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Showing 161 to 166 of 166 (0.124 seconds)Spelling suggestions: "subject:"eveloped countries"" "subject:"adeveloped countries""
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Compulsory patent licensing and access to essential medicines in developing countries after the Doha DeclarationAdesola, Eniola Olufemi 09 July 2015 (has links)
In 2001 the Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (‘Doha Declaration’), affirmed the right of member states of the World Trade Organisation (‘WTO’) to interpret and implement the TRIPS Agreement as supportive of the protection of public health and, in particular, access to medicines. While initially well-received, consternation soon arose over the interpretation of a specific paragraph in the Doha Declaration dealing with compulsory licensing. After a further two years of deliberation, the WTO Decision on the Interpretation of Paragraph 6 (‘Paragraph-6 Decision’) was announced in August 2003 specifying when countries can import drugs produced elsewhere under compulsory licence.
With one third of the world's population is still denied access to essential medicines - a figure which rises to over 50 per cent in Asia and Africa - the problems facing the public health community are two-fold. The first is the capacity of developing countries (‘DCs’) actually to use the flexibilities afforded under the TRIPS Agreement, the Doha Declaration, and the Paragraph- 6 Decision amid stark inequalities in health resources and the world trading system as a whole. These include provisions for compulsory licensing, parallel importation, and addressing imbalances in research and development (‘R&D’). The pending ratification of the Paragraph-6 Decision, from an interim solution to a permanent amendment, is accompanied by considerable uncertainty: will the protections be accessible under the system currently proposed?
The second problem concerns the undermining of the above hard-won flexibilities by provisions adopted under various bilateral and regional trade agreements. Known as ‘TRIPS-plus’- or ‘WTO-plus’- measures, the level of intellectual property rights (‘IPRs’) rights protection being negotiated and even adopted under other trade agreements are more restrictive as regards public health protection. These two sources of concern have led to an increase in rather than a lessening of tensions between the public health and trade policy communities.
The thesis opens with a brief analysis of the interplay between patents and medicines. This includes an overview of the human rights framework and the right of access to medicines as a manifestation of human rights. The historical development of the TRIPS Agreement, its legitimacy, and the effect of the introduction of patents for pharmaceuticals are critically analysed. The terms of the Doha Declaration as it relates to public health, the Paragraph-6 Decision and its system, the December 2005 Amendment, and the progress made to date on the public health protections available under the TRIPS Agreement are reviewed and discussed in detail. The thesis describes how, despite these important clarifications, concerns as to the capacity of DCs to implement specific measures persist.
This thesis further addresses the development of compulsory licensing in India and South Africa, and the legal framework for compulsory licensing in these countries. The role of competition law and constraints faced by DCs in implementing the flexibilities offered by the TRIPS Agreement and Doha Declaration are considered before turning to the threat posed by TRIPS-plus measures and calls for their critical reassessment. The thesis considers the role of the Intergovernmental Working Group on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property (IGWG), the WHO Commission on IPRs, Innovation and Public Health (CIPIH), Patent Pools, and international and multilateral donors in access to medicines. The thesis concludes by reviewing potential ways forward to ensure that access to medicines by the poor living in DCs is secured in all trade agreements. / Mercantile Law / LL.D.
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Development aid - a perspective on the World Bank performance: Calculating the social return on investment for the least developed countriesSchäfer, Dominik 02 March 2016 (has links)
This doctoral thesis focuses on the evaluation of the World Bank (WB) performance in delivering development aid to the Least Developed Countries (LDCs). For this purpose, an extensive research was performed to analyze a set of 790 Implementation Completion and Results reports for key economic and financial indicators. Results of this research provide various insights for the appraisal and the results stage of project delivery of the LDCs in different continents. In the final part of the economic and financial analysis the minimum Social Return on Investment (SROI) of the LDCs including all project costs was calculated. This SROI ratio outcome of 1 and 1.06 in the weighted and 1.3 and 1.72 in the unweighted case indicate that projects delivered by the WB have a positive effect on the poor countries. In the second part of this research project the data set of the ICR reports was qualitatively researched for negative ratings according to 3 core assessment categories for the overall project performance: Sustainability, bank performance and borrower performance. As a result the most critical categories respectively risks were outlined. In conclusion, the research analyses and findings support the general demand to provide even more development assistance to poor countries.:Table of Tables and Figures
List of Equations
List of Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to the Topic
1.2 Assessing Poverty Problems and Achieving Economic Growth
1.3 Millennium Development Goals
1.4 Development Aid
2 Research Approach
2.1 Objective
2.2 Structure
2.3 Least Developed Countries
2.4 World Bank
2.5 Data Access and Relevance
2.5.1 Data Basis
2.5.2 Implementation Completion and Results Reports
2.5.3 Project Types
2.6 Term “Performance”
2.7 Study and Research Questions
2.8 Challenges of this Doctoral Thesis
2.9 Contribution of this Thesis
3 Economic and Financial Analysis
3.1 SROI Concept
3.1.1 SROI Definition
3.1.2 SROI Process and Impact Map
3.1.3 Cost-Benefit-Analysis
3.1.4 SROI Calculation
3.2 SROI of World Bank Projects
3.2.1 Purpose of the Cost-Benefit-Analysis
3.2.2 Indicators of the SROI Calculation
3.2.2.1 Net Present Value
3.2.2.2 Capital and Recurring Costs
3.2.2.3 Project Dates and Duration
3.2.2.4 NPV-horizon
3.2.2.5 Discount Rate
3.2.3 Types of NPV-Cost-Ratios
3.2.3.1 Pro-Rata-Capital-Costs Ratio
3.2.3.2 Total-Capital-Costs Ratio
3.2.3.3 Pro-Rata-Capital plus Recurring-Costs Ratio
3.2.3.4 Total-Capital plus Recurring-Costs Ratio
3.2.4 Calculation of the proper SROI Ratio
3.2.5 Portfolio Analysis
3.2.6 Sensitivity Analysis
3.3 Additional Economic and Financial Indicators
3.3.1 Economic Rate of Return
3.3.2 Benefit-Cost-Ratio
3.3.3 Net Benefit
3.3.4 Financial Net Present Value
3.3.5 Financial Rate of Return
4 Results of the Economic and Financial Analysis
4.1 Analysis Approach and Setup
4.2 NPV Outcomes at the Appraisal Stage
4.2.1 Appraisal NPVs of the LDCs
4.2.2 Appraisal NPV Continent Comparison
4.3 NPV Outcomes of the Result Stage
4.3.1 Result NPVs of the LDCs
4.3.2 Result NPV Continent Comparison
4.4 Appraisal vs. Result NPVs
4.4.1 Results of the LDCs
4.4.2 Continent Comparison
4.5 Economic Rate of Return Result Values
4.5.1 Results of the LDCs
4.5.2 Continent Comparison
4.6 Additional Economic and Financial Indicator Result Values
4.6.1 Benefit-Cost-Ratio and Net Benefit
4.6.2 Financial Net Present Value and Financial Rate of Return
4.7 Overall Project Performance
4.7.1 Definition
4.7.2 Overall Project Performance Ratings
4.7.3 Outcome Calculation for Non-Financial Indicator Projects
4.7.4 Verification of Outcomes and Conclusion
4.8 NPV-Cost-Ratios and SROI Calculation
4.8.1 NPV-Cost-Ratios of the ICR Reports
4.8.1.1 Overall Results
4.8.1.2 Continent Comparison
4.8.2 Standardized NPV-Cost-Ratios
4.8.2.1 Overall Results
4.8.2.2 Continent Comparison
4.8.3 Calculating the Minimum SROI Ratio
4.8.3.1 Overall Results of the Capital SROI Ratio
4.8.3.2 Continental Comparison of the Capital SROI Ratio
4.8.3.3 Overall Results of the Minimum SROI Ratio
4.8.3.4 Continental Comparison of the Minimum SROI Ratio
4.8.4 Making Meaning of the Results
4.9 Summary and Conclusion
5 Qualitative Data Analysis
5.1 Content Analysis
5.2 Sustainability
5.2.1 Sustainability Rating Definition
5.2.2 Sustainability Rating Categories
5.3 Bank Performance
5.3.1 Bank Performance Definition
5.3.2 Bank Performance Categories
5.4 Borrower Performance
5.4.1 Borrower Performance Definition
5.4.2 Borrower Performance Categories
6 Results of the Qualitative Data Analysis
6.1 Sustainability
6.1.1 Quantitative Assessment of Sustainability Ratings
6.1.2 Outcome of the Content Analysis
6.1.2.1 Types of Reasons
6.1.2.2 Overall Results
6.1.2.3 Results in Haiti
6.1.2.4 Continent Comparison
6.1.3 Excursus: Positive NPV Projects
6.1.4 Summary and Conclusion
6.2 Bank Performance
6.2.1 Quantitative Assessment of Bank Performance Ratings
6.2.2 Outcome of the Content Analysis
6.2.2.1 Types of Reasons
6.2.2.2 Overall Results
6.2.2.3 Results in Haiti
6.2.2.4 Continent Comparison
6.2.3 Summary and Conclusion
6.3 Borrower Performance
6.3.1 Quantitative Assessment of Borrower Performance Ratings
6.3.2 Outcome of the Content Analysis
6.3.2.1 Types of Reasons
6.3.2.2 Overall Results
6.3.2.3 Results in Haiti
6.3.2.4 Continent Comparison
6.3.3 Summary and Conclusion
7 Overall Summary and Conclusion
8 Critical Acclaim and Recommendations
9 Outlook and Future Research
List of Appendices
Appendix
References
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Analyse de l'introduction de l'EDI dans les entreprises congolaises: une contribution à l'impact organisationnel des TI / EDI adoption's analysis in congolese firms: an organizational structure impact of ITIvinza Lepapa, Alphonse C. 07 December 2007 (has links)
Résumé<p>Le cadre théorique de la contingence structurelle associe généralement « contexte, structure et performance » (Burns et Stalker, 1961; Woodward, 1965; Lawrence et Lorsch, 1967 ;Mintzberg, 1979).Le besoin de tester cette théorie dans l’environnement d’un pays sous développé (PSD) nous a conduit, dans cette recherche, à l’utilisation d’un cadre réduit basé uniquement sur des liens entre la technologie (remplacée par TI) et la structure (Galbraith, 1972 ;Lacrampe, 1974 ;Leifer, 1988). <p>Notre cadre théorique s’appuie sur les approches managériales, économiques et organisationnelles des TI et de l’EDI (Leavitt, 1968 ;Scott Morton, 1991). Il utilise la théorie contingente de la gestion comptable (Otley, 1980; Chapman, 1997) et des systèmes d’information comptable AIS (Sutton, 1995; Maudlin et Ruchala, 1999; Baldwin et alii, 2000; Dunk, 2001) comme domaine d’opérationnalisation (système d’information fonctionnel).<p>\ / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Financial Analysis and Fiscal Viability of Secondary Schools in Mukono District, UgandaTanner, Janet Jeffery 08 December 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Within the worldwide business community, many analysis tools and techniques have evolved to assist in the evaluation and encouragement of financial health and fiscal viability. However, in the educational community, such analysis is uncommon. It has long been argued that educational institutions bear little resemblance to, and should not be treated like, businesses. This research identifies an educational environment where educational institutions are, indeed, businesses, and may greatly benefit from the use of business analyses. The worldwide effort of Education for All (EFA) has focused on primary education, particularly in less developed countries (LDCs). In Sub-Saharan Africa, Uganda increased its primary school enrollments from 2.7 million in 1996 to 7.6 million in 2003. This rapid primary school expansion substantially increased the demand for secondary education. Limited government funding for secondary schools created an educational bottleneck. In response to this demand, laws were passed to allow the establishment of private secondary schools, operated and taxed as businesses. Revenue reports, filed by individual private schools with the Uganda Revenue Authority, formed the database for the financial analysis portion of this research. These reports, required of all profitable businesses in Uganda, are similar to audited corporate financial statements. Survey data and national examination (UNEB) scores were also utilized. This research explored standard business financial analysis tools, including financial statement ratio analysis, and evaluated the applicability of each to this LDC educational environment. A model for financial assessment was developed and industry averages were calculated for private secondary schools in the Mukono District of Uganda. Industry averages can be used by individual schools as benchmarks in assessing their own financial health. Substantial deviations from the norms signal areas of potential concern. Schools may take appropriate corrective action, leading to sustainable fiscal viability. An example of such analysis is provided. Finally, school financial health, defined by eight financial measures, was compared with quality of education, defined by UNEB scores. Worldwide, much attention is given to education and its role in development. This research, with its model for financial assessment of private LDC schools, offers a new and pragmatic perspective.
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“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of CanadaKinuthia, Wanyee 13 November 2013 (has links)
This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of CanadaKinuthia, Wanyee January 2013 (has links)
This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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