Buildings and public infrastructures are crucial to our societies in that they provide habitations, workplaces, commodities and services indispensible to our daily life. As vital parts of facility management, operations and maintenance (O&M) ensure a facility to continuously function as intended, which take up the longest time in a facility’s life cycle and demand great expense. Therefore, computers and information technology have been actively adopted to automate traditional maintenance methods and processes, making O&M faster and more reliable. Augmented reality (AR) offers a new approach towards human-computer interaction through directly displaying information related to real objects that people are currently perceiving. People’s sensory perceptions are enhanced (augmented) with information of interest naturally without deliberately turning to computers. Hence, AR has been proved to be able to further improve O&M task performance. The research motif of this thesis is user evaluations of AR applications in the context of facility maintenance. The studies look into invisible target designation tasks assisted by developed AR tools in both indoor and outdoor scenarios. The focus is to examine user task performance, which is influenced by both AR system performance and human perceptive, cognitive and motoric factors. Target designation tasks for facility maintenance entail a visualization-interaction dilemma. Two AR systems built upon consumer-level hand-held devices using an off-the-shelf AR software development toolkit are evaluated indoors with two disparate solutions to the dilemma – remote laser pointing and the third person perspective (TPP). In the study with remote laser pointing, the parallax effect associated with AR “X-ray vision” visualization is also an emphasis. A third hand-held AR system developed in this thesis overlays infrared information on façade video, which is evaluated outdoors. Since in an outdoor environment marker-based tracking is less desirable, an infrared/visible image registration method is developed and adopted by the system to align infrared information correctly with the façade in the video. This system relies on the TPP to overcome the aforementioned dilemma.

The Sultani Hajj Route between AlMadinah and Makkah is one of the most significant heritage properties in Saudi Arabia. However, it has not been identified or designated as a significant cultural route worthy of conservation. Hence, many significant historic elements and sites along the route are being lost or damaged. This thesis was written to use World Heritage Cultural Route criteria to identify the Sultani Hajj Route as a heritage resource worthy of conservation. The thesis reviews UNESCO guidelines and criteria for designating cultural routes on the World Heritage List (WHL), and then applies these guidelines to identify the Sultani Hajj Route for possible designation on the WHL. Based on interviews and field surveys, 77 significant historic properties associated with the Sultani Hajj Route are identified, and 12 of these heritage resources are described in detail. The goal of this thesis is to spark interest in conserving this universally valuable Saudi cultural route while acknowledging that many concerns still need to be addressed, including raising public awareness and increasing public participation in the conservation process.

Cette these propose un mecanisme de coordination entre outils pour un environnement integre de developpement de logiciels. Le ro^le d'un tel environnement est d'accroitre la productivite des developpeurs et d'ameliorer la qualite du logiciel developpe en integrant les composants de l'environnement. Le mecanisme que nous proposons integre les outils de developpement, en permettant a` ceux-ci d'echanger des informations pour agir de maniere coherente et homogene. Nous qualifions ces echanges de coordinations. Ce mecanisme se fonde sur un modele de coordination mis en oeuvre par un langage nomme Indra qui comprend des parties declaratives et imperatives. Il presente les caracteristiques suivantes. Pour faciliter l'evolution des composants de l'environnement (outils et coordinations), il permet d'une part d'exprimer les coordinations de maniere modulaire, en dehors du code des outils. Il permet d'autre part d'exprimer explicitement l'evolution dynamique des coordinations, en s'inspirant du concept d'automate d'etats fini. Afin de pouvoir coordonner des outils qui presentent des interfaces de coordination independantes les unes des autres, il definit un espace global de coordinations au travers duquel sont exprimees les liaisons entre les interfaces. Enfin, pour gerer la forte evolution dynamique des outils actifs, il permet de designer les outils sans connaitre leur identite, en fournissant une designation associative fondee sur le concept d'arbre attribue. Ce mecanisme a ete realise au dessus du systeme reparti et oriente objet Guide.

Area of Occupancy (AO) is a frequently used indicator to assess and inform designation of conservation status to wildlife species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The applicability of the current grid-based AO measurement on freshwater organisms has been questioned due to the restricted dimensionality of freshwater habitats. I investigated the extent to which AO influenced conservation status for freshwater taxa at a national level in Canada. I then used distribution data of 20 imperiled freshwater fish species of southwestern Ontario to (1) demonstrate biases produced by grid-based AO and (2) develop a biologically relevant AO index. My results showed grid-based AOs were sensitive to spatial scale, grid cell positioning, and number of records, and were subject to inconsistent decision making. Use of the biologically relevant AO changed conservation status for four freshwater fish species and may have important implications on the subsequent conservation practices.

Area of Occupancy (AO) is a frequently used indicator to assess and inform designation of conservation status to wildlife species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The applicability of the current grid-based AO measurement on freshwater organisms has been questioned due to the restricted dimensionality of freshwater habitats. I investigated the extent to which AO influenced conservation status for freshwater taxa at a national level in Canada. I then used distribution data of 20 imperiled freshwater fish species of southwestern Ontario to (1) demonstrate biases produced by grid-based AO and (2) develop a biologically relevant AO index. My results showed grid-based AOs were sensitive to spatial scale, grid cell positioning, and number of records, and were subject to inconsistent decision making. Use of the biologically relevant AO changed conservation status for four freshwater fish species and may have important implications on the subsequent conservation practices.

O trabalho analisa o nome empresarial como sinal revelador da personalidade do empresário individual, da sociedade empresária e da empresa individual de responsabilidade limitada. Vincula-se à linha de pesquisa Empresa e Atividades Econômicas. A pesquisa é do tipo teórico e adotou o método dedutivo, tendo objetivo analítico. As fontes utilizadas foram bibliográficas e documentais. Trata da disciplina jurídica do nome empresarial no Brasil, realizando uma evolução histórica legislativa e mostrando o aprimoramento do instituto. Descreve seu regramento jurídico atual e o distingue dos demais sinais integrantes dos elementos da empresa. Aponta as funções exercidas pelo nome empresarial. Discute a posição do nome empresarial como direito fundamental e direito da personalidade e identifica o âmbito da proteção, visando a ampliar sua abrangência material e territorial. Assinala sua proteção de forma absoluta, independentemente do ramo de atividade, e examina a respectiva tutela nos campos administrativo, civil e penal. / This paper analyzes the trade designation of a business entity as a distinctive sign of the personality of the individual entrepreneur, the limited liability company and the limited liability entrerprise. The following research guidelines are linked herein: Entrepreneurship and Economic Activities. The form of research adopted was the theoretical type; the method used was the deductive one, aiming at an objective analysis. Sources used were bibliographic and documentary. The legal regulation of the business designation in Brazil is dissected, and its legislative history, evolution and improvement are shown. The current regulatory framework of the business designation are treated herein, and the distinctions between the business name and other signs constituting the entrepreneurship elements are examined. The functions fulfilled by the business designation are also examined, as well as the status of the business name as a fundamental right. Emphasis is given to its absolute protection, regardless of the branch of activity developed by the entity, and focuses on its administrative, civil and criminal tutelage in our legal system.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-17T13:32:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaRA_TESE.pdf: 3574998 bytes, checksum: 51917906a5d762a17dd6aad8ed0f3124 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-26T12:14:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaRA_TESE.pdf: 3574998 bytes, checksum: 51917906a5d762a17dd6aad8ed0f3124 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-26T12:16:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaRA_TESE.pdf: 3574998 bytes, checksum: 51917906a5d762a17dd6aad8ed0f3124 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T12:18:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaRA_TESE.pdf: 3574998 bytes, checksum: 51917906a5d762a17dd6aad8ed0f3124 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to analyse certification of origin as a form to add value to artisanal cheeses, such as coalho cheese, in Brazil and Spain. For such, we analysed the formation of prices, market structure and production systems of palmero cheese, which has Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) in the Canary Islands, Spain. The study was based on interviews with PDO and non-PDO producers concerning the production systems, social issues, markets and marketing channels. In addition, we evaluated 25 PDO cheese regulations from Spain and investigated its resemblance to coalho cheese. In Brazil, we evaluated the quality of the artisanal and industrial coalho cheese marketed in the Brazilian semiarid region. For this purpose, 138 coalho cheese samples were analysed as to their physical-chemical parameters (acidity, ash, fat, moisture and pH), colour, texture; microbiological parameters (coliforms at 35°C and 45°C, coagulase positive Staphylococcus, mould and yeast and Salmonella spp.); the type of production and conservation; the presence of enterotoxigenic genes; and the antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus. We observed that the PDO palmero cheese obtained higher market price and the highest price was through the “direct to the consumer” sales channel. Furthermore, we found that both PDO and non-PDO producers were concerned with the quality of the palmero cheese and relevance of the PDO label. As to the analysis of the regulations, PDO and the other variables were classified into four different groups and there was correlation between them. Group one, had fewer PDO regulation and similarities in the historical, natural environment, agriculture and responsible authority aspects, and less so in the economic importance aspect. Group two, regulations were focused on infractions, penalties and fines, and little on the quality manual. Group three tended to have similar values for most variables. Moreover, group 4 showed similarity in the quality manual and less concern given to infractions, penalties and fines. We could observe that the coalho cheese presented some of the variables found in PDO cheeses such as reputation, cultural, historical, artisanal, economic, developmental and quality characteristics. Regarding the quality of the coalho cheese, the physical-chemical analysis, colour and texture showed statistical difference only for ashes, for the type of production. The microbiological analysis presented significant difference in production, higher amounts of coliforms in artisanal samples and as to the type of conservation, higher amounts for coliforms, yeasts, and moulds in the artisanal samples without refrigeration. Furthermore, we found the presence of Salmonella spp. in 2.17% of samples, that is, one artisanal sample and two industrial samples. As for coliforms at 45°C, we found that 25.36 and 3.95% of artisanal and industrial samples, respectively, were in disagreement with the legislation and concerning Staphylococcus positive coagulase all samples were non-compliant. In total, 67 samples were confirmed by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene for S. aureus. Of these, 12 (17.9%) amplified toxin genes. The isolates presented greater resistance to the antibiotics penicillin G, oxacillin and tetracycline. Thus, the origin certification is an important tool to enhance the value of artisanal cheeses and can be used by coalho cheese; however, producers first need to improve in quality and standardization of manufacturing / Objetivou-se analisar a certificação de origem como forma de valorização de queijos artesanais, como o queijo de coalho, no Brasil e na Espanha. Para isso, foram analisados a formação de preços, estrutura de mercado e sistemas de produção do queijo palmero que possui Denominação de Origem Protegida (DOP) nas Ilhas Canárias, Espanha. O estudo foi baseado em entrevistas com os produtores DOP e não DOP, em relação a sistemas de produção, questões sociais, de mercados e canais de comercialização. Também foram avaliados 25 regulamentos de queijos DOP oriundos da Espanha e verificada sua semelhança com o queijo de coalho do Brasil. No Brasil, foi avaliada a qualidade do queijo de coalho artesanal e industrializado, comercializados no semiárido do Brasil. Para isso, 138 amostras do queijo de coalho foram analisadas quanto aos parâmetros físico-químicos (acidez, cinzas, gordura, umidade e pH), cor, textura, microbiológicos (coliformes a 35 °C e 45 °C, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, bolores e leveduras e Salmonella spp.) quanto ao tipo de produção e conservação e ainda a presença de genes enterotoxigênicos e o perfil de resistência antimicrobiana de Staphylococcus aureus. Observou-se que o queijo palmero DOP obteve preço mais elevado no mercado, com maior preço para o canal de venda direto ao consumidor. Além disso, verificou-se que os produtores DOP e não DOP apresentaram preocupados com a qualidade e a importância do rótulo de queijo palmero DOP. Quanto a análise dos regulamentos, as DOP e as variáveis foram classificados em quatro grupos distintos e verificou-se uma correlação entre estes. O grupo um, apresentou um menor número de regulamento DOP e semelhanças quanto a parte histórica, ambiente natural, agricultura e autoridade responsável e em menor medida com a importância econômica. O grupo dois, os regulamentos mostraram-se focalizados em infrações, sanções e multas, e pouco no manual de qualidade. O grupo três, tende a ter valores semelhantes para a maioria das variáveis. Já o grupo 4, observou-se semelhança quanto ao manual de qualidade e um menor tratamento às infrações, sanções e multas. Pode-se verificar que o queijo de coalho apresenta algumas das variáveis presente nos queijos DOP, como reputação, características culturais, históricas, artesanais, econômicas, elaboração, composição e qualidade. Em relação à qualidade do queijo de coalho, as análises físico-químicas, cor e textura apresentaram diferença estatística apenas para cinzas, em relação ao tipo de produção. Quanto às análises microbiológicas, observou-se diferença significativa quanto a produção, maior valor de coliformes para amostras artesanais, e para conservação, valores mais elevados para coliformes e bolores e leveduras das amostras artesanais sem refrigeração. Além disso, foi evidenciada presença de Salmonella spp. em 2,17% amostras, sendo uma artesanal e duas industriais. Já para coliformes a 45 °C verificou-se que 25,36 e 3,95% das amostras artesanais e industriais, respectivamente, encontravam em desacordo com a legislação e para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva todas apresentaram desconforme. Um total 67 foram confirmadas pela amplificação do gene rRNA 16S para S. aureus. Destas, 12 (17,9%) amplificaram genes de toxinas. A maior resistência dos isolados foram para os antibióticos penicilina G, oxacilina e tetraciclina. Assim, a certificação de origem é uma ferramenta importante para valorizar queijos artesanais, podendo ser utilizado pelo queijo de coalho, porém este necessita de melhorias na qualidade e na padronização de fabricação / 2017-04-17

O trabalho analisa o nome empresarial como sinal revelador da personalidade do empresário individual, da sociedade empresária e da empresa individual de responsabilidade limitada. Vincula-se à linha de pesquisa Empresa e Atividades Econômicas. A pesquisa é do tipo teórico e adotou o método dedutivo, tendo objetivo analítico. As fontes utilizadas foram bibliográficas e documentais. Trata da disciplina jurídica do nome empresarial no Brasil, realizando uma evolução histórica legislativa e mostrando o aprimoramento do instituto. Descreve seu regramento jurídico atual e o distingue dos demais sinais integrantes dos elementos da empresa. Aponta as funções exercidas pelo nome empresarial. Discute a posição do nome empresarial como direito fundamental e direito da personalidade e identifica o âmbito da proteção, visando a ampliar sua abrangência material e territorial. Assinala sua proteção de forma absoluta, independentemente do ramo de atividade, e examina a respectiva tutela nos campos administrativo, civil e penal. / This paper analyzes the trade designation of a business entity as a distinctive sign of the personality of the individual entrepreneur, the limited liability company and the limited liability entrerprise. The following research guidelines are linked herein: Entrepreneurship and Economic Activities. The form of research adopted was the theoretical type; the method used was the deductive one, aiming at an objective analysis. Sources used were bibliographic and documentary. The legal regulation of the business designation in Brazil is dissected, and its legislative history, evolution and improvement are shown. The current regulatory framework of the business designation are treated herein, and the distinctions between the business name and other signs constituting the entrepreneurship elements are examined. The functions fulfilled by the business designation are also examined, as well as the status of the business name as a fundamental right. Emphasis is given to its absolute protection, regardless of the branch of activity developed by the entity, and focuses on its administrative, civil and criminal tutelage in our legal system.

The research was developed in Linguistics Studies, in the research line: Language, Subject and History and contemplates Enunciation theories guiding to a reflection about the designation of the other s language, it means, how to give a name to the language of the other which is already named, taking into consideration the border enunciation space. In this sense, Enunciation Space concepts were approached as constitutive of a relation between languages or, more specifically, to analyze the different ways of designating the languages spoken in border zones through oral utterances produced by border speakers. This research became effective since a bibliographical review was made, giving emphasis to the theoretical support which was adopted in this work. The corpus of this research was composed by parts of oral utterances produced by border speakers. From this perspective, it is interesting to think that this speaker-language relation refers to the issue concerning the subject in language, the speaker which expresses himself while enunciating, thus the implications or effects this announcer s enunciation causes when he takes property of the language, making it work and have meaning. One hypothesis is that the subject which uses Border Languages expresses them in different ways, making them to have meaning, while talking about the other s language. Thus, the enunciation space configures in this relation between languages and speakers, which also constitutes an interlanguages space. Hence, there is the choice of a language of enunciation or a language for enunciation. It is this choice, always regulated by the hierarchy status of languages, that defines enunciation as the subject s political place. Looking to the function and the meaning of language, it is also evidenced the current signification, with a past of memories established by temporality. Such temporality permits languages to build sense while interacting in the same enunciative space. Once it is a study area in which the relations between languages have been considered, it is relevant to have a research proposal concerning the designation given by the speakers themselves in relation to Portuguese and Spanish and the languages that are (or aren t) practiced, taking into consideration the border enunciation space. / A pesquisa desenvolvida nos Estudos Lingüísticos, na Linha de Pesquisa: Língua, Sujeito e História, toma as teorias da Enunciação para refletir sobre a designação da língua do outro , ou seja, com se dá um nome à Língua do outro que já está nomeada, considerando o espaço de enunciação fronteiriço. Nesse sentido, abordamos os conceitos de Espaço de Enunciação como constitutivos de uma relação entre línguas ou mais especificamente analisar os diferentes modos de designar as línguas praticadas nas zonas de fronteira em enunciados orais, produzidos por falantes fronteiriços. A pesquisa se efetiva a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica, dando ênfase ao suporte teórico, adotado para este estudo. O corpus da pesquisa se constituiu por recortes de enunciados orais produzidos por falantes fronteiriços. É interessante pensar que a relação que se cria entre a língua e o falante nos remete à questão do sujeito na linguagem, ao falante que se manifesta ao enunciar, desse modo, às implicações ou efeitos que causa a enunciação desse locutor ao apropriar-se da língua, fazê-la funcionar e significar. Uma hipótese é que o sujeito praticante de Línguas de Fronteira ao falar sobre a Língua do outro a manifeste de diferentes modos, significando-a. Assim, nessa relação entre línguas e falantes é que se configura o espaço de enunciação, que também se constitui como um espaço entre línguas. Coloca-se por isso, a escolha de uma língua de enunciar ou para enunciar. É esta escolha, sempre regulada pelo caráter hierarquizante das línguas, que define enunciação como um lugar político do sujeito. Pensando no funcionamento e significação da linguagem, evidenciamos também a questão do funcionamento presente, que possui um passado de memórias instaurado pela temporalidade. Tal temporalidade permite que as línguas constituam sentidos ao se relacionarem em um mesmo espaço enunciativo. Dessa forma, por ser uma área de estudo através da qual se tem pensado sobre as relações entre as línguas, entendese como relevante uma proposta de investigação no que diz respeito à designação dada pelos próprios falantes às línguas portuguesa e espanhola, as línguas que se praticam (ou não), considerando o espaço de enunciação fronteiriço.

The present work is inscribed in the History of Linguistic Ideas (HLI) that studies, mainly, the production of linguistic instruments, this has been done in Brazil since the 16th Century. Language tools are, according to Auroux (1992), the main pillars of our metalinguistic knowledge, resulting from the Technological Revolution of Gramatization. In addition to grammar and dictionaries, vocabularies and glossaries are also considered language tools. Our object of research is the work Vocabulario Gaúcho, produced in the year 1928 by the Santa Marian author Roque Callage, who collected typical entries spoken by the gaucho society. We understand that, among other factors, it is through the language that the gaucho builds his regional identity. Our corpus is structured as follows: from this vocabulary, we cut out 132 entries, using selection criteria that designate subjects. Soon after, we separate them into the following categories: 1. Those who designate social class; 2. Those who designate a geographical and belonging issue, which indicates where the subject comes from; 3. Those who designate the race/ethnicity of the subject; 4. Those that indicate the occupation and/or profession of the subject; 5. Those that have the physical characteristics of the subjects; 6. Those who designate women. After showing the meanings presented by these entries, we selected nine: bahiano, bruáca, china, chirú, chirúa, estancieiro, gasguita, gaúcho and morocha, mobilizing the concepts of designation, description and definition for analysis. The choice of these nine entries is due to the fact that they reveal the socio-historical conditions of the time in which Vocabulario Gaúcho was produced. Most of the entries in Callage's work are in the masculine, and the few that are in the feminine present pejorative senses, as in the case of bruáca, china, chirúa and gasguita. This analysis reveals a Rio Grande do Sul dominated by men, where the gaucho is highly valued; his qualities as virility and ability with the horse are exalted, while women, especially women from the countryside, as Hillaire (1997) tells us, remain restricted to the domestic sphere. Thus, we confirm the theoretical assumptions brought by Nunes (2006b), that dictionaries are discursive objects. Although our research object is a vocabulary, it presents functions similar to those of dictionaries, so that the designations presented by the analyzed articles are lined with history, especially in the history of Rio Grande do Sul. This brings a discourse about the history of the state. / O presente trabalho está inscrito na História das Ideias Linguísticas (HIL), área que estuda, sobretudo, a produção de instrumentos linguísticos que se faz no Brasil desde o século XVI. Instrumentos linguísticos são, segundo Auroux (1992), os principais pilares de nosso saber metalinguístico, resultantes da Revolução Tecnológica da Gramatização. Além de gramáticas e dicionários, vocabulários e glossários também são considerados instrumentos linguísticos. Nosso objeto de pesquisa trata-se da obra Vocabulario Gaúcho, produzida no ano de 1928 pelo autor santa-mariense Roque Callage, que coletou verbetes típicos falados pela sociedade gaúcha. Entendemos que, dentre outros fatores, é pela língua que o gaúcho constrói sua identidade regional. Nosso corpus está estruturado da seguinte maneira: deste vocabulário, recortamos 132 verbetes, tendo como critério de seleção verbetes que designam sujeitos. Logo após, os separamos nas seguintes categorias: 1. Os que designam classe social. 2. Os que designam uma questão geográfica e de pertença, que indica de onde o sujeito vem. 3. Os que designam a raça/etnia do sujeito. 4. Os que indicam a ocupação e/ou profissão do sujeito. 5. Os que apresentam características físicas dos sujeitos. 6. Os que designam mulheres. Depois de apresentarmos os sentidos apresentados por estes verbetes, selecionamos nove: bahiano, bruáca, china, chirú, chirúa, estancieiro, gasguita, gaúcho e morocha, mobilizando os conceitos de designação, descrição e definição para a análise. A escolha destes nove verbetes se deve ao fato de que eles nos revelam as condições sócio-históricas da época em que Vocabulario Gaúcho foi produzido. A maioria dos verbetes apresentados na obra de Callage está no masculino e os poucos que estão no feminino apresentam sentidos pejorativos, como é o caso de bruáca, china, chirúa e gasguita. Esta análise nos revela um Rio Grande do Sul dominado por homens, onde o gaúcho é bastante valorizado; suas qualidades como virilidade e habilidade com o cavalo são enaltecidas, enquanto as mulheres, sobretudo as mulheres de interior, conforme nos diz Hilaire (1997), permanecem restritas ao âmbito doméstico. Assim, confirmamos os pressupostos teóricos trazidos por Nunes (2006b), de que dicionários são objetos discursivos. Apesar de nosso objeto de pesquisa ser um vocabulário, ele apresenta funções semelhantes às dos dicionários, de maneira que as designações apresentadas pelos verbetes analisados estão revestidas de história, sobretudo da História do Rio Grande do Sul, portanto trazem um discurso sobre a história do estado.