<p>This thesis investigates acquisition of negation and focus particles in oral L2 French. It concerns adverbs of addition (aussi, encore), restriction (seulement) and temporal contrast (déjà, encore). These items all lack independent referential value i.e. they depend on other constituents in an utterance for their interpretation, they are not structurally obligatory and they variably affect other constituents in an utterance. The learner has to capture the significance of each item, its syntactic position and its pragmatic function in a given context.</p><p>The study aims at describing the development in oral production of 24 Swedish learners, beginners to very advanced, and 6 native speakers, in all together 80 interviews, in order to postulate an acquisitional itinerary.</p><p>The analysis consists of two parts. The first one concerns negation types such as non in various functions, constituent negation (pas X), phrasal negation (ne…pas) and semi-negations (ne…aucun/jamais/personne/rien). The results show, inter alia, that non is used in different pragmatic functions at different levels of acquisition. At the initial stage, non is also used idiosyncratically as a constituent negation and as a preverbal phrasal negation. At the post-initial stage, where also the verbs are mainly finite, phrasal negation (ne) pas is post-verbal. Furthermore, the analysis showed that jamais and rien appear prior to the other semi-negations. In the second part, the use of focus particles is analyzed. The study revealed that the additive particle aussi appears first, in an initial or final position of an utterance, followed by additive encore and restrictive seulement at the post-initial stage and that the temporal adverbs encore and déjà are almost solely used by advanced learners. An acquisitional sequence was postulated, with idiosyncratic negation and additive focus particles appearing previous to post-verbal negation and restrictive particles. The temporal adverbs of contrast appear at the advanced stages.</p>

This thesis investigates acquisition of negation and focus particles in oral L2 French. It concerns adverbs of addition (aussi, encore), restriction (seulement) and temporal contrast (déjà, encore). These items all lack independent referential value i.e. they depend on other constituents in an utterance for their interpretation, they are not structurally obligatory and they variably affect other constituents in an utterance. The learner has to capture the significance of each item, its syntactic position and its pragmatic function in a given context. The study aims at describing the development in oral production of 24 Swedish learners, beginners to very advanced, and 6 native speakers, in all together 80 interviews, in order to postulate an acquisitional itinerary. The analysis consists of two parts. The first one concerns negation types such as non in various functions, constituent negation (pas X), phrasal negation (ne…pas) and semi-negations (ne…aucun/jamais/personne/rien). The results show, inter alia, that non is used in different pragmatic functions at different levels of acquisition. At the initial stage, non is also used idiosyncratically as a constituent negation and as a preverbal phrasal negation. At the post-initial stage, where also the verbs are mainly finite, phrasal negation (ne) pas is post-verbal. Furthermore, the analysis showed that jamais and rien appear prior to the other semi-negations. In the second part, the use of focus particles is analyzed. The study revealed that the additive particle aussi appears first, in an initial or final position of an utterance, followed by additive encore and restrictive seulement at the post-initial stage and that the temporal adverbs encore and déjà are almost solely used by advanced learners. An acquisitional sequence was postulated, with idiosyncratic negation and additive focus particles appearing previous to post-verbal negation and restrictive particles. The temporal adverbs of contrast appear at the advanced stages.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Crop simulation models are important tools to help farmers in planning management practises and flowering time of cut flowers, like gladiolus (Gladiolus x grandiflorus Hort.). The objective of this study was to develop a robust gladiolus phenology model, named PhenoGlad, for field applications. The model describes the timing of developmental stages, including harvest point, the vase life of gladiolus spikes and the low (chilling) and high (heat) temperature effects on spike quality. The gladiolus developmental model simulates gladiolus phenology using a non-linear temperature response function and, by accumulating daily development rates considering three main phases: corms sprouting phase, vegetative phase, and reproductive phase. Data from nine field experiments conducted during five years (2011 2015) in three locations across the Rio Grande do Sul State and in one location in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, were used. These cultivar x planting dates x years x locations experiments provide a rich data set for calibrating and evaluating the gladiolus model. The PhenoGlad model accurately simulated the dynamics of leaf development, final leaf number and the timing of developmental stages using genotype-specific coefficients that can be estimated from thermal time. The performance of the model was improved when the simulations started from emergence compared to when simulations started at the planting date. PhenoGlad showed good stability among cultivars, planting dates, years and sites, with an RMSE of 0.5 leaves for leaf development and final leaf number, 6.5 to 5.0 days for the date of reproductive developmental stages when the model started from planting or from emergence, respectively, and 1.3 days for simulating the vase life of harvested spikes. PhenoGlad was also efficient in predicting the effects of chilling and high temperatures damage on florets. / Modelos matemáticos de simulação das culturas agrícolas são importantes ferramentas para auxiliar os produtores a planejar práticas de manejos a campo e prever a data de florescimento de flores de corte, como o gladíolo (Gladiolus x grandiflorus Hort.). O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo robusto de fenologia chamado PhenoGlad com aplicações de campo. O modelo descreve a data de ocorrência dos estágios de desenvolvimento da cultura do gladíolo, incluindo o ponto de colheita, a vida de vaso de hastes de gladíolo e os efeitos de baixas e altas temperaturas na qualidade das espigas. O modelo de desenvolvimento de gladíolo simula a fenologia da cultura utilizando uma função de resposta não-linear à temperatura, através do acúmulo de valores diários da taxa de desenvolvimento a partir do plantio ou da emergência, usando três principais fases de desenvolvimento da cultura: fase de brotação dos cormos, fase vegetativa e fase reprodutiva. Dados de nove experimentos de campo conduzidos durante cinco anos (2011 2015) em três locais do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e em um local em Santa Catarina, Brasil, foram utilizados. Estes experimentos com diferentes cultivares x datas de plantio x anos x locais proporcionam um rico banco de dados para calibração e validação do modelo para a cultura do gladíolo. O modelo PhenoGlad simulou satisfatoriamente a dinâmica de emissão de folhas, número final de folhas e a data dos estágios de desenvolvimento em gladíolo usando coeficientes genético-específicos que podem também ser estimados através da soma térmica. O modelo PhenoGlad mostrou uma boa estabilidade entre cultivares, datas de plantio, anos e locais, demostrado pelos baixos valores de RMSE (0,5 dias para aparecimento de folhas e número final de folhas, 6,5 a 5,0 dias quando o modelo é rodado a partir do plantio e da emergência, respectivamente, e 1,3 dias para simular a vida de vaso de espigas de gladíolo). O modelo PhenoGlad foi também eficiente em predizer os efeitos de baixas e altas temperaturas na qualidade das espigas.

O parasita Schistosoma mansoni é um dos principais causadores da esquistossomose, doença que acomete 200 milhões de indivíduos no mundo. O parasita possui um complexo ciclo de vida composto de seis estágios evolutivos em dois hospedeiros. S. mansoni possui um sofisticado sistema de interação com seus hospedeiros de modo a escapar da resposta imune e interagir com moléculas produzidas por eles. Alguns trabalhos na literatura descreveram o efeito do TNF-&#945; humano sobre o processo de ovoposição do parasita adulto. Nosso trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o perfil de expressão gênica do S. mansoni ao longo de seus estágios de desenvolvimento, avaliar o efeito do TNF-&#945; humano sobre o perfil de expressão gênica do parasita em dois estágios de desenvolvimento e descrever o gene homólogo ao receptor de TNF-&#945; humano em S. mansoni. Para isso, duas plataformas de microarrays distintas foram utilizadas: uma composta por 4000 sondas de cDNA dupla fita produzida pelo nosso grupo de pesquisa e a outra, composta por 44000 sondas de oligonucleotídeos desenhadas pelo nosso grupo e produzida pela empresa Agilent Technologies. Com estas plataformas foi detectada a expressão de 5798 genes em vermes adultos, sendo que 156 genes apresentavam a transcrição nas fitas senso e anti-senso; 6 destes tiveram confirmadas a transcrição nas duas fitas por transcrição reversa fita específica seguida de PCR em Tempo Real. Adicionalmente foram identificados 229 genes diferencialmente expressos entre vermes adultos machos e fêmeas. A análise de expressão gênica entre 5 estágios de desenvolvimento do parasita mostrou dois tipos de conjuntos de dados: (i) 1423 genes diferencialmente expressos entre dois estágios subseqüentes de desenvolvimento e (ii) 342 genes com expressão enriquecida em um estágio exclusivamente. 68 destes são transcritos intrônicos que não possuem potencial codificador de proteinas. Um gene ortólogo ao receptor de TNF-&#945; humano (SmTNFR) foi clonado e sequenciado. O transcrito SmTNFR possui 1967pb e codifica uma proteína de 599 aminoácidos. Outros 9 genes codificando elementos conservados da via de sinalização de TNF-&#945; também foram identificados no conjunto de ESTs público, revelando uma via completa de sinalização de TNF-&#945; no parasita. Por fim, identificamos com microarrays o conjunto de genes com expressão alterada pela adição de TNF-&#945; humano em esquistossômulos e vermes adultos. 340 genes tiveram expressão alterada em vermes adultos utilizando a plataforma de cDNA. 411 genes sofreram mudanças de expressão em esquistossômulos e 1093 genes em vermes adultos detectados na plataforma de oligonucleotídeos. Este trabalho representa uma importante contribuição no entendimento da relação parasita-hospedeiro em nível molecular. / The parasite Schistosoma mansoni is one of major causative agents of schistosomiasis, a disease which affects 200 million people in the world. The parasite has a complex life cycle with six developmental stages in two hosts. S. mansoni has a sofisticated system of interaction with the hosts, permitting it to escape the immune response and to interact with molecules produced by the hosts. The effect of human TNF-&#945; on adult parasite egg-laying has been described in the literature. The present work intended to analyse the gene expression profile of S. mansoni among its developmental stages, to evaluate the effect of human TNF-&#945; on gene expression profile in two different developmental stages and to describe a homologous gene to human TNF-&#945; receptor in S. mansoni. Two microarrays platfoms were used: one comprised by 4000 cDNA probes and printed by our research group and another, comprised by 44000 oligonucleotide probes designed by our group and printed by Agilent Technologies Company. With these platforms, we detected the expression of 5798 genes in adult worms, of which 156 showed transcription in sense and anti-sense strands; 6 of them had their expression levels confirmed by strand specific Real Time PCR. 229 genes were identified as differentially expressed between male and female adult worms. Gene expression analysis among 5 parasite developmental stages identified two data sets: (i) 1423 differentially expressed genes between two subsequent developmental stages and (ii) 342 expressed genes enriched in one exclusive stage. 68 of them are intronic transcripts with no protein-coding potential. An ortologue to human TNF-&#945; receptor (SmTNFR) was cloned and sequenced. SmTNFR transcritpt has 1967bp and encodes a 599-amino acid protein. Other 9 genes encoding conserved elements of the TNF-&#945; signaling pathway were identified among the public S. mansoni ESTs dataset, thus revealing a complete TNF-&#945; signaling pathway in the parasite. Finally, we identified with microarrays the set of genes that have an altered gene expression upon exposure of schistosomula and adult worms to human TNF-&#945;. 340 genes were identified with altered expression in adult worms using the cDNA platform. 411 genes changed their expression pattern in schistosomula and 1093 genes in adult worms using the oligonucleotide platform. This work represents an important contribution to the understanding of host-parasite interaction at the molecular level.

Text in German / This study analyses, mainly within the scope of the stage theories of Fritz Oser/Paul Gmünder and James W. Fowler, the development of religiosity during adolescence. After an introduction into the social and scientific significance of religiosity, the developmental and functional theories of religiosity are explored. The study then shows, by examining multiple perspectives on the scientific controversy, to what extent the stage theories of Oser/Gmünder and Fowler effectively open up the field of religious development for pastoral and religious educational practice. This clarification of the stages of religious development has many consequences for pastoral care and religious education. Some of the proposed applications either complement or modify significantly the stage theories of Oser/Gmünder and Fowler. Altogether the study provides a critical view of the cognitive-structural theory itself, its empirical reliability and range of applicability, as well as its theological suitability. / Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Practical Theology)

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Die primere skoolkind bevind horn in 'n fase van groot verandering wat aanpassings verg en hoe eise stel. Die ervaringe wat die kind gedurende hierdie tydperk opdoen, is beduidend omdat dit sy vormingsjare is. Omdat die kind nie altyd kan verbaliseer watter probleme hy ervaar nie, is met hierdie studie gepoog om vas te stel of skooltekeninge van enige diagnostiese waarde kan wees om die kind in nood te verstaan. Die empiriese studie het bewys dat skooltekeninge nie net waarde as 'n identifiseringsmedium inhou nie, maar ook as 'n aanvullende ortopedagogiese medium aangewend kan word. Die kind neig om sy probleme, persepsies, houdings en so meer visueel te projekteer. Hoewel hierdie studie bevindinge van vroeere navorsing bevestig, is bepaalde verskille ook geidentifiseer. Die studie is afgesluit met riglyne vir die gebruik van skooltekeninge, asook aanbevelings met die oog op die verfyning van hierdie projeksiemedium. / The primary school child finds himself in a phase of great change which makes high demands and requires adjustments. What happens to the child during these years is critical because these are foundation laying years. Because a child is not always able to verbalise problems which he may experience, this study is an . endeavour to determine whether school drawings have any diagnostic value to identify a child in need. The empirical study has confirmed that school drawings have diagnostic value not only as a medium of identification, but also as a supplementary orthopedagogical medium. The child· tends to project his problems, perceptions and attitude visually. Although this study confirms findings of previous studies, certain differences were also identified. The study was concluded with guidelines for the use of school drawings, as well as recommendations regarding the refinement of this projection medium. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (met spesialisering in Voorligting)

Therapist identity formation is an important part of the development of the therapist training programme. It results in numerous changes for the therapist and is often an emotive developmental stage. The therapist develops his identity by doing therapy, but before he is able to do that, he needs to understand what he sees the role of therapy to be, as well as developing his own therapeutic skills. Fortunately there are personality traits which enhance this identity formation process. It is by his own actions and involvement that the therapist accomplishes this multifaceted process. The effects of this identity formation are varied and require the therapist to undergo introspection on a number of issues which affect his own life-world. The formation of a successful therapist identity results in a therapist who experiences a sense of unity and congruence in who he is and what he does. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed.

Imago relationship therapy was originally applied to couples counselling by Dr Hendrix (1992, 1993). This model was applied to a group of senior managers from the Lonmin Platinum Mine to create an understanding of intrapersonal and interpersonal dynamics to reduce the conflict levels they experienced in the workplace. Imago theory is applicable to the workplace because of the influence of intrapersonal processes on interpersonal dynamics, which is the same influence that causes conflict in romantic relationships. Love relationships consist of three stages, namely romantic love, the power struggle stage, and the real love stage. In the organisational context, these stages are the initial excitement phase, the power struggle stage, and the conscious relating stage. The study aimed to obtain quantitative and qualitative data on the effects of the Imago theory programme presented to the group of managers. The study thus aimed to determine whether the managers experienced a shift in their consciousness after the programme had been presented. Furthermore, the study aimed to determine whether such a shift in consciousness would have an effect on the individuals’ overall emotional wellbeing and if it would increase their overall life satisfaction. Furthermore, the study investigates if the programme had a positive effect on their interpersonal relationships (particularly with their subordinates). Twenty-two senior managers and 22 subordinates participated in the study. Certain pre-tests were conducted, followed by the seven-module intervention. The same post-tests were conducted after the training had taken place. Quantitative and qualitative results were obtained. The quantitative results showed that the participants’ problem solving abilities improved and that they experienced marginally higher levels of life satisfaction. The reactivity levels experienced by the participants during conflict situations decreased, and their levels of marital satisfaction improved. The results also showed that the managers responded more positively to their subordinates after the intervention. Furthermore, the subordinates experienced their managers as being more flexible after the intervention. The qualitative results indicated that a shift in consciousness did take place as envisaged. The group understood both intrapersonal and interpersonal psychodynamics. They also willingly applied Imago concepts to improve their functioning in the organisational context. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)