Arterial routes are key structuring components of the urban structure. These routes perform vital functions, including the connectivity of nodes or nodal areas, providing access to urban opportunities, linking metropolitan / municipal areas and providing access to the public transportation system. In order to protect the functionality of these routes, which primarily relates to a mobility function, development along these routes should be controlled. The formulation of policies for development along arterial routes is vital to ensure sustainable, integrated development along these routes without negatively impacting on the urban structure as a whole. A number of challenges are experienced during the formulation–process of these policies, especially since development along these routes is multi–faceted in nature. A case study of Ontdekkers Road, which is a major arterial route located within the City of Johannesburg, is used as the main point of departure. A comparison of the three sections of the route extending from Krugersdorp to Johannesburg (i.e. Voortrekker, Ontdekkers and Main Road) and the applicable development policies provides insight into the key challenges experienced during the policy–formulation process and the implementation of these policies. The study provides key recommendations in response to the challenges experienced along major arterial routes. The recommendations predominantly relate to the multi–faceted nature of development along these routes; the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach to policy–formulation; the importance of comprehensive public participation that involves the relevant stakeholders, professionals and authorities; and the continuous interaction between neighbouring municipalities to identify cross–border issues and co–ordinate planning initiatives. The dynamic nature of development along arterial routes necessitates dynamic policies that consider changing social, economic and physical conditions. To this end, the study recommends the review of development policies on an annual basis and the implementation of contingency–based planning. / Thesis (M.Art. et Scien. (Town and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The (re)planning is the keynote of the existing public policies. Since the late 1990s with the growing challenges of the limits of development guided by the local, mainly by restrictions on activities relevant to them, the scalar rhetoric gradually leaned to design the so-called "development track territory." According to its champions the uniqueness of this model is the combination of the elements of cohesion, as recommended by local development (cultural identity and strengthening of the civil society), with the ability to extend further promoted by the territorial development (because it extrapolates the municipal jurisdiction, bringing other municipalities). Among the benefits mentioned repeatedly by adopting this new model are: return of State investment, strengthening decision-making power of citizens, articulated relationship between the so-called actors of a determinate territory and, economic growth associated with improvement on the quality of life. The federal government since the year 2003 has sought to give expression to this proposed development with the creation of Secretariat for Territorial Development (SDT) and the creation of Rural Areas around the country. In Sergipe, pari passu with the general thrust of national policy for regional development, the State government since late 2006 has been promoting public policies for territorial approach, sometimes converging, sometimes diverging with initiatives of the federal government. This thesis has as main objective the intent to strip the "imposing" territorial development, highlighting the contradictions of their claims. These contradictions, far from justifying the operating order are settled in all the capital expansion. The same remains essentially due to the continuous production of surplus-values that can only be ensured with the formation of spatial arrangements and institutional compatible with its exploratory system. Thus, the State action, through a territorial development policy, is interfered with the social metabolism of the capital, since they are willing for their territorial areas and/or subordination in the name of development. To give legitimacy to this process are called the so-called "territorial actors" under fiery speeches that diffuse the possibility of social pact in an attempt to hide the object of irreconcilable differences between the classes by means of an abstract universality. The execution of the study revealed that the knowledge of the premises of territorial development boils down to the leaders of social movements and other entities participating in the Collegiate Place (so the gap between the discussions and deliberations of the body formally established by these representatives and their represented), and extent of development policy, disjointedly, reserve scarce resources for achieving the demands of collegiate authorities, at the same time when the State negotiates with the landlords and industrialists in another sphere, absolutely privileged. In this sense it is sought to capture in the thin lines of rhetoric escalate territorial development, as it is subsumed to the insatiable desires of the (re)production of capital, through the intervention of the State that preserves the reifying sociability. / O (re)ordenamento territorial é a tônica das políticas públicas vigentes. Desde o fim da década de 1990 com as crescentes contestações dos limites do desenvolvimento pautado no local, sobretudo pelas restrições de atuação que lhes são pertinentes, a retórica escalar inclinou-se progressivamente para projetar o denominado desenvolvimento via território . Segundo seus paladinos a singularidade desse modelo consiste da combinação dos elementos de coesão, já preconizados pelo desenvolvimento local (identidade cultural e fortalecimento da sociedade civil), com a capacidade de alcance maior promovido pelo desenvolvimento territorial (pois extrapola a jurisdição municipal, congregando outros municípios). Dentre os benefícios insistentemente mencionados com a adoção desse novo modelo estão: retomada do investimento estatal; fortalecimento do poder decisório dos cidadãos; articulação entre os denominados atores de um determinado território e; crescimento econômico associado à elevação da qualidade de vida. O governo federal desde o ano de 2003 tem procurado dar vazão a essa proposta de desenvolvimento com a criação da Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Territorial (SDT) e a criação de Territórios Rurais em todo o país. Em Sergipe, pari passu com as orientações gerais da política nacional de desenvolvimento territorial, o governo estadual desde o final de 2006 vem promovendo políticas públicas de enfoque territorial, ora convergindo, ora divergindo com as iniciativas do governo federal. A presente Dissertação tem como principal objetivo o intento de despir o imponente desenvolvimento territorial, evidenciando as contradições de suas assertivas. Essas contradições, distantes das justificativas de ordem operacional estão assentadas na totalidade expansionista do capital. O mesmo subsiste, essencialmente, pela ininterrupta produção de mais-valor que só pode ser assegurada com a formação de arranjos espaciais e institucionais compatíveis com seu sistema exploratório. Assim, a ação do Estado, através da política de desenvolvimento territorial, encontra-se imiscuída com o sociometabolismo do capital, uma vez que são dispostas áreas para sua territorialização e/ou subordinação em nome do desenvolvimento. Para conferir legitimidade a esse processo são convocados os denominados atores territoriais sob discursos inflamados que difundem a possibilidade de pacto social, numa tentativa de ocultar o objeto da irreconciliável divergência entre as classes por meio de uma universalidade abstrata. A execução da pesquisa permitiu constatar que o conhecimento das premissas do desenvolvimento territorial resume-se às lideranças dos movimentos sociais e outras entidades participantes do Colegiado Territorial (por isso, o hiato entre as discussões e deliberações das instâncias formalmente constituídas por esses representantes e seus representados), e os limites dessa política de desenvolvimento que, desarticuladamente, reserva parcos recursos para a consecução das demandas dos colegiados territoriais, ao tempo em que o Estado negocia com grandes proprietários de terra e industriais em uma outra esfera, absolutamente privilegiada. Nesse sentido procura-se captar nas entrelinhas da retórica escalar do desenvolvimento territorial, como o mesmo encontra-se subsumido aos desejos insaciáveis da (re)produção do capital, através da intervenção do Estado que preserva a sociabilidade reificante.

La thèse a pour objet les relations entre gouvernements locaux (et régionaux) et intérêts économiques et leur contribution respective à la construction politique des territoires. La thèse vise à mettre au jour les mécanismes soutenant la cristallisation et la stabilisation des systèmes d’acteurs à différents niveaux territoriaux. Cette problématique est explorée à partir d’une étude comparative des stratégies territoriales de développement économique dans deux régions non-capitales, Lyon et Milan, dès la crise industrielle des années 1970 jusqu’aux processus de métropolisation économique. Ce travail démontre que la construction politique des territoires s’explique à la fois par la capacité d’action des gouvernements locaux et par la capacité de mobilisation des intérêts économiques. Il permet de déceler des différences durables entre les deux cas : ainsi dans le cas lyonnais et rhônalpin, les institutions publiques ont un rôle d’encadrement des processus de développement plus fort, alors que ce sont plutôt les intérêts économiques qui orientent les choix publics dans les cas milanais et lombard. Ces différences ont des répercussions sur les échelles de gouvernement : dans le cas français, la présence d’une institution de gouvernement puissante, en l’occurrence le gouvernement métropolitain, a contribué à fixer stablement les systèmes d’acteurs à cette échelle. En revanche, en Italie il n’est pas possible d’identifier une échelle dominante sur le temps long, en raison de la présence d’intérêts économiques multi-positionnés et de la prééminence de logiques politico-partisanes qui joue contre le renforcement des institutions publiques. / This thesis studies the relationships between local (and regional) governments and economic interests and their contribution to the political construction of territories. The thesis aims to uncover the mechanisms supporting the crystallization and stabilization of systems of actors at different territorial levels. This issue is analysed through a comparative analysis of territorial economic strategies of two non-capital regions in France and Italy, Lyon and Milan, since the industrial crisis of the 1970s to the recent process of economic metropolitanization. This work demonstrates that the political construction of territories depends both on the capacity of action of local governments and the mobilisation of economic interests. As for the types of relationships between local governments and economic interests, stable variations between the two cases stand out from the analysis: in the French case public institutions have a more directive role in the government of local economic development policies, while it is rather the economic interests that influence public action in the Italian case. These differences have implications on the scales of government: in the French case the presence of a powerful government institution, namely the metropolitan government, contributed to stably secure the systems of actors on this scale. By contrast, in Italy it is not possible to identify a dominant and stable scale along time due to the presence of powerful and multi positioned economic interests and to the domination of partisan logics over institution-building processes.

Doctor Educationis / Theoretically, the role of higher education in national development has become clearer than before, while empirically the evidence is overwhelming. Elsewhere in the world, countries that have made tremendous strides in both social and economic development invested heavily and strategically in higher education. In Malawi, the role of higher education in national development has always been recognised by development policies since independence in 1964 However, with the exception of the first 15 years of independence, Malawi’s development path has registered abysmal results both on the social and the economic fronts despite undergoing significant socio-economic and political reforms. Malawi remains one of the most underdeveloped countries whether judged by Gross National Product (GNP) per capita, the UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI) or the Human Poverty Index (HPI). One of the factors that is considered as having contributed to low levels of development is the performance of education systems (primary, secondary and higher education) (World Bank, 2009). It is against this background that this study sought to examine how Malawi’s higher education institutions (HEIs) have responded to their roles as prescribed by the national development policies with a focus on the period between 2000 and 2010. Four questions guided the study: i) what specific roles do national development policies define for HEIs to ensure that higher education contributes to national development? ii) To what extent are these roles performed by HEIs in Malawi? iii) What factors determine the performance of HEIs in their expected roles? iv) What pattern of response to their (HEIs’) expected roles can be identified? Theoretically and analytically, the study was informed by the two perspectives of the open systems theory, namely the resource-dependency approach and neo-institutional approach. These two approaches contend that actions by organisations are limited and influenced bym various pressures and demands emanating from their internal and external environments and that organisations often respond accordingly in order to survive. Methodologically, the study employed a mixed-method design (of qualitative and quantitative) with a dominant usage of qualitative methods. A multiple case study approach was used in which data were collected through unstructured interviews, semi-structured interviews and documentary review. For qualitative data, the analysis was done using a text method while quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel to provide simple descriptive analysis through charts, tables and graphs. xx Overall, the study found that Malawi development policies expect HEIs to enhance access, equity, relevance, efficiency and quality of higher education as a way of ensuring that higher education contributes to the national development project. However, the study identified several patterns of response by HEIs (towards these expected roles) that tentatively explain the suboptimal contribution of higher education in national development. These patterns of response include: inclination towards responding to the politically sensitive crises in the higher education system (for public HEIs) and profit-compatible roles (for private HEI); use of sub-standard resources and methods antithetical to genuine teaching and learning; duplication by private HEIs of the “soft” roles being undertaken by public HEI; the abandonment of some of the HEIs’ original ideals and founding pledges, which are compatible with national development roles; and substitution of long-term coherent academic planning by short-term survival strategies. The study presents a number of implications, lessons and recommendations in the area of higher education and development. These include: the need for the government to recognise the importance and impact of intra-sectoral linkages in the entire education system on the performance of HEIs; the need to enforce the effective participation of private and public HEIs in national developmental project by establishing a proper regulatory framework; the need to enhance regional and internal collaboration among universities if they are to effectively respond to national roles; the need to reduce marginalisation of HEIs by maximising efforts that create linkages with the productive sector; the need to devise a robust public financing mechanism that broadly deals with issues of equity, relevance, quality and access of higher education; and the need to match education investment priorities and sequencing with development policies.

5RÉSUMÉLe développement agricole et rural qu’a connu le sud tunisien, malgré la faiblesse des ressources naturelles et leur fragilité, a été obtenu grâce à des transferts publics vers les zones défavorisées. Cette situation, qui se prolonge encore malgré l’adoption d’une politique de libéralisation, s’est traduite par une amélioration des indicateurs de développement rural et par un certain progrès de la couverture des besoins de la population par la production nationale. Toutefois, cette politique a atteint ses limites écologiques, financières, économiques et sociales (Elloumi, 2006) : limites écologiques suite à une mobilisation et une utilisation excessives des ressources, encore influencée par les changements climatiques ; limites financières du fait de la nécessité d’assurer dans la durée des transferts financiers vers le monde rural et les secteurs agricoles les plus fragiles ; limites économiques et sociales du fait de la difficulté à mettre en place un développement urbain offrant une alternative à la population rurale, qui devrait quitter le secteur de l’agriculture afin de rendre plus rentables et durables les exploitations encore existantes.Comprendre et évaluer les politiques de développement est devenu opportun. L’évaluation des politiques publiques n’est intellectuellement pas dissociable de leur analyse. Elle joue un rôle complémentaire pour comprendre les résultats, redéfinir les objectifs et améliorer ces politiques. Elle constitue ou devrait constituer la phase terminale du long processus d’élaboration et de mise en oeuvre d’une politique publique.Ce travail de thèse consiste en une évaluation des différents projets de développement rural menés dans le bassin versant d’Oued Oum Zessar. L’analyse des différentes expériences de développement, est accompagnée par une évaluation de la stratégie de conservation des eaux et des sols. Deux outils méthodologiques complémentaires ont été appliqués : la méthode FOPIA et la méthode d’Analyse multicritères. / 6Impact of public policy development on the functioning and sustainability of activity systems: The case of watershed Oum Zessar, Southeast Tunisian, MédenineABSTRACTDespite the lack of natural resources and their fragility in the south of Tunisia, agricultural and rural development was obtained through public transfers to disadvantaged areas. Permanent public transfers, which still continues despite the adoption of liberalization policy, has improved rural development indicators and insured satisfactory coverage of population needs through national production.However, this policy has reached its economic, social, ecological and financial limits (Elloumi 2006): economic and social limitations are caused by the difficulty to implement an urban development policy that constitute an alternative to the rural population, which should leave the agricultural sector to make the still existing farms more profitable and sustainable; ecological limits are due to the excessive use of naturals resources in fact influenced by climate change; financial limits are due to the pressure excreted by the need to ensure long-term financial transfers to the rural population and the vulnerable agricultural sectors.Understanding and evaluating development policies has become a necessity. In fact, the analysis and evaluation of public policies are intellectually interconnected. They play a complementary role to understand the results, redefine objectives and finally to improve the policies. Analysis and evaluation should be the final steps of the long process of development and implementation of public policy.The objective of this thesis is to evaluate a various rural development projects implemented in the Oum Zessar watershed. The analysis of the different development experiences is accompanied by an assessment of the water and soil conservation strategy. Two complementary methodological tools were used; the Framework of Participatory Impact Assessment (FOPIA) method and Multi criteria Analysis (MCA) method.

Diferentes políticas de colonização levaram migrantes à Amazônia Legal Brasileira e análises econômicas e políticas dessas marchas já foram realizadas. Todavia, pesquisas que analisam a memória cultural dos atores desse processo – os migrantes e os atingidos pelas políticas de colonização (neste caso os indígenas Xavante) – ainda são escassas. Buscando auxiliar no preenchimento dessa lacuna, este trabalho se baseia em uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada em uma pequena cidade do Mato Grosso – Nova Xavantina –, tendo como objetivo compreender como a memória da cidade é mobilizada para segregar os Xavante no cenário local. A análise percorreu três eixos – mídia, educação e política – e estes apontam que a memória celebrada e destacada como oficial no município é a do grupo que chegou à região a partir da primeira política de colonização – a Marcha para o Oeste –, mesmo que os indígenas já estivessem no espaço antes. O trabalho mostrou também os meios usados para invisibilizar a memória Xavante em uma cidade que tem em seu nome uma homenagem aos indígenas, mas que lhes nega o protagonismo na história local. / Different colonization policies led migrants to the Brazilian Legal Amazon and economic and political analyses of these marches had already been carried out. However, research that analyzes the cultural memory of the actors in this process - migrants and those affected by colonization policies (in this case the Xavante Indians) - are still scarce. To fill this gap, this work is based on a qualitative research carried out in a small town of Mato Grosso - Nova Xavantina. The purpose is to understand how the memory of the town is mobilized to segregate the Xavante in the local scenario. The investigation covered three axes - media, education and politics - and these point out that the memory celebrated and highlighted as official in the municipality is from the group that arrived in the region in the first policy of colonization - the March to the West -, even though the natives had already been in space before. The research also showed the means used to make the Xavante memory invisible in a town that has in its name a tribute to the Indians, but which denies them the leading role in local history.

För att främja landsbygdens utveckling och till följd av förändringar i markpolitiken tilläts genom lag bildandet av stora bostadsfastigheter på landsbygden 1990. Detta skulle ske genom att öka den enskildes möjlighet att utforma sin fastighet efter egna önskemål. Glesbygd, som är landsbygd karaktäriserad av gles befolkning, är mer utsatt för de problem som landsbygden står inför. Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det finns eller borde finnas en skillnad mellan lands- och glesbygden vid fastighetsbildning av stora bostadsfastigheter. Studien utförs genom en genomgång av rättskällor, tolkning av rättsfall och analys av Lantmäteriets praxis. Resultaten visar att flera rättsliga faktorer, nämligen skyddszon, extensivt nyttjande, skogsmark, jordbruksmark och fastighetens belägenhet i glesbygd påverkar tillåtligheten av att bilda stora bostadsfastigheter. Vidare visas att inga avsevärda skillnader mellan lands- och glesbygd i Lantmäteriets praxis finns. Därutöver så tyder tolkningen av rättsfall på att domstolarna inte alltid beaktar markpolitikens främjande av glesbygden. Det starkaste motstående intresset för bildandet av stora bostadsfastigheter ligger i skyddet av skogsnäringen, som även till stor del sammanfaller geografiskt med glesbygden. Resultaten tyder på att nuvarande rättsläge och markpolitik inte tillräckligt beaktar glesbygdens regionalpolitiska intressen, i form av främjande av boende och sysselsättning. / In order to promote rural development and due to land use policy changes, the formation of large residential properties in rural areas was permitted by law in 1990. This was to be made possible by increasing the opportunities for the individual to shape their real property according to their own requests. Sparsely populated areas, which are rural areas characterized by sparse population, are more prone to problems considered in rural development policies. The purpose of the study is to research if there is or should be a difference between rural and sparsely populated areas in formation of large residential properties. The study is performed through a review of legal sources, interpretation of judicial proceedings, and analysis of the property formation practice of Lantmäteriet. Presented results show that there are several judicial factors that affect the allowance to form large properties for residential purpose. The factors are protective zone, extensive use, forest land, agricultural land and real property location in sparsely populated areas. Further on, no substantial differences exist between rural and sparsely populated areas in the practices of Lantmäteriet. Moreover, the interpretation of judicial proceedings suggests that the courts do not always take into account the land use policies promotion of sparsely populated areas. The most inflexible opposing interest towards the creation of large residential properties resides in the protection of forestry land use, which also largely geographically coincides with sparsely populated areas. The findings suggest that current legal position and land policies do not sufficiently address the regional policy interests of sparsely populated areas.

In this thesis, changing regional development policies and effects of these in Turkey is discussed. Regional inequalities have been one of the important concerns of the Republic of Turkey. However, the restructuring of state and capitalism during 1980&amp / #8217 / s led to a change in regional policies and Turkish regional polices have surely begun to be affected from new policies. Yet, these new policies do not seem to offer much about promoting development in underdeveloped regions. This study aims to analyze the effects of new regional policies with their successes and failures in order to find out whether they can offer a suitable policy framework for promoting development in underdeveloped regions of Turkey. With this aim, changing policies in Southern Eastern Anatolia Project (GAP) will be discussed. Transformation of GAP, from a project of irrigation and energy based on previous allocative regional policies to a sustainable human development project will be examined. According to findings of the study, some remarks will be made about policy framework that should be taken as a basis in GAP.

Diferentes políticas de colonização levaram migrantes à Amazônia Legal Brasileira e análises econômicas e políticas dessas marchas já foram realizadas. Todavia, pesquisas que analisam a memória cultural dos atores desse processo – os migrantes e os atingidos pelas políticas de colonização (neste caso os indígenas Xavante) – ainda são escassas. Buscando auxiliar no preenchimento dessa lacuna, este trabalho se baseia em uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada em uma pequena cidade do Mato Grosso – Nova Xavantina –, tendo como objetivo compreender como a memória da cidade é mobilizada para segregar os Xavante no cenário local. A análise percorreu três eixos – mídia, educação e política – e estes apontam que a memória celebrada e destacada como oficial no município é a do grupo que chegou à região a partir da primeira política de colonização – a Marcha para o Oeste –, mesmo que os indígenas já estivessem no espaço antes. O trabalho mostrou também os meios usados para invisibilizar a memória Xavante em uma cidade que tem em seu nome uma homenagem aos indígenas, mas que lhes nega o protagonismo na história local. / Different colonization policies led migrants to the Brazilian Legal Amazon and economic and political analyses of these marches had already been carried out. However, research that analyzes the cultural memory of the actors in this process - migrants and those affected by colonization policies (in this case the Xavante Indians) - are still scarce. To fill this gap, this work is based on a qualitative research carried out in a small town of Mato Grosso - Nova Xavantina. The purpose is to understand how the memory of the town is mobilized to segregate the Xavante in the local scenario. The investigation covered three axes - media, education and politics - and these point out that the memory celebrated and highlighted as official in the municipality is from the group that arrived in the region in the first policy of colonization - the March to the West -, even though the natives had already been in space before. The research also showed the means used to make the Xavante memory invisible in a town that has in its name a tribute to the Indians, but which denies them the leading role in local history.

Cette thèse a pour objet les politiques d'adaptation au changement climatique. Il est montré que la Convention-cadre sur le changement climatique (1992), ainsi que la construction des stratégies de réponse, sont caractéristiques d'une approche pollutioniste. Cette approche a conduit à appréhender la question du changement climatique comme un problème classique de pollution et d'environnement. Il en est résulté un double biais en défaveur de l'adaptation par rapport aux politiques d'atténuation : l'adaptation a été confinée dans un rôle secondaire et marginal dans la structuration des politiques, avec un cadre conceptuel et méthodologique inopérationnel pour sa mise en œuvre. La thèse propose une déconstruction de cette conception du changement climatique ; les limites majeures qui caractérisent les politiques d'atténuation remettant par ailleurs en cause la prépondérance qui leur a été accordée. La déconstruction de cette approche pollutioniste permet tout d'abord de montrer que la définition et l'opérationnalisation de stratégies d'adaptation efficaces nécessitent de dépasser (i) le cadre analytique standard des politiques climatiques et, (ii) la conception du changement climatique comme une question de pollution classique et de gestion de l'environnement. Il est alors soutenu que l'adaptation doit être inscrite dans la promotion du développement, c'est-à-dire qu'elle doit être appréhendée non plus dans une problématique de gestion ad hoc des effets d'une pollution mais dans une problématique de développement. Que ce soit dans le contexte propre aux politiques d'adaptation, ou plus largement dans celui des politiques climatiques, la thèse laisse cependant ouverte les questions relatives à la viabilité et aux modalités d'organisation et de financement d'un régime climat inscrit dans la promotion du développement. / Climate change adaptation policies are the subject of this thesis. It has been showed that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) and the response strategies construction are characteristic of a pollutionist approach. This approach led to envision the question of climate change as a classic pollution and environment issue. As a result, this approach has generated a double bias to the disadvantage of adaptation compared to mitigation policies: adaptation has been confined in a secondary and marginal role in climate policies structuring, and with an inoperative conceptual and methodological framework for its implementation. The thesis proposes a deconstruction of this climate change conceptualization. Moreover, the major limits that characterize mitigation policies call into question the predominance given to them in climate policies construction. The « pollutionist » approach deconstruction allows at first to show that adaptation policies definition and operationalization need to go beyond (i) the standard analytic framework of climate policies and, (ii) the climate change conceptualization as a classic pollution and environment management issue. The thesis then argues that adaptation has to be integrated in development promoting policies, which means that adaptation needs to be conceptualized no longer as an ad hoc management of pollution effects issue, but as a development issue. Whether in the proper context of adaptation policies, or more largely of climate policies, the thesis leaves open the questions of the viability, but also of the organization and financing modalities, of a climate regime which fits within development promoting.