La présente étude, faisant l’objet d’une thèse de doctorat, a trait à l’analyse diachronique et psychosystématique des possessifs et de la représentation spatiale en italien, français et roumain. Ce travail s’assigne l’objectif d’étudier et d’aider à mieux comprendre l’expression de l’appartenance dans les langues italienne et, par contraste, française et roumaine, en nous intéressant aux implications que cela peut avoir sur la représentation de la personne dans chacune de ces trois langues romanes. L’étude que nous nous proposons de mener a pour objet l’analyse des systèmes de langue considérés, systèmes cohérents et clos, préalables à tout emploi que les individus qui, naturellement en disposent, pourraient en faire. L’analyse des effets de sens dans le discours, rendue possible par l’élaboration d’un corpus dont certains items déroutent parfois l’initié, sont autant d’occasions de mieux comprendre la cohésion du système de langue considéré. / This study as a doctoral thesis, deals with the analysis of diachronic and psychosystematic possessives and with spatial representation in the Italian, French and Romanian languages. The goal of this work is to study and to better understand the expression of membership in the Italian language opposing to French and Romanian ones, while focusing on the implication that they may have on the representation of the person in each of the three languages. This work focuses on a system analysis of language considered as a coherent and closed one, prior to any uses which is inner to each person that could deal with it. The analysis of meaning effects in speeches, which was made possible by the development of a corpus that some items can sometimes confuse the initiate, provides opportunities to better understand the cohesion of the language system considered.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-06-22T14:58:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Tese_JoaoGuilherme.pdf: 3983936 bytes, checksum: 537864cef5e8774fd0f3413491833300 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T14:58:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Tese_JoaoGuilherme.pdf: 3983936 bytes, checksum: 537864cef5e8774fd0f3413491833300 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 / Este trabalho investiga o processo de construção histórica do discurso visual da notícia, com especial atenção para as rupturas e regularidades associadas as esferas da teoria e da prática da fotografia de imprensa. Sobre tais reconfigurações, buscamos observar de que forma a atividade fotojornalística e, consequentemente, suas cadeias de produção, edição e circulação de conteúdo, vêm absorvendo algumas dessas mudanças, as quais assinalam para “novos contextos” tanto em nível processual (gestão de processos) como no que se relaciona ao nível procedimental (técnico) da atividade. Para isso, buscamos estabelecer um processo classificatório para as características direcionadas ao fotojornalismo que se concentrassem em três grandes esferas (ou dimensões): a dimensão técnica (relacionada à questões de rotina), a dimensão estética (atrelada a ideia de codificação da atividade) e a dimensão deontológica. Tal escolha foi norteada pela necessidade de agrupar particularidades que representassem importantes subatividades articuladas à atividade fotojornalística. Ademais, podemos destacar entre os objetivos apontados para esta tese a identifcação, por meio de uma análise diacrônica de 15 manuais de fotojornalismo, do processo de construção das orientações alusivas às dimensões técnica, estética e deontológica da atividade. Tal análise evolutiva das orientações sobre tais as dimensões, através de seus manuais, apresenta uma abordagem investigativa que aponta para zonas de tensão / “transições de status” (ou, segundo Foucault (1987), fenômeno de ruptura) nos campos da produção, edição e circulação das imagens voltadas para a imprensa. Essa perspectiva oferece um novo olhar sobre a história evolutiva dos processos que compõem as esferas teórica e prática do fotojornalismo. Partindo dessas considerações, estabelecemos três hipóteses principais para o trabalho: a primeira hipótese aborda os manuais de fotojornalismo sob uma perspectiva que permite a identificação de regularidades, acumulações e rupturas nas dimensões técnica, estética e deontológica A segunda hipótese postulada adverte que as regularidades, acumulações e rupturas aqui específicas permitemnos ressaltar para consolidação de um campo (Bordieu, 2003) para o fotojornalismo. Por fim, a terceira hipótese trabalhada nesse material indica o surgimento de um sujeito-autor na cadeia fotojornalística: o manulista. / This work investigates the historical construction process of the visual news speech, with special attention to the ruptures and regularities associated with the sphere of theory and practice of press photography. On such reconfigurations, we observed how the photojournalistic activity and, consequently, their chains of production, editing and circulation of content, have been absorbing some of these changes, which indicates for "new contexts" both in procedural level (process management) as in what relates to the technical level of activity. For this, we have established a classification process for the features related to photojournalism which to focus on three major spheres (or dimensions): the technical dimension (related to routine issues), the aesthetic dimension (linked the idea of codification of activity) and the ethical dimension. This choice was guided by the need to group characteristics that represent major sub-activities articulated to photojournalistic activity. Moreover, we can stand out among the objectives apointed for this thesis the identifcation, through a diachronic analysis of 15 manuals of photojournalism, of the construction process of allusive guidelines for technical, aesthetic and ethical activity. This evolutionary analysis of guidelines on such dimensions, through its guides, presents an investigative approach that points to areas of tension / "status transitions" (or, according to Foucault (1987), breaking phenomenon) in the fields of production, editing and circulation of images aimed at the press. This perspective offers a new look at the evolutionary history of the processes that make up the theoretical and practical spheres of photojournalism. Based on these considerations, we have established three hipothesis for our thesis: the first hypothesis presents the photojournalism manuals from a perspective that allows the identification of regularities, accumulations and ruptures in the technical, aesthetic and deotological The second hypothesis postulated warns that the regularities, accumulations and specific breaks allow us to emphasize consolidation of a field (Bourdieu 2003) for photojournalism. Finally, the third hypothesis worked in this material indicates the emergence of a subject-author in photojournalistic chain: the "manualista".

Semantic change is a phenomenon that has been subject to a lot of research during the past few decades. However, a large part of the existing research has been conducted with the goal of finding causes of change or creating typologies in order to classify different types of changes. The present study has been conducted with the aim to examine how a specific extra-linguistic factor has affected a select few words. The extra-linguistic factor that is the focal point of this study is the rapid technological change during what is known as the digital revolution. This essay explores how the digital revolution has affected the uses of four words: bug, web, mouse,and cloud. The first part of this study was a collocational analysis of these four words. The results of the collocational analysis indicated that changes occurred during certain time periods. A closer context analysis was performed for each of the words on the time period during which a semantic change was suspected to occur. The findings of this essay are that all the examined words have gotten new technological meanings during the past 70 years, thus exhibiting semantic widening. All four words are currently polysemous words. Replacive change, meaning a change in the primary meaning of a word, is only apparent in web. The remaining words keep their primary senses throughout the examined period, and the new senses are added as periphery senses. The trends in the usage of these words indicate that it is possible that more of them will undergo replacive change, however, it is too early to tell.

The process of language development is quite complex, it occurs under the interactions between diachronic derivation and synchronic derivation. This paper examines the development of Chinese language through the scope of disposal construction to provide evidence that diachronic and synchronic derivations could affect the development of a language simultaneously. From the progression of disposal prepositions in Mandarin based on historical documents, we can observe how diachronic derivation took place. Also, through diachronic derivation, it is safe to say that the earlier sentence structures can have an impact on later sentence structures. By comparing the disposal constructions between Mandarin and Min dialect, the syntactic characteristics and limitations present the possibility of synchronic derivation, which is the result of language contact. The findings of this paper demonstrates the features of language contact through the borrowing of disposal prepositions, and the similarities and differences between the syntax of disposal sentence structure of Mandarin and Min dialect.

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Current research into language change and evolution focuses on native varieties of English, Schneider’s (2007) settler strand, but we have little knowledge concerning diachronic changes in non-native varieties of English, Schneider’s (2007) indigenous strand. Such a theory must take into account language contact as well as theories pertaining to Second Language Acquisition. This dissertation describes the diachronic changes which occur in one feature of Black South African English (BSAE), namely the progressive aspect. Current synchronic research on BSAE suggests that the progressive aspect is overextended to include stative verbs. This dissertation aims to evaluate the value of this hypothesis, and determine whether there is evidence of this overextension in diachronic data. In order to observe instances of language change, a diachronic corpus of BSAE was complied. This corpus consisted of data from letters, fiction, and newspapers ranging from the 1870s until the 2000s. Using this corpus, analyses were performed in order to determine the frequency of progressive use, the distribution of aktionsart categories, and which temporal meanings were denoted by stative verbs and activity verbs used in the progressive aspect. These analyses were then repeated for data taken from the historical corpus of White South African English (WSAE), in order to ascertain whether changes in BSAE developed parallel to WSAE, or if it follows its own trajectory of change. One further analysis was conducted on BSAE: the aspectual categories of 71 state verbs were analysed in order to determine whether speakers of BSAE indeed do overextend the –ing progressive form onto stative verbs describing states and qualities. The results indicate that the frequency of verbs used with the progressive aspect increases for BSAE, but decreases for WSAE. The comparison of aktionsart distribution indicates that BSAE has a higher overall frequency of communication verbs and accomplishments, while WSAE has a higher frequency of activity verbs, verbs denoting the future, and stative verbs. Achievements are used as expected by both varieties. The analysis of the temporal meanings of stative verbs indicates that speakers of WSAE denote the prototypical short duration associated with the progressive aspect for 74.83% of the verbs, while BSAE uses an extended temporal meaning for 46.86% of the verbs, indicating that speakers of BSAE more likely to overextend the temporal duration of stative verbs than WSAE speakers. The temporal meanings for activities were the same for both varieties; the prototypical short duration is denoted by 77.83% of the total activities in BSAE, and 77.11% of the activities in WSAE. The extended duration in both varieties may be due to language change in general, while the additional temporal meanings for statives in BSAE are a result of substrate transfer. / MA (English)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2015

Current research into language change and evolution focuses on native varieties of English, Schneider’s (2007) settler strand, but we have little knowledge concerning diachronic changes in non-native varieties of English, Schneider’s (2007) indigenous strand. Such a theory must take into account language contact as well as theories pertaining to Second Language Acquisition. This dissertation describes the diachronic changes which occur in one feature of Black South African English (BSAE), namely the progressive aspect. Current synchronic research on BSAE suggests that the progressive aspect is overextended to include stative verbs. This dissertation aims to evaluate the value of this hypothesis, and determine whether there is evidence of this overextension in diachronic data. In order to observe instances of language change, a diachronic corpus of BSAE was complied. This corpus consisted of data from letters, fiction, and newspapers ranging from the 1870s until the 2000s. Using this corpus, analyses were performed in order to determine the frequency of progressive use, the distribution of aktionsart categories, and which temporal meanings were denoted by stative verbs and activity verbs used in the progressive aspect. These analyses were then repeated for data taken from the historical corpus of White South African English (WSAE), in order to ascertain whether changes in BSAE developed parallel to WSAE, or if it follows its own trajectory of change. One further analysis was conducted on BSAE: the aspectual categories of 71 state verbs were analysed in order to determine whether speakers of BSAE indeed do overextend the –ing progressive form onto stative verbs describing states and qualities. The results indicate that the frequency of verbs used with the progressive aspect increases for BSAE, but decreases for WSAE. The comparison of aktionsart distribution indicates that BSAE has a higher overall frequency of communication verbs and accomplishments, while WSAE has a higher frequency of activity verbs, verbs denoting the future, and stative verbs. Achievements are used as expected by both varieties. The analysis of the temporal meanings of stative verbs indicates that speakers of WSAE denote the prototypical short duration associated with the progressive aspect for 74.83% of the verbs, while BSAE uses an extended temporal meaning for 46.86% of the verbs, indicating that speakers of BSAE more likely to overextend the temporal duration of stative verbs than WSAE speakers. The temporal meanings for activities were the same for both varieties; the prototypical short duration is denoted by 77.83% of the total activities in BSAE, and 77.11% of the activities in WSAE. The extended duration in both varieties may be due to language change in general, while the additional temporal meanings for statives in BSAE are a result of substrate transfer. / MA (English)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2015

Le berbère est généralement présenté comme un ensemble de dialectes, distincts, avec des frontières plus ou moins hermétiques, qui, le plus souvent, sont étudiés et enseignés de façon clivée voire exclusive. Cette atomisation et cette pratique différenciative occultent l’unité structurale (grammaire et fonds lexical communs) qui forme cette langue commune à laquelle référent tous ces dialectes et n’en donnent qu’une vue fragmentaire.Le domaine de la lexicographie ne déroge pas à cet usage. Chaque dictionnaire est consacré à un seul dialecte avec une graphie et une orthographe propres, et c’est au plan du lexique notamment que le berbère apparaît le plus disparate. Pour aller au-delà du particularisme et appréhender la langue dans sa globalité, nous explorons, à travers le matériau lexical, un panel de dialectes (17) représentant toute la diversité berbère. Nous établissons, par approche comparative, des passerelles inter-dialectales puis rassemblons les éléments communs du lexique recueillis à ce jour. Nous relevons ensuite les changements phonétiques, phonologiques, morphologiques et sémantiques observés dans les unités lexicales afin de mieux comprendre l'évolution du système lexical.Pour ce faire, nous élaborons un E-dictionnaire bilingue (berbère <-> français) qui permet, en tant qu’outil didactique, d’étudier la langue berbère aussi bien dans son unité que dans sa diversité dialectale, et en tant que moyen heuristique de recherche et d'analyse, d’étudier l’étymologie et les faits linguistiques en synchronie et en diachronie.Enfin, nous proposons un outil statistique (le « taux d’homogénéité ») qui mesure la proximité entre les lexiques (ou dialectes). / The Berber language is usually presented as a set of distinct dialects, with more or less hermetic boundaries, which are, most often, studied and taught in a cleaved or even exclusive way.This atomization and this differentiating practice obscure the structural unity (grammar and lexical bases) which founds that common language to which all these dialects refer and give only a fragmentary view of it. The field of lexicography does not depart from this usage. Each dictionary is devoted to a single dialect with a specific spelling, and it is in the lexicon in particular that Berber appears the most disparate.To go beyond particularism and grasp the language as a whole, we explore, through the lexical material, a panel of dialects (17) representing all of Berber diversity. We establish, by comparative approach, inter-dialectal bridges and then gather the common elements of the lexicon collected to date. We then note the phonetic, phonological, morphological and semantic changes observed in lexical units in order to better understand the evolution of the lexical system.To do this, we develop a bilingual E-dictionary (Berber <-> French) which allows - as a didactic tool - for the studying of the Berber language in its unity as well as in its dialectal diversity and - as a heuristic means of research and analysis - for etymology and linguistics facts in synchrony and diachrony.Finally, we introduce a statistical tool (the “homogeneity rate”) that measures the proximity between lexicons (or dialects).

Descriptive perception verbs have failed to receive a uniform analysis in previous verb classifications (cf. Chomsky 1965, Rogers 1974, Hengeveld 1992, Levin 1993, Van Eynde et al. 2014). This thesis argues that the descriptive perception verbs in Dutch (i.e. eruitzien 'look', klinken 'sound', voelen 'feel', ruiken 'smell', and smaken 'taste') should be classified as copular verbs, much like lijken 'seem' and schijnen 'seem'. This classification is supported by both the synchronic and diachronic behaviour of these verbs in Dutch. Synchronically, proposing that Germanic copular verbs (as opposed to copulas) are defined by their syntax rather than their (empty) semantics, I discuss that the Dutch descriptive perception verbs behave like stereotypical copular verbs: they require a predicative complement, usually in the form of an adjective. Semantically, the Dutch descriptive perception verbs are much like the copular verbs blijken 'turn out', lijken 'seem' and schijnen 'seem' in terms of epistemicity and evidentiality. Diachronically, I hypothesize that the Dutch descriptive perception verbs have evolved from one of the following two origins: either from intransitive verbs (as is the case for klinken and ruiken), much like English remain, through grammaticalization processes of semantic bleaching and reanalysis; or from cognitive perception verbs (as is the case of eruitzien and voelen), as found in Latin, Japanese and Zulu, through the process of argument reordering. The origin of smaken is not clear, and is left for future research. I show that other Germanic evidential copular verbs (i.e. lijken, schijnen 'seem', scheinen 'seem', seem) have developed diachronically in a uniform fashion, suggesting the following grammaticalization path: from a lexical verb to a copular verb, to taking a that-complement, an infinitival complement or a like-complement, and eventually being used in parenthetical constructions. The results of this thesis indicate that the Dutch descriptive perception verbs are only at the beginning of this grammaticalization path, but are on their way to becoming grammaticalized evidential copular verbs.