as a case study on the practice of translating the modern fable by using On Beş Köpek, my Turkish translation of André Alexis's Giller Prize-winning 2015 modern fable, Fifteen Dogs, as a paradigm. This thesis is built upon six chapters, the first and the last of which are designed to be introductory and conclusive respectively. In the second chapter, the apologue/fable is defined and a historical review is provided from Aesop's fables to the modern fable. The third chapter provides an analysis of the source text, i.e. Fifteen Dogs, by mainly discussing the “fabulous” characteristics it displays. The fourth chapter is my complete Turkish translation, i.e. On Beş Köpek, whereas the fifth chapter presents an analysis of my Turkish translation within the framework of Gideon Toury's descriptive methodology. RÉSUMÉ La fable moderne diffère de la fable classique en matière de style, de forme et de contenu. La traduction de la fable moderne se distingue donc également de la traduction de la fable classique quant aux préoccupations du traducteur au moment de traduire celle-ci. Cette thèse sert d’étude de cas relative à la pratique de la traduction de la fable moderne en proposant On Beş Köpek, ma traduction en turc de Fifteen Dogs (la fable moderne et récipiendaire du prix Giller qu’André Alexis a écrite en 2015) comme exemple de paradigme. Cette thèse compte six chapitres, dont le premier et le dernier agissent respectivement comme introduction et conclusion. Dans le second chapitre, l'apologue/la fable est définie, et un survol historique d'Ésope à la fable moderne est ensuite offert. Le troisième chapitre fournit une analyse du texte source – Fifteen Dogs – traitant principalement des caractéristiques «fabuleuses» qu'il contient. Le quatrième chapitre renferme ma traduction complète en turc – On Beş Köpek – tandis que le cinquième chapitre présente une analyse de ma traduction suivant le cadre de méthodologie descriptive proposé par Gideon Toury.

This study consists of a comparative analysis of two novels (Une si longue lettre and Un chant écarlate) written by the famous female African writer Mariama Bâ and their English translations (So long a letter and Scarlet song) by Modupe Bodé-Thomas and Dorothy Blair. Mariama Bâ’s texts shed light on the different ways in which African women are oppressed by tradition and religion deeply rooted in a patriarchal and post-colonial society. The story of her own life serves as a basis for an effective analysis of both novels in order to determine the extent of her Feminist orientation in her texts, as well as to evaluate the possibilities of female emancipation based on the choices made by her female characters. This study further examines the translation strategies present in the English rendition of Bâ’s novels. Translation involves conveying a message from a source to a target text in a manner that expresses the same message as the original. It also bridges the language and cultural barrier by facilitating understanding between different worlds. In translating Bâ’s novels, the aim is to respect and convey her message of Feminism to an international non-Francophone audience. In order to evaluate whether the translations have achieved the objective of conveying her message, this study will attempt to analyse the translational choices made by each translator as well as to ascertain the success of those choices. This analysis is guided by existing Feminist translation theory. Emphasis is placed on Feminism in general and African Feminism in particular to ascertain Bâ’s own Feminist orientation and how this impacted her writing. This is done firstly by giving a brief synopsis of the two novels. Subsequently, traces of Feminism are identified in both novels, followed by an analysis of the source texts. This is done by applying descriptive models outlined within the framework of descriptive translation studies to compare the source and target texts. This study reveals that despite the many translation strategies that are available, literal/word for word and semantic translations are predominant in the English renditions of Bâ’s novels. The use of these strategies differed in the two translations in question. While Bodé-Thomas preferred a more traditional, literal/word for word translation in her rendition of Une si longue lettre in order to maintain the simplicity of the text and preserve the African aesthetic which is the essence and distinguishing feature of Bâ’s work, Blair opted for a semantic translation which turned out to be an important strategy in her English rendition of Un chant écarlate. Taking the different translational strategies used by Modupe Bodé-Thomas and Dorothy Blair as a case in point, this study proposes that since for the most part, Mariama Bâ’s writing in a European language (French) captures the African content and form and portrays her Feminist beliefs in both her novels, the job of both translators is simply to carry over the same African content and form from the source language to the target language in a similar manner that expresses Bâ’s Feminist beliefs. Key words: Mariama Bâ, Feminism, African Feminism, Feminist translation, descriptive translation studies, post-colonialism, translation studies, autobiography, Dorothy Blair, Modupe Bodé-Thomas, source text, target text, Une si longue lettre, Un chant écarlate, Scarlet song, So long a letter / Mini Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Modern European Languages / MA / Unrestricted

Este trabalho apresenta a tradução direta do russo e inédita no Brasil de quatro contos selecionados de Contos de ferrovias (JD-rasskazy), do autor russo contemporâneo Dmítri Býkov. Nele, Almôndegas \"tolstoístas\", Assassinato no expresso do Oriente, O condutor e Instruções são tratados sob o ponto de vista dos estudos descritivos da tradução em uma tentativa de dissecar os procedimentos e dificuldades do ato tradutório. Além disso, como desdobramento do comentário acerca da tradução, há uma análise dos mecanismos intertextuais e os efeitos destes no estilo autoral baseada na semiótica da cultura de Iúri Lótman. Por fim, a última parte desta dissertação analisa o modo como Dmítri Býkov usa o tema da ferrovia, a um só tempo acompanhando e transfigurando a tradição literária de seu país. / This dissertation presents in Brazil the unprecedent translation, direct from Russian, of four selected stories of Railways stories (JD-rasskazy), by the contemporary russian author Dmitry Bykov. In this work, Almôndegas tolstoístas, Assassinato no expresso do Oriente, O condutor e Instruções are treated from the point of Descriptive Translation Studies in an attempt to analyse the translation acts procedures and difficulties. In addition, as an unfolding commentary on translation, there is an analysis of intertextual mechanisms and its effects on authors style, based on Yuri Lotman and his semiotic of culture. Finally, the last part of this dissertation explains the way Dmitry Bykov uses the railway theme, at the same time acompanying and transfiguring the literary tradition of his country.

[pt] Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar uma pseudotradução no Brasil do século XX. O termo pseudotradução se refere a uma obra apresentada como tradução e que circula como tal por determinado período sem suscitar suspeita. De junho a dezembro de 1944, a jornalista, escritora, militante comunista e musa do movimento antropofágico, Patrícia Galvão, conhecida também pelo apelido Pagu, produziu um exemplo do gênero ao escrever uma dezena de contos policiais para a revista Detetive que foram apresentados ao público como traduções de um suposto autor estrangeiro chamado King Shelter. As razões e as implicações dessa medida podem ser parcialmente explicadas por meio do paradigma dos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução (Descriptive Translation Studies - DTS). Os adeptos dessa linha, denominados descritivistas, propõem-se a descrever as estratégias e os recursos utilizados numa tradução, a fim de entender o motivo dessas escolhas, bem como avaliar as razões que levam uma cultura a rejeitar ou aceitar determinada obra traduzida. A pesquisa para o presente estudo foi informada pelas reflexões dos teóricos Itamar Even-Zohar, Gideon Toury e Susan Bassnett e teve como foco os contos traduzidos por Pagu, as características do romance policial e a biografia da autora. Ao longo da história, a pseudotradução revelou-se um estratagema para driblar questões culturais (inclusive estéticas), políticas e ideológicas. Temos agora conhecimento de que esse recurso foi usado no Brasil do século XX para preparar o terreno para o desenvolvimento de um gênero pouco difundido no país na década de 1940: o romance policial. / [en] This work aims to analyze a case of pseudotranslation in 20th-century Brazil. The term pseudotranslation refers to a verbal or written utterance which is presented to the public as a translation and which circulates as such without arousing suspicion. From June to December 1944, the journalist, writer, communist militant and celebrated member of the literary anthropophagic movement Patrícia Galvão, also known by the nickname Pagu, produced an example of pseudotranslation when she wrote a dozen of detective short stories for the magazine Detetive. The works were presented as translations of a fictitious foreign author named King Shelter. The reasons she resorted to this disguise and the consequences her act generated may be partly explained by the Descriptive- Translation Studies (DTS) paradigm. Descriptive translation researchers attempt to explain the resources and strategies used in a translation, in order to understand the reasons for such choices, as well as to evaluate why a given culture rejects or accepts a certain translated work. Research for this study was based on the ideas of Itamar Even-Zohar, Gideon Toury and Susan Bassnett and focused on the translated short stories written by Pagu, on the main aspects of the detective novel and on the life of Pagu. Throughout history, pseudotranslations have proven to be a cunning device to surpass cultural, political, ideological and even aesthetic barriers. We now know that this resource has been cleverly used in Brazil in order to pave the way for the development of a literary genre in the country in the 1940 s: the detective novel.

Este trabalho apresenta a tradução direta do russo e inédita no Brasil de quatro contos selecionados de Contos de ferrovias (JD-rasskazy), do autor russo contemporâneo Dmítri Býkov. Nele, Almôndegas \"tolstoístas\", Assassinato no expresso do Oriente, O condutor e Instruções são tratados sob o ponto de vista dos estudos descritivos da tradução em uma tentativa de dissecar os procedimentos e dificuldades do ato tradutório. Além disso, como desdobramento do comentário acerca da tradução, há uma análise dos mecanismos intertextuais e os efeitos destes no estilo autoral baseada na semiótica da cultura de Iúri Lótman. Por fim, a última parte desta dissertação analisa o modo como Dmítri Býkov usa o tema da ferrovia, a um só tempo acompanhando e transfigurando a tradição literária de seu país. / This dissertation presents in Brazil the unprecedent translation, direct from Russian, of four selected stories of Railways stories (JD-rasskazy), by the contemporary russian author Dmitry Bykov. In this work, Almôndegas tolstoístas, Assassinato no expresso do Oriente, O condutor e Instruções are treated from the point of Descriptive Translation Studies in an attempt to analyse the translation acts procedures and difficulties. In addition, as an unfolding commentary on translation, there is an analysis of intertextual mechanisms and its effects on authors style, based on Yuri Lotman and his semiotic of culture. Finally, the last part of this dissertation explains the way Dmitry Bykov uses the railway theme, at the same time acompanying and transfiguring the literary tradition of his country.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivos, (i) verificar a ação dos componentes da patronagem: status, econômico e ideológico sob a tradução e publicação de obras da Literatura Infanto-Juvenil brasileira na hegemônica cultura norte-americana e, (ii) verificar se as estratégias de tradução dos itens de especificidade cultural de Do Outro Mundo de Ana Maria Machado estão em concordância com as normas de tradução de LIJ que, de acordo com Zohar Shavit (2006), pressupõem uma maior liberdade por parte do tradutor para que esse ajuste a trama, os personagens e a língua a capacidade de leitura e ao conhecimento de mundo infantil. A relação entre esses objetivos é verificada na afirmação de Gigeon Toury (1995a, p. 13) de que a posição ocupada pela tradução no sistema da cultura-alvo afeta diretamente as estratégias adotadas pelos tradutores e a composição dos textos traduzidos. Com base nos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução (TOURY, 1995b), o conceito de patronagem introduzido por André Lefevere (1992) associado às considerações feitas por James English (2005) quanto à importância dos prêmios na sociedade atual foram fundamentais para a compreensão da ação dos componentes da patronagem sob a literatura Infanto-juvenil. Outro importante conceito aos objetivos desta pesquisa foi o de item de especificidade cultural de Javier Franco Aixelá (1996). Na análise dos dados desta pesquisa utilizei a reformulação da classificação das estratégias de tradução dos itens de Carla Bentes (2005) nos IEC de Do Outro Mundo e respectiva tradução em inglês From Another World. Os procedimentos de análise do corpus basearam-se no modelo de Lambert e van Gorp (1985) para a análise da tradução literária. Utilizo desse modelo a análise dos dados preliminares e a análise microtextual por atenderem aos objetivos desta pesquisa. O estudo se encerra com considerações a respeito da tradução de literatura Infanto-juvenil brasileira e as implicações sob o público-alvo / The aims of this research are, (i) verify the action of the components of patronage: status, economic and ideologic on Brazilian Childrens Literature translation in the hegemonic American culture and, (ii) verify if the translation of the Culture Especific Items from From Another World by Ana Maria Machado comply with the translation Norms of the genre, as Zohar Shavit (1996), which allow translators a greater freedom in adjusting the plot, characters and language to childrens knowledge and reading. The relationship between these objectives is found at Gideon Tourys affirmation (1995a, p. 13) that the position occupied by the translation system in the target culture directly affects the strategies adopted by translators and the composition of the translated texts. Based on the Descriptive Translation Studies (TOURY, 1995b), the concept of patronage introduced by André Lefevere (1992) associated with the remarks made by James English (2005) regarding the importance of the awards in the todays society are fundamental to understand the action of the components of patronage under Children and Youth literature. Another important concept for the purpose of this study is Cultural Specific Item (CSI) by Javier Franco Aixelá (1996). In the analysis of this study data I used Carla Bentes (2005) reformulation of the translation strategies classification of the items of Do Outro Mundo and its English translation From Another World. The corpus analyses procedures were based on the model of Lambert and van Gorp (1985) for literary analysis. I use from this model the preliminary data analysis and microtextual analysis for corresponding to the aims of this research. The study concludes with considerations regarding the translation of Childrens literature in Brazil and the implications for the target audience