This master‟s dissertation aims to understand the language notion that circulates in media instruments of linguistics disclosure. To do so, we organized a file composed by some of these publisher instruments of teaching/learning languages of Idioms‟ Course and/or of linguistics movements, such as: folders, posters or electronic publish on the internet. We chose to investigate this subject because of the fact the language is distinguished by different designations; what trouble us were the different ways of refereeing to the English Language and the Esperanto; being these two languages, in special, that interested us. The reflections of this work has as theoretical reference the Discourse Analysis (DA) of French line. We are going to investigate the meanings movement about the language‟ definitions awarded in these materials in order to deconstruct the evidences which circulate these two languages in question. From this considerations, we‟ll try to operate with the politic and linguistic political notions that determine the productions and circulation of the meanings‟ effects about the language(s). Thereby, we divided the research in three parts named and constituted by the following way: in the Part I, Some pointed notions during the theoretical way , we presented the notions that will be developed at the long of our theoretical way, among which we pointed the subject, ideology and discourse; also mobilizing the imaginary formations, which are constitutive of the position-subject‟ taken so, after it, to understand the ways‟ movement from globalization to the world in view of these notions are determiners to the imaginary space that take up the languages in present times, XXI century. Have it done, we also approaches the religious‟ subject passage to juridical subject in the Middle Age, because, this is the passage we identify as one of capitalism‟ discourses founders around the language notion. In the Part II, Language and history: meanings effects , we operate with the constitutive historicity of English Language and of Esperanto trying to visualize the social-historical materiality by which these languages circulate media releases. At a last moment, in the Part III, The politic-ideological functioning of and about the languages , we‟ll investigate the politic and the ideology that rule the meanings effects in relation production on the languages, trying to explicit the different designations that circulate in the media instruments of linguistic disclosure to teaching/learning English Language and Esperanto. / A presente dissertação tem por objetivo compreender a noção de língua que circula em instrumentos midiáticos de divulgação linguística. Para isso, organizamos um arquivo composto por alguns destes instrumentos divulgadores do ensino/aprendizagem de línguas em cursos de idiomas e/ou de movimentos linguísticos, tais como: folders, cartazes ou divulgações eletrônicas na internet. Optamos por investigar este assunto em função de a língua se destacar por diferentes designações; o que nos inquieta são os diferentes modos de referir-se à língua inglesa e ao esperanto, sendo estas duas línguas, em especial, que nos interessam. As reflexões deste trabalho têm como referencial teórico a Análise do Discurso (AD) de linha francesa. Investigaremos a movimentação de sentido nas definições de língua atribuídas nestes materiais de divulgação a fim de desconstruir as evidências pelas quais circulam as duas línguas em questão. A partir dessas considerações, mobilizaremos as noções de político e de política linguística que determinam a produção e a circulação dos efeitos de sentido sobre a(s) língua(s). Dividimos a pesquisa em três partes, assim nomeadas e constituídas: na Parte I, Algumas noções destacadas durante o percurso teórico , apresentamos as noções que serão desenvolvidas ao decorrer do percurso teórico, dentre as quais ressaltamos as de sujeito, ideologia e discurso, mobilizando também as formações imaginárias que são constitutivas da tomada de posição-sujeito, para, depois disso, compreendermos a movimentação de sentidos da globalização à mundialização, tendo em vista que estas noções são determinantes no espaço imaginário que ocupam as línguas na atualidade, século XXI. Feito isso, tratamos também da passagem do sujeito religioso ao sujeito jurídico no período histórico da Idade Média, pois é esta passagem que identificamos enquanto um dos discursos fundadores do capitalismo em torno da noção de língua. Na Parte II, Língua e história: efeitos de sentido operamos com a historicidade constitutiva da língua inglesa e do esperanto tentando visualizar a materialidade sócio-histórica pela qual estas línguas circulam em divulgações midiáticas. Em última instância, na Parte III, O funcionamento político-ideológico da(s) e sobre as línguas , investigaremos o político e a ideologia que regem a produção dos efeitos de sentido em relação à(s) língua(s), tentando explicitar as diferentes designações que circulam nos instrumentos midiáticos de divulgação linguística para o ensino/aprendizagem da língua inglesa e do esperanto.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a análise de sentidos em processos designativos decorrentes da chamada Abordagem/Metodologia Comunicativa, também referida como CLT (Communicative Language Teaching), depreendidos de: a) textos de teóricos em ensino-aprendizagem de língua inglesa e b) de professores de inglês, participantes de um programa de curso para certificação na didática de línguas. Pelo aparato teórico da Semântica Histórica da Enunciação, em confluência com a Análise do Discurso, que contempla a dimensão histórico-social e ideológica na relação do sujeito com a língua, buscamos compreender como se estabelecem processos de produção de sentidos em nomes que circulam em torno da designação CLT, no contexto ensino-aprendizagem de língua inglesa. A aparente estabilidade e univocidade das designações levaram-nos a confrontá-las e, com isso, propusemos um questionamento acerca da transparência da linguagem. Pela análise, percebemos uma tentativa de construção referencial do CLT e, que conflitos constitutivos da relação falante-língua são escamoteados, na cena enunciativa. A busca constante de fixação de um sentido único para essa designação, o bom sentido de comunicativo, levou-nos a buscar compreender, pelo interdiscurso (memória discursiva), como se estabelecem certos movimentos dicotômicos de produção de sentidos nos dizeres de professores e teóricos, na polarização método antigo versus método moderno. Depreendemos, pelos processos designativos analisados, que a idealização do modelo comunicativo remete a um lugar de completude, onde a aprendizagem da língua parece se dar de uma maneira natural, sem conflitos, lugar esse que professores buscam ocupar. No percurso da análise procuramos problematizar o convívio dos professores com o lugar estabelecido pelo CLT, de suposta neutralidade política perante o método, colocando-os fora de sua historicidade. Concluímos que os processos designativos dos nomes analisados buscam promover um efeito de homogeneização nos dizeres de teóricos e professores do corpus, no processo de constituição de sentidos da Abordagem Comunicativa. / This work aims at analysing meanings observed in designation processes derived from the so-called Communicative Language Teaching, also referred to as CLT, in a corpus formed by a) texts of theorists in the field of ELT and b) texts of EFL teachers who participated in a program on ELT for further external exams. From the perspective of both Historical Semantics of Enunciation and Analysis of Discourse which contemplates the historical-social and ideological dimension in the relation of the subject with language, we have sought to investigate how processes of production of meaning are established as far as names related to CLT are concerned. Our analysis enabled us to confront the apparent stabilised meaning of the observed designations in relation to the names of the Communicative Approach/Communicative Language Teaching thus questioning the evidence of language transparency. By means of analysis, we have noticed an attempt towards reference construction of CLT and also, that constitutive conflicts in the relation speaker-language are silenced in the utterance locus. The constant search for fixing a single meaning to this designation, the good meaning for communicative led us to understand, from the interdiscourse (discourse memory), how certain dichotomical movements in the constitution of meaning in the teachers´ and theorists´ sayings are established in the polarization old method versus modern method. From the analysed designation processes we have apprehended that the idealisation of the communicative model alludes to a place of completeness where the learning of the language seems to occur in a natural way, with no conflicts, a place which teachers seek to occupy. Throughout the analysis we have tried to question the experience the teachers have with the place established by the CLT, of apparent political neutrality in relation to the method, placing them out of their historical context. Our analysis has concluded that the designation processes of the analysed names seek to promote an effect of homogeneity in sayings of theorists and teachers of the corpus in the process of constitution of meanings related to the Communicative Approach/Communicative Language Teaching (CLT).

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-22T15:28:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dariopinheirosilva.pdf: 1286041 bytes, checksum: 9cc23326fa168023974f5da533967967 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-22T15:44:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dariopinheirosilva.pdf: 1286041 bytes, checksum: 9cc23326fa168023974f5da533967967 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-22T15:44:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dariopinheirosilva.pdf: 1286041 bytes, checksum: 9cc23326fa168023974f5da533967967 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / A Constituição Brasileira de 1988 trouxe em seu texto o norteamento para a condução legal da educação brasileira para as décadas seguintes. Com a promulgação da lei nº 11.738, em 16 de julho de 2008, conhecida como a Lei do Piso Salarial, promoveu-se um redimensionamento na composição da jornada de trabalho do professor da educação básica, levando a SEDUC-AM a normatizar nos anos de 2013 e 2014 o compartilhamento de cargas horárias. Esta dissertação pretende apresentar esta experiência através da percepção dos professores que a vivenciaram. Desse modo, a pesquisa objetiva conhecer os efeitos da citada normatização lotacional no cotidiano relacionado às rotinas profissional e pessoal dos que atuaram em regência de classe. Ao apresentar a estrutura da Secretaria de Estado da Educação e Qualidade do Ensino do Amazonas (SEDUC-AM), o foco foi o Departamento de Gestão de Pessoas – DGP e o perfil profissional dos atores diretamente envolvidos nas ações lotacionais. Foram trazidas breves noções sobre lotação de servidores, fundamentadas em estatutos de funcionários públicos civis e em autores como Di Baccio (2012) e Alvares (2012a e 2012b). A metodologia utilizada foi uma pesquisa exploratória, com amostragem não probabilística por quotas e utilizou-se como instrumentos: questionário eletrônico por e-mail, análise documental de leis, pareceres e instruções normativas, além dos autores como Mont‟Alvão, Souza e Neubert (2011), Tardif e Raymond (2000), Malhotra (2011) e Vieira, Castro e Júnior (2010) no referencial teórico. A análise dos dados recolhidos das percepções apresentadas pelos professores respondentes não revelou alteração na rotina pessoal com relação às suas atividades de lazer, mas apontou alterações nas rotinas profissionais ao participarem de espaços escolares diferentes. O compartilhamento de cargas horárias incidiu em um quantitativo maior de professores contratados; interferiu negativamente nos planejamentos pedagógicos nas atividades docentes; e impediu que os professores participassem de todas as reuniões pedagógicas e atividades das escolas nas quais estavam lotados no mesmo turno em dias diferentes, mesmo tendo receptividade considerada normal dos gestores escolares. Foi predominante a não concordância dos professores com a normatização lotacional implementada nos anos letivos de 2013 e 2014 na SEDUC-AM. Finalmente, as percepções analisadas levaram à construção de um Plano de Ação Educacional (PAE) como proposta para a implantação de projetos de atividade escolar para complementação de determinadas cargas horárias envolvendo a comunidade escolar como um todo nos níveis macro e micro educacionais. / The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 brought in its text for guiding legal conduct of Brazilian education for the following decades. With the enactment of Law No. 11,738, on July 16, 2008, known as the law of wage floor, promoted up a resize of working time of the basic education teachers, leading to the SEDUC-AM standardize the years 2013 and 2014 in the workload sharing. This master‟s thesis intends to present an experience through perception of teachers who experienced it. Thus, the research aims to know the effects of regulation of designation of the teachers related to daily routines professional and personnel who worked in the class regency. In presenting the structure of the State Department of Education and Teaching Quality from Amazonas (SEDUC-AM), the focus was on the Department of Personnel Management - DGP and the professional profile of the participants directly involved in the designation actions. Brief notions were brought about designation of civil servants , based on their statutes and authors like Di Baccio (2012) and Alvarez (2012a and 2012b). The methodology used was an exploratory research with non-probability sampling by quotas and used as instruments: electronic questionnaire by e-mail, document analysis of laws, opinions and normative statements, besides the authors as Mont'Alvão, Souza and Neubert (2011), and Raymond Tardif (2000), Malhotra (2011) and Vieira, Castro and Junior (2010) in the theoretical framework. The analysis of data collected from perceptions presented by teachers didn‟t reveal any change in personal routine in relation to their leisure activities, but revealed changes in professional routines to take part in several school spaces. The sharing workloads focused on a greater quantity of contract teachers; negative influence on educational planning in teaching activities; prevented the teachers participate in all meetings and educational activities of the schools in which were assigned in the same shift on different days, even though considered normal receptivity of school principals.It was predominantly non-concordance of the teachers with the regulation implemented in 2013 and 2014 school years in SEDUC-AM. Finally, perceptions analyzed led to the construction of an Educational Action Plan (PAE) as a proposal for the implementation of school activity projects to completion of certain workloads involving the school community as a whole in the macro and micro levels of education.

Les indications géographiques et les appellations d’origine sont des signes distinctifs ayant de fortes valeurs économiques, sociales et culturelles. Tout d’abord, ces dénominations constituent une importante source de revenus pour les producteurs ; ensuite, elles constituent une garantie de qualité pour les consommateurs; enfin,elles sont un outil de développement rural du pays d’origine ainsi que de protection de son patrimoine culinaire et culturel. Par conséquent, la protection juridique de ces dénominations est primordiale. À cet effet, le législateur communautaire a prescrit, dans le règlement européen n° 510/2006 relatif à la protection des indications géographiques et des appellations d’origine, les règles de forme et de fond relatives à la reconnaissance et la protection de ces dénominations de la manière la plus détaillée. Au Liban, le ministère de l’Économie et du Commerce a préparé un projet de loi sur la protection des dénominations géographiques largement inspiré du règlement européen. Dans ce contexte, les spécificités agricoles, sociales et économiques du pays devront être prises en considération par le législateur libanais.D’ailleurs, la réputation de cette catégorie de dénominations dépasse en principe les frontières nationales du pays d’origine. C’est ainsi que ces dénominations constituent aujourd’hui un enjeu crucial dans le cadre des négociations commerciales internationales surtout au niveau de l’Accord sur les Droits de la Propriété Intellectuelle qui touchent au Commerce (ADPIC), qui constitue l’accord de référence dans ce domaine. / Geographical indications and designations of origin are distinctive signs with high economic, social and cultural values. Firstly, these names are an important source of income for producers, then they are a quality guarantee for consumers, and finally, they are a tool for rural development of their country of origin and also of protection of its cultural and culinary heritage. Therefore, the legal protection of these names is paramount. To this end, the legislator of the European Union has prescribed, in the European Regulation n° 510/2006 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin, formal and substantives rules on the recognition and the protection of these names with ample details. In Lebanon, the Ministry of Economy and Trade has prepared a draft law on the protection of geographical designations largely inspired by the European Regulation. In this context, the agricultural, social and economic characteristics of the country must be taken into account by the Lebanese legislator. Moreover, the reputation of this kind of designations exceeds in principle the national borders of the country of origin. Thus, these designations are now a critical issue in the context of international trade negotiations especially in terms of the agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) which is the reference in this domain.

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse traite les séquences nominales en français écrit employées seules en dehors des énoncés verbaux, munies cependant d’une référence au monde. Dans le but d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur de telles séquences nominales, traitées traditionnellement dans le cadre de la phrase, i.e. d’une relation prédicative entre deux termes, nous les appelons énoncés nominaux et adoptons la perspective de la grammaire japonaise qui n’est que partiellement influencée par la logique occidentale. Dans la théorie des Jutsu-tai/ Kan-tai (énoncés verbaux/ énoncés nominaux) de YAMADA Yoshio 山田孝雄 (1936), l’un des précurseurs de la grammaire japonaise, à laquelle nous recourons particulièrement, l’énonciation nominale s’explique, et ainsi s’oppose à l’énonciation verbale, par son mode d’embrayage particulier ; alors que la référence au monde des Jutsu-tai (énoncés verbaux) se définit au plan sémantico-syntaxique par la présence d’un verbe saturé et conjugué, les Kan-tai, les énoncés composés d’une séquence nominale qui n’a en soi aucune prédilection pour une fonction syntaxique spécifique, acquièrent leur énonçabilité en énonciation, par le mode même de l’énonciation. Ce mode, « Yobikake shij-suru yôtai (mode de désigner par appellation) » (YAMADA), que nous traduisons plutôt « désignation in situ », se caractérise par la mise en relation in situ entre l’énonciateur et l’entité désignée par la séquence nominale. Ce qui distingue l’énonciation nominale d’avec l’énonciation verbale qui n’est autre chose qu’une mise en relation prédicative entre deux termes du même niveau sémantico-syntaxique. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the noun phrases in written French outside of the context of verbal utterances, but nevertheless referring to the world. In order to illuminate such nominal phrases from a new angle, which have traditionally only been considered with respect to the sentence, i.e. to the predication between a subject and a predicate, this study calls them nominal utterances and adopts the perspective of Japanese grammar, which has not been influenced by the logic of Occidental grammar. In the definitions of Jutsu-tai and Kan-tai put forth by YAMADA Yoshio 山田孝雄 (1936), — verbal utterance and nominal utterance, respectively — a foundational text on Japanese grammar to which this study engages with, YAMADA defines nominal enunciations in contrast to verbal enunciations as a specific mode of anchoring. Whereas the reference to the world of Jutsu-tai (verbal utterances) is defined at the semantic-syntactic level by the presence of a conjugated verb with its arguments, (Kan-tai), utterances consisting of a noun phrase, which are not intended to assume a specific syntactic role per se, acquire the possibility of functioning as an utterance by the mode of enunciation itself. This mode, called « Yobikake shij-suru yôtai (mode of designation by naming) » (YAMADA), which this study translates as “designation in situ,” is characterised by establishing the relationship between the utterer and the referent of the noun phrase. This relationship distinguishes the nominal enunciation from the verbal enunciation by establishing the relationship between two arguments at semantic-syntactic level.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis studies the political in the language and in the relationship between the languages, considering the space of enunciation of the Associação Italiana de Santa Maria (AISM), designed to "preserve", "protect" the cultural patrimony of Italian immigrants of the Santa Maria region and Quarta Colônia region, and also to promote, develop and teach the Italian language of Italy. We seek, for the theoretical perspective of the Semântica do Acontecimento, from Eduardo Guimarães (2002), analyze the rewriting of designations Italian language, dialect(s), immigrant/Italian/descendant, culture (Italian) and italianity, in the statute text of three institutions: Società Italiana di Mutuo Soccorso e Ricreativa, founded in 1896, in Santa Maria, Sociedade de Cultura Ítalo-Brasileira Dante Alighieri, founded in1985, in the same city, and Associação Italiana de Santa Maria, founded in 1992, in the same place, and successor to the previous Society. The analysis of the semantic functioning of designations exposes the conflicts established mainly between the unequal distribution of places allotted to the Italian language, that in the statutory text of AISM means official language of Italy, language of the great Italian writers, language that should be taught, and to the language of Italian immigrants, whose designation dialect assigned to it means cultural patrimony of immigrants, no place in the teaching. There are many other forms of contradiction in the analyzed texts, but always manifested by differences of meanings and of places with respect to the Italian language and dialect. At this inevitable and irreversible contradiction, which constitutes of enunciation space, Guimarães designates political, and this notion is a displacement of the concept of political from Rancière (2007). Like main scope, through analysis, we intend to answer the following questions:1) which the political meaning of an Italian association that mobilizes the memory of Italian immigration and stands as a representative of immigrants and their descendants? 2) Who and what is this Association representes, and who and what is out of it? 3) What place does the Italian language and the language of immigrants in the space of AISM? The conclusion to which we come, with this study, it is that, in the enunciation space of AISM, the confrontation is between the languages of Italian immigrants and the Italian language from Italy, and not among the languages of immigrants and the national language as happened previously, in the Era Vargas . / Esta tese versa sobre o político na língua e na relação entre as línguas, considerando o espaço de enunciação da Associação Italiana de Santa Maria (AISM), criada para preservar , resguardar o patrimônio cultural dos imigrantes italianos da região de Santa Maria e da Quarta Colônia, e também para divulgar, valorizar e ensinar a língua italiana da Itália. Buscamos, pela perspectiva teórica da Semântica do Acontecimento, do linguista Eduardo Guimarães (2002), analisar as reescrituras das designações língua italiana, dialeto(s), imigrante/italiano/descendente, cultura (italiana) e italianidade, no texto estatutário de três instituições: Società Italiana di Mutuo Soccorso e Ricreativa, fundada em 1896, na cidade de Santa Maria, Sociedade de Cultura Ítalo-Brasileira Dante Alighieri, fundada em 1985, na mesma cidade, e Associação Italiana de Santa Maria, fundada em 1992, no mesmo local, sendo sucessora da Sociedade anterior. A análise do funcionamento semântico das designações expõe os conflitos que se estabelecem principalmente entre a distribuição desigual dos lugares atribuídos à língua italiana, que no texto estatutário da AISM significa língua oficial da Itália, língua dos grandes escritores italianos, língua que deve ser ensinada, e à língua dos imigrantes italianos da região, cuja designação dialeto atribuída a ela significa patrimônio cultural dos imigrantes, sem lugar no ensino. Há muitas outras formas de contradição nos textos analisados, porém sempre manifestas pelas diferenças de sentidos e de lugares dados no que se refere à língua italiana e a dialeto. A essa contradição inevitável e irreversível constitutiva do espaço de enunciação, Guimarães designa político, sendo esta noção um deslocamento da noção de político de Rancière (2007). Como escopo principal, por meio das análises, pretendemos responder as seguintes questões: 1) qual o sentido político de uma associação italiana que pela memória da imigração italiana se coloca como representante dos imigrantes e seus descendentes? 2) Quem e o que essa Associação representa e quem e o que está fora dela? 3) Que lugar tem a língua italiana e a língua dos imigrantes no espaço da AISM? A conclusão a qual chegamos, com este estudo, é a de que, no espaço de enunciação da AISM, o confronto se dá entre as línguas dos imigrantes italianos e a língua italiana da Itália, e não mais entre as línguas dos imigrantes e a língua nacional, como ocorreu outrora, na Era Vargas.

Cette recherche qualitative a comme objectif de comprendre et d’analyser l’expérience pénale d’individus ayant été déclarés « délinquants dangereux » ou « délinquants à contrôler », en vertu des dispositions légales prévues à la Partie XXIV (articles 752 et suivantes) du Code criminel canadien. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons voulu mettre en lumière comment se vit l’apposition de ce statut « dangereux » au plan personnel et social au moment des procédures judiciaires, lors de l’exécution de leur peine d’incarcération et dans le cadre de leur liberté surveillée, le cas échéant. Pour ce faire, nous avons rencontré dix-neuf hommes visés par ces dispositions légales afin de restituer en profondeur leur expérience pénale par rapport à ce « statut » légalement imposé, et ce, à partir de leur point de vue. Il en ressort que les individus faisant l’objet d’une déclaration spéciale traversent un grand bouleversement émotif, d’une part, en lien avec les délits qu’ils ont commis et d’autre part, relativement à la peine leur ayant été imposée. Ces sentiments complexes semblent se positionner en paradoxe entre un sentiment de culpabilité pour les gestes commis et l’impression d’avoir été traités injustement. Les hommes rencontrés partagent également un parcours pénal difficile marqué par de l’exclusion, du rejet ainsi que des mauvais traitements physiques ou psychologiques. Ils rapportent beaucoup d’impuissance à pouvoir faire évoluer leur situation, soit de se défaire de leur statut « dangereux ». Enfin, l’analyse des propos rapportés montre que l’imposition d’une déclaration spéciale ne constitue pas une « simple » peine puisqu’elle induit un processus de stigmatisation immédiat, discréditant et permanent qui a des implications importantes au niveau social et personnel. Ces implications ont de fait, engendré une transformation à l’égard de la perception qu’ils ont d’eux-mêmes ainsi que dans leurs façons de se comporter socialement. / This thesis aims to understand and analyze the penal experiences of people who have been designated as “dangerous offenders” or “long-term offenders”; in virtue of Part XXIV (article 752 and following) of the Canadian Criminal Code. Nineteen men were interviewed as part of this study to get a deeper understanding of their experiences during their legal proceedings, while executing their prison sentence and in some cases during their long term supervision order. An important finding has shown that these individuals go through emotional turmoil; in part due to the crimes they have committed and in part due to the sentence that has been imposed on them. Additionally, some of the men felt that they had a difficult prison life marked by exclusion, rejection, and physical or psychological abuse. Over time they are left with the feeling that they are powerless in trying to improve their situation and in the end convince themselves that their situation is permanent. Labelling someone as “dangerous” appears to be much more than just a “regular” sentence. It immediately discredits them which in the end alters how they view themselves and impacts the way they interact with others.

This thesis explores the historical evolution of the nature of the link between a product and its place of origin in the European sui generis systems of GI protection, with a specific focus on the EU Regulation 1151/2012 on Geographical Indications for the protection of agricultural products and foodstuffs. It concludes that this link has substantively changed, since the 1930s, when some early forms of sui generis GI systems were introduced in southern Europe, especially in France and Italy. While these regimes were based exclusively on the concept of terroir, a cipher for the physical link between a product and a place, an empirical analysis carried out in the present work reveals that, today, the history of the product and of its method of production is, statistically, the predominant linking factor. Furthermore, the research shows that the historical link is almost always mentioned in the specifications of EU GI products, when protected both by Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) or Protected Geographical Indications (PGI), which are the two quality schemes provided by EU Law. In particular, the terroir element, which characterises PDOs, also appears frequently in PGI specifications, where it should be superfluous, thus suggesting that the differences between these two quality schemes are unclear. Finally, the emergence of the historical element confirms that GIs can contribute to the protection of products that are linked to a geographical area not by physical and environmental factors, but by the socio-cultural traditions of a specific place. Although history can constitute a valid product/link, however, it must be used with caution, as it can be mystified and reconstructed in an arbitrary and unfounded way. This is dangerous, because it can turn GIs into a mere marketing tool, thus damaging the origin function that distinguishes them from the broad family of quality labels.

Orientador: Eduardo Roberto Junqueira Guimarães / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T07:15:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_JocyareCristinaPereirade_D.pdf: 2673756 bytes, checksum: 3485e86ead81d0b71180ac7e1bba0d78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta, considerando a perspectiva teórica da Semântica do Acontecimento de Eduardo Guimarães, os efeitos de sentido da nomeação tomada como um fenômeno histórico. Propõe, assim, uma análise do processo constitutivo que marca o espaço de enunciação das designações das cidades históricas mineiras que surgiram no Ciclo do Ouro, enfocando o acontecimento enunciativo em sua historicidade. Há, dentro dessa perspectiva, uma relação da língua com um falante que se apresenta como sujeito político e social da enunciação. Assim, ao decidir trabalhar o processo onomástico dos topônimos mineiros que surgiram durante o 'ciclo do ouro' em Minas Gerais, construindo um dispositivo teórico-metodológico fundamentado na Semântica do Acontecimento, procuramos compreender o processo designativo revelado por uma história que buscamos ler e interpretar, não de qualquer lugar, como um simples relato factual, mas como um processo discursivo, cuja interpretação se deu a partir da construção do próprio corpus (topônimos mineiros que surgiram durante o 'ciclo do ouro' em Minas Gerais) que traz em sua essência princípios fundamentais: a história que, sendo memória, constitui os sujeitos e as línguas no acontecimento de linguagem; o saber e o político que se constituem marcas de um tempo em que os nomes se revelam como processo de uma narrativa que é, antes de tudo, uma prática política em que a construção do espaço enunciativo se dá pelo confronto de sujeitos, saberes, políticas, identidades, silenciamentos, esquecimentos. / Abstract:The political praxis that legitimates itself though enunciations and language events. It proposes therefore, an analysis of the constitutive process that marks the area where the enunciation of the designations of the historical cities of Minas Gerais, that arose during the Gold Cycle, took place while focusing it in its historical aspect. In this perspective there is a relationship between the language and a speaker that presents itself as a political and social subject of the enunciation. Thus, when we decided to work with the onomastic process of the toponyms that arouse during the gold cycle in the state of Minas Gerais, wile constructing a methodological - theoretical device based on the "Semantics of the Event", we have attempted to comprehend the designation process revealed by a history that we tried to read and interpret, not as a mere factual report, but as a discursive process, where interpretation started from its own corpus (toponyms in the state of Minas Gerais that arose during the gold cycle) that bears in its essence, fundamental principles: history that, existing as a memory constitutes the subject and the languages in the language event; the knowledge and the political that become signs of a period of time where the names reveal themselves as a process of a narrative, that is, above all, a political 'praxis where the construction of the enunciative space takes place by the confrontation of the subjects, knowledges, politics, identities, silences, oblivions. / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Czech lands were among the largest hop-growing regions in the world. Hop products became, in the interwar period, one of the crucial agricultural export goods of the Czechoslovak economy. This study aims to draw attention to the process of emergence of cartels in this particular branch of agricultural production. It traces the attempts to organize the industry by means of cartels from their very beginning in the late 19th century until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1938. As a point of departure, it takes the assumption shared by many theoreticians of industrial organization who argue that the given structure of the industry to some extent pre-determines the ways how the cartels emerge and the particular forms they assume. These institutions, however, might in turn reshape the structure of the industry. The analysis indicates that the cartels in the hop industry were essentially 'children of opportunity' and their emergence was rarely correlated with an economic crisis. Even though the industry gave rise also to international collusive structures, the cartels in the hop industry were essentially unstable and weak and in most cases, the attempts to create them failed. Present study challenges the belief, widely held in the scholarship on cartels in the Czech lands,...