This is the first typological study devoted to Medieval Cypriot (MC). The objective of the study is to provide both syntactic and pragmatic factors which are determining for the word order of the language and to open new ways to recording mechanisms of word order change. Cypriot syntax deserves this attention, as it is a language highly interesting for the typologist as for the researcher of other linguistic areas; Modern Cypriot is VOS, and exhibits a series of exceptions to the general rules of V-initial languages. Medieval Cypriot conforms to most of Greenberg�s Universals (1963) which are pertinent to type VSO in that it has V in initial position in all unmarked clauses, in that it is prepositional, that adjectives mostly follow the noun they qualify, and so on. However, the comparison of MC to Greenberg�s Universals is not the aim of this work. Apart form the order of the main constituents, this research mainly focuses on revealing mechanisms of syntactic change not generally known, and on unveiling particular traits of the Cypriot VSO order that are not common to other VSO languages. The analysis can be defined as diachronic for it deals with the language written over a span of many years, as assumed from studying the texts. Some words and structures, used in the beginning of the narrative, seem to decrease in frequency in the end, or vice versa. It is diachronic considering it also allows for comparison with later (colloquial) and earlier (written) constructions of the language. However, it is mostly a synchronic analysis; the patterns observed are from within the same language spoken by the same people living in the same period, more importantly from within the same work. Makhairas is thus the only broad evidence of his period, offered both as a diachronic and a synchronic linguistic testimony of his time. As no language exists in vacuo, my description of MC starts with a historical approach to the language under study; it is almost impossible to realise the problems of colloquial, literary and foreign features without being aware of the earlier history of Greek in general and of Cypriot in particular, in some of its earlier documents. I refrained as far as possible from entering the field of comparative criticism with Medieval Greek. In this way I decided to focus on discussions based exclusively on the Cypriot forms and patterns, as presented and justified by the evidence in Makhairas, and as witnessed by history which, for many centuries, has singled out Cypriot from the rest of the dialects and the Greek language itself. So, alternative views, criticism and discussion of same mechanisms of change recorded within the broader Greek language have been more or less avoided. The exposition of the MC word order patterns is based on my hypotheses that word order, as I understand it, is founded on purposes of communication and that languages with extreme flexibility of order, such as Medieval Cypriot, may adopt patterns that display rigidity of order in a number of their elements. It is within these areas of rigidity that new mechanisms of change may be detected. I also hypothesised that the same syntactic changes within languages of the same branch may be merely coincidental, and that Greek or forms of Greek may well adopt foreign elements, only (but not exclusively) if these acquire the Greek endings, or if they appear as independent affixes, as is the case with the post-medieval referential Cypriot marker �mish� which is from Turkish. Acquiring particular elements from other languages does not mean acquiring their order. However, acquiring patterns that are similar to Greek from a borrowing language which has the same patterns does not exclude syntactic borrowing. Since Modern Cypriot is V-initial, I presumed that this might have also been its order in the Middle Ages. I judge that major mechanisms of syntactic change of the same period may have been triggered by factors internal to Cypriot rather than by the more general, universal mechanisms of change. Moreover, I speculated that MC was a far more marginalised language in the Middle Ages than what history and literature have taught us. Its creative dynamism and potentiality to �juggle� between words and patterns has been its greater forte. Cypriot has not been studied as a dialect, in this work. I avoided having only a partial or a shadowed understanding of its word order patterns. Exhaustive descriptions that show its particularities in the process of completion appear with both rigidity (in some elements) and flexibility of order, and most importantly, they exhibit a long-life endurance. I have also been concerned with forms and /or patterns of Greek such as the future and other periphrastic tenses, although they are already known and have been analysed at length in Greek linguistic studies. I concentrate here on some of these from a Cypriot perspective. Cypriot has never been classified as Balkan Greek or mainland Greek. Following this study, it will be clarified further that any attempt to fit MC into a framework defined along these categorisations will be successful only in some areas of the general Greek syntax. In fact, Cypriot opens the way for a further understanding of Greek syntax with its (almost) boundless flexibility; it is through MC and the unique data of Makhairas that the study of the Greek syntax is being enriched. Areas of fine-grained classificatory criteria result in connecting some MC syntactic traits to those of Greek and accrediting to the language its own word order singularities in what can be righteously called here the Cypriot syntax. Additionally, the study aims to open new areas of investigation on diachronic syntactic issues and to initiate new and revealing answers concerning configurational syntax. To determine the syntactic traits of MC a meticulous work of counting was needed. The counting of the order of the main constituents from both the more general narrative patterns of the Chronicle as well as of those passages thought to be more immediate to the author�s living experience(s) was done manually. The primarily and more difficult task of considering, following and explaining pragmatic word order patterns in the Chronicle has been the stepping stone of this research. Earlier (and forgotten) stages of Greek, and patterns exclusive to Cypriot, assembled in a unique lexicon and with special Cypriot phrasal verbs, have provided answers to explaining the Cypriot structure. In addition to statistics, areas of language contact have also been explored, both in the morphology and in the syntax. More importantly, the extreme word order freedom of MC that illustrates word order processes based entirely on internal structural changes, aims to contribute to discussions regarding morphology and syntax versus morphosyntax. Chapter 1 provides all the background information of the history and language in Cyprus, prior to the Middle Ages. Chapter 2 deals with the description of the data and the methodology used to assess them. Chapter 3 exhibits the MC verbal forms, both finite and non-finite; it examines non-finites more closely, inasmuch as they play an important role in the change of the order of major constituents and uncover and explain the role of V-initial structures. Chapter 4 is the core chapter of this work. It displays Cypriot particularities of word order, reveals data concerned with the word order of the major constituents within the clause and unfolds explanatory accounts of them; lastly, it classifies MC as a V-initial language. Chapter 5 summarises conclusions, adds a further note on the Cypriot morphosyntactic traits while placing the results into the contemporary scholarship on VSO languages, also suggesting additional research areas into the MC patterns. The examples from Makhairas have been written in the monotonic system, where only one accent has been used; other special symbols have been eliminated or modified in the interest of making the text readable in the absence of the right font. However, Ancient Greek words appear with their appropriate accents. Abbreviation C indicates structures or words that remained unchanged in Cypriot over a long period of time, and G means a form or word accepted in both their written and spoken forms over a long period of time in Greek. A morphemic analysis of each form of the glosses has not always been given. I limited myself to glossing some elements only, for the better understanding of some examples.

<p>This study investigates the realisation of phonological quantity in the dialects of Modern Swedish, based on a corpus containing recordings from 86 locations in Sweden and the Swedishspeaking parts of Finland. The corpus was recorded as part of the national SweDia project.</p><p>The study is explorative in character. Quantity structures in Swedish dialects and their geographical distribution, as described in the dialectological literature, are compared to the results of a data-driven categorisation (cluster analysis). The results reveal an overall good correspondence of the data driven and the traditional categorisation, although with some deviations in the detail.</p><p>The study is divided into two parts. The first part lays the foundation for the data-driven categorisation, which is then described in the second part. First, the phonology and phonetics of quantity in Swedish are described in terms of durational distinctions and vocalic quality differences that typically accompany the durational differences. Preaspiration, which appears to be a normative feature in some dialects, is covered as well. An overview of the historical development of the Swedish quantity system is provided, with special emphasis on a phonological interpretation of quantity changes. Thereafter, dialectological evidence is combined with phonological and typological considerations to develop a categorisation of Swedish dialects.</p><p>The second part explains the methodology of cluster analysis and applies this method to vowel and consonant durations from one contrastive word pair, in order to obtain an alternative dialect categorisation. Analyses of vowel quality and preaspiration are performed in addition to the durational analyses. Hypotheses derived from the cluster analysis are then tested on one additional word pair recorded in 75 locations and on three additional word pairs recorded in four locations.</p><p>The general pattern emerging from the cluster analysis is a categorisation of the dialects into three main types, a Finland-Swedish, a Northern and a Southern type. This categorisation shows a good geographical agreement with the categorisation that is derived from the analysis of the dialectological literature. Therefore, the durational patterns of the three types are interpreted as reflections of three different phonological systems: 4-way systems with vocalic and consonantal quantity, 3-way systems with vocalic quantity and with consonantal quantity only after short vowels, and 2-way systems with complementary quantity. From the historical perspective, the 4-way system constitutes the most conservative and the 2-way system the most recently developed system.</p><p>Finally, it is argued that the historical development is one of the factors behind occasional mismatches between the data-driven and the dialectological categorisation. Data from one of the dialects, which has recently abandoned a 4-way system but has obviously retained the durational properties of the older system, is used as an example to illustrate this historical hypothesis.</p>

This study investigates the realisation of phonological quantity in the dialects of Modern Swedish, based on a corpus containing recordings from 86 locations in Sweden and the Swedishspeaking parts of Finland. The corpus was recorded as part of the national SweDia project. The study is explorative in character. Quantity structures in Swedish dialects and their geographical distribution, as described in the dialectological literature, are compared to the results of a data-driven categorisation (cluster analysis). The results reveal an overall good correspondence of the data driven and the traditional categorisation, although with some deviations in the detail. The study is divided into two parts. The first part lays the foundation for the data-driven categorisation, which is then described in the second part. First, the phonology and phonetics of quantity in Swedish are described in terms of durational distinctions and vocalic quality differences that typically accompany the durational differences. Preaspiration, which appears to be a normative feature in some dialects, is covered as well. An overview of the historical development of the Swedish quantity system is provided, with special emphasis on a phonological interpretation of quantity changes. Thereafter, dialectological evidence is combined with phonological and typological considerations to develop a categorisation of Swedish dialects. The second part explains the methodology of cluster analysis and applies this method to vowel and consonant durations from one contrastive word pair, in order to obtain an alternative dialect categorisation. Analyses of vowel quality and preaspiration are performed in addition to the durational analyses. Hypotheses derived from the cluster analysis are then tested on one additional word pair recorded in 75 locations and on three additional word pairs recorded in four locations. The general pattern emerging from the cluster analysis is a categorisation of the dialects into three main types, a Finland-Swedish, a Northern and a Southern type. This categorisation shows a good geographical agreement with the categorisation that is derived from the analysis of the dialectological literature. Therefore, the durational patterns of the three types are interpreted as reflections of three different phonological systems: 4-way systems with vocalic and consonantal quantity, 3-way systems with vocalic quantity and with consonantal quantity only after short vowels, and 2-way systems with complementary quantity. From the historical perspective, the 4-way system constitutes the most conservative and the 2-way system the most recently developed system. Finally, it is argued that the historical development is one of the factors behind occasional mismatches between the data-driven and the dialectological categorisation. Data from one of the dialects, which has recently abandoned a 4-way system but has obviously retained the durational properties of the older system, is used as an example to illustrate this historical hypothesis.

This is the first typological study devoted to Medieval Cypriot (MC). The objective of the study is to provide both syntactic and pragmatic factors which are determining for the word order of the language and to open new ways to recording mechanisms of word order change. Cypriot syntax deserves this attention, as it is a language highly interesting for the typologist as for the researcher of other linguistic areas; Modern Cypriot is VOS, and exhibits a series of exceptions to the general rules of V-initial languages. Medieval Cypriot conforms to most of Greenberg�s Universals (1963) which are pertinent to type VSO in that it has V in initial position in all unmarked clauses, in that it is prepositional, that adjectives mostly follow the noun they qualify, and so on. However, the comparison of MC to Greenberg�s Universals is not the aim of this work. Apart form the order of the main constituents, this research mainly focuses on revealing mechanisms of syntactic change not generally known, and on unveiling particular traits of the Cypriot VSO order that are not common to other VSO languages. The analysis can be defined as diachronic for it deals with the language written over a span of many years, as assumed from studying the texts. Some words and structures, used in the beginning of the narrative, seem to decrease in frequency in the end, or vice versa. It is diachronic considering it also allows for comparison with later (colloquial) and earlier (written) constructions of the language. However, it is mostly a synchronic analysis; the patterns observed are from within the same language spoken by the same people living in the same period, more importantly from within the same work. Makhairas is thus the only broad evidence of his period, offered both as a diachronic and a synchronic linguistic testimony of his time. As no language exists in vacuo, my description of MC starts with a historical approach to the language under study; it is almost impossible to realise the problems of colloquial, literary and foreign features without being aware of the earlier history of Greek in general and of Cypriot in particular, in some of its earlier documents. I refrained as far as possible from entering the field of comparative criticism with Medieval Greek. In this way I decided to focus on discussions based exclusively on the Cypriot forms and patterns, as presented and justified by the evidence in Makhairas, and as witnessed by history which, for many centuries, has singled out Cypriot from the rest of the dialects and the Greek language itself. So, alternative views, criticism and discussion of same mechanisms of change recorded within the broader Greek language have been more or less avoided. The exposition of the MC word order patterns is based on my hypotheses that word order, as I understand it, is founded on purposes of communication and that languages with extreme flexibility of order, such as Medieval Cypriot, may adopt patterns that display rigidity of order in a number of their elements. It is within these areas of rigidity that new mechanisms of change may be detected. I also hypothesised that the same syntactic changes within languages of the same branch may be merely coincidental, and that Greek or forms of Greek may well adopt foreign elements, only (but not exclusively) if these acquire the Greek endings, or if they appear as independent affixes, as is the case with the post-medieval referential Cypriot marker �mish� which is from Turkish. Acquiring particular elements from other languages does not mean acquiring their order. However, acquiring patterns that are similar to Greek from a borrowing language which has the same patterns does not exclude syntactic borrowing. Since Modern Cypriot is V-initial, I presumed that this might have also been its order in the Middle Ages. I judge that major mechanisms of syntactic change of the same period may have been triggered by factors internal to Cypriot rather than by the more general, universal mechanisms of change. Moreover, I speculated that MC was a far more marginalised language in the Middle Ages than what history and literature have taught us. Its creative dynamism and potentiality to �juggle� between words and patterns has been its greater forte. Cypriot has not been studied as a dialect, in this work. I avoided having only a partial or a shadowed understanding of its word order patterns. Exhaustive descriptions that show its particularities in the process of completion appear with both rigidity (in some elements) and flexibility of order, and most importantly, they exhibit a long-life endurance. I have also been concerned with forms and /or patterns of Greek such as the future and other periphrastic tenses, although they are already known and have been analysed at length in Greek linguistic studies. I concentrate here on some of these from a Cypriot perspective. Cypriot has never been classified as Balkan Greek or mainland Greek. Following this study, it will be clarified further that any attempt to fit MC into a framework defined along these categorisations will be successful only in some areas of the general Greek syntax. In fact, Cypriot opens the way for a further understanding of Greek syntax with its (almost) boundless flexibility; it is through MC and the unique data of Makhairas that the study of the Greek syntax is being enriched. Areas of fine-grained classificatory criteria result in connecting some MC syntactic traits to those of Greek and accrediting to the language its own word order singularities in what can be righteously called here the Cypriot syntax. Additionally, the study aims to open new areas of investigation on diachronic syntactic issues and to initiate new and revealing answers concerning configurational syntax. To determine the syntactic traits of MC a meticulous work of counting was needed. The counting of the order of the main constituents from both the more general narrative patterns of the Chronicle as well as of those passages thought to be more immediate to the author�s living experience(s) was done manually. The primarily and more difficult task of considering, following and explaining pragmatic word order patterns in the Chronicle has been the stepping stone of this research. Earlier (and forgotten) stages of Greek, and patterns exclusive to Cypriot, assembled in a unique lexicon and with special Cypriot phrasal verbs, have provided answers to explaining the Cypriot structure. In addition to statistics, areas of language contact have also been explored, both in the morphology and in the syntax. More importantly, the extreme word order freedom of MC that illustrates word order processes based entirely on internal structural changes, aims to contribute to discussions regarding morphology and syntax versus morphosyntax. Chapter 1 provides all the background information of the history and language in Cyprus, prior to the Middle Ages. Chapter 2 deals with the description of the data and the methodology used to assess them. Chapter 3 exhibits the MC verbal forms, both finite and non-finite; it examines non-finites more closely, inasmuch as they play an important role in the change of the order of major constituents and uncover and explain the role of V-initial structures. Chapter 4 is the core chapter of this work. It displays Cypriot particularities of word order, reveals data concerned with the word order of the major constituents within the clause and unfolds explanatory accounts of them; lastly, it classifies MC as a V-initial language. Chapter 5 summarises conclusions, adds a further note on the Cypriot morphosyntactic traits while placing the results into the contemporary scholarship on VSO languages, also suggesting additional research areas into the MC patterns. The examples from Makhairas have been written in the monotonic system, where only one accent has been used; other special symbols have been eliminated or modified in the interest of making the text readable in the absence of the right font. However, Ancient Greek words appear with their appropriate accents. Abbreviation C indicates structures or words that remained unchanged in Cypriot over a long period of time, and G means a form or word accepted in both their written and spoken forms over a long period of time in Greek. A morphemic analysis of each form of the glosses has not always been given. I limited myself to glossing some elements only, for the better understanding of some examples.

The Central Andean Origin of the Aimara LanguageTraditionally, it has been thought, especially on the Bolivian side, the Andean High Plateau as the original homeland of the Aymara language. What is more, it has been maintained that this language could have been spoken by the Tiahuanaco civilization founders. In this paper attempt will be made in order to show the Central Andean provenience of Aymara, and therefore its relatively recent occupation of the Peru-Bolivian High Plateau, thus questioning its correlation with Tiahuanaco. The main argument in support of this hypothesis (otherwise formulated previously by scholars such as Middendorf) comes from diachronic processes of Proto-Aymara branching and further evolution into its modern dialects. / Tradicionalmente, en especial en el lado boliviano, se acepta como un hecho el origen altiplánico del aimara. Es más, se ha sostenido que la lengua de Tiahuanaco habría sido esta. En este trabajo se buscará demostrar, teniendo en cuenta los estudios diacrónicos recientes, que el aimara es una lengua de procedencia centroandina y de ocupación relativamente tardía en el territorio collavino, y que, consecuentemente, mal podría asociársela con el desarrollo y expansión de la civilización tiahuanaquense. Por consiguiente, habrá que pensar en otras alternativas lingüísticas para la zona altiplánica.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho tem como objetivo ressaltar a importância dos conteúdos da disciplina História da Língua Portuguesa para a formação do graduando do curso de Letras. O ensino de Língua Portuguesa se dá, por questões didáticas, de forma recortada, sendo cada um de seus recortes (Morfologia, Fonética, Sintaxe etc.) trabalhado em semestres diferentes. A forma fragmentada de estudar a língua parece induzir o graduando a uma visão também fragmentada (e fragmentária) de seu objeto de estudo, prejudicando a formação do futuro professor/pesquisador da língua. A análise dos fenômenos linguísticos sob a ótica da diacronia em que uma alteração fonética pode, por exemplo, resultar em alterações morfológicas e sintáticas possibilita a visão da língua em seu funcionamento como um todo, com suas partes interagindo e se interpenetrando. Essa visão mais ampla, segundo cremos, poderá capacitar o aluno para conectar as informações de diferentes recortes, a fim de alcançar conhecimentos novos e mais complexos. Procuramos evidenciar os benefícios da abordagem diacrônica apresentando o conteúdo programático da disciplina História da Língua Portuguesa e tecendo comentários que apontam a relevância de cada conteúdo para a formação do graduando. Acrescentamos, algumas vezes, sugestões de atividades didáticas com o intuito de granjear o interesse do aluno para a disciplina / This work aims to highlight the Portuguese Language History discipline contents for the graduating student in the course of Classical Languages and Literature. The Portuguese Language teaching is done by didactic questions, in a cut out form, being each of its clips (Morphology, Phonetics, Syntax etc.) developed in different semesters. The fragmented form of studying the language seems to induce who is being graduated to a fragmented vision too (and fragmentary) of his study objective, jeopardizing the formation of the future language teacher/researcher. The linguistic phenomena analysis under the diachronic optics wherein a fonetical change can, for example, result in morphological and syntactic modifications enables the language vision in its functioning as a whole, with its parts interacting and interpenetrating. This wider vision, we believe, will capacitate the student to connect information of different clips, in order to achieve new and complex knowledge. We pursued to make evident the benefits of the diachronical approach by presenting the programmatic contents of the Portuguese Language History discipline, making comments which point out the relevance of each content for the formation of the graduating student. We added, many times, didactic activities suggestions with the intent of conquering the students interest for the discipline in question

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho tem como objetivo ressaltar a importância dos conteúdos da disciplina História da Língua Portuguesa para a formação do graduando do curso de Letras. O ensino de Língua Portuguesa se dá, por questões didáticas, de forma recortada, sendo cada um de seus recortes (Morfologia, Fonética, Sintaxe etc.) trabalhado em semestres diferentes. A forma fragmentada de estudar a língua parece induzir o graduando a uma visão também fragmentada (e fragmentária) de seu objeto de estudo, prejudicando a formação do futuro professor/pesquisador da língua. A análise dos fenômenos linguísticos sob a ótica da diacronia em que uma alteração fonética pode, por exemplo, resultar em alterações morfológicas e sintáticas possibilita a visão da língua em seu funcionamento como um todo, com suas partes interagindo e se interpenetrando. Essa visão mais ampla, segundo cremos, poderá capacitar o aluno para conectar as informações de diferentes recortes, a fim de alcançar conhecimentos novos e mais complexos. Procuramos evidenciar os benefícios da abordagem diacrônica apresentando o conteúdo programático da disciplina História da Língua Portuguesa e tecendo comentários que apontam a relevância de cada conteúdo para a formação do graduando. Acrescentamos, algumas vezes, sugestões de atividades didáticas com o intuito de granjear o interesse do aluno para a disciplina / This work aims to highlight the Portuguese Language History discipline contents for the graduating student in the course of Classical Languages and Literature. The Portuguese Language teaching is done by didactic questions, in a cut out form, being each of its clips (Morphology, Phonetics, Syntax etc.) developed in different semesters. The fragmented form of studying the language seems to induce who is being graduated to a fragmented vision too (and fragmentary) of his study objective, jeopardizing the formation of the future language teacher/researcher. The linguistic phenomena analysis under the diachronic optics wherein a fonetical change can, for example, result in morphological and syntactic modifications enables the language vision in its functioning as a whole, with its parts interacting and interpenetrating. This wider vision, we believe, will capacitate the student to connect information of different clips, in order to achieve new and complex knowledge. We pursued to make evident the benefits of the diachronical approach by presenting the programmatic contents of the Portuguese Language History discipline, making comments which point out the relevance of each content for the formation of the graduating student. We added, many times, didactic activities suggestions with the intent of conquering the students interest for the discipline in question

Esta dissertação é principalmente um estudo de Etimologia; porém, tem um caráter interdisciplinar, pois nos valhamos de outros estudos linguísticos, como a Morfologia, Fonologia, Linguística Histórica, Semântica, assim como os Estudos de Tradução e de Filologia. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a etimologia de alguns elementos lexicais terminados em -ção, que têm cognatas em -sjon no norueguês. Estes elementos são atribuídos aos chamados internacionalismos que, por sua vez, integram o conjunto de empréstimos na língua. Para analisar a etimologia de cada uma das palavras da amostragem, pesquisamos o terminus a quo de cada cognata, tanto do português quanto do norueguês, e também de outras línguas do ramo latino e germânico a fim de traçar o caminho percorrido pelo elemento lexical. Propusemos outros procedimentos para fortalecer a determinação do étimo destes elementos lexicais. A análise deste tipo de elemento lexical é um grande desafio, uma vez que suas cognatas têm grafia e pronúncia muito parecidas. Também nos propusemos a comparar os resultados de nossa pesquisa etimológica com as informações contidas em outros dicionários: no Grande Dicionário Houaiss, para a língua portuguesa, no Bokmål Ordbok, no Nynorsk Ordbok (ambos da Universidade de Bergen), no Norsk Ordbok e no Riskmålsordbok, para a língua norueguesa. Consultamos muitas obras online e corpora para a realização dessa pesquisa. O Google Books e a Biblioteca Nacional da Noruega (Nasjonalbibliothek) foram fundamentais para este fim. / The present dissertation is mainly an etymological study. It has, however, an interdisciplinary character as it is part of other linguistics studies, such as Morphology, Phonology, Historical Linguistics, Semantics, as well as Translation Studies and Philology. The aim of this work is to analyse the etymology of some lexical elements formed by the derivational suffix -ção in the Portuguese language with cognates formed by -sjon in the Norwegian language. These elements are assigned to the internationalisms which, in turn, are part of the set of loanwords in the language. With a view to analysing each of the collected lexical elements of the sampling, we searched for the terminus a quo of each cognate both in the Portuguese language and in the Norwegian language as well as in the other Romance and Germanic languages. From this collection, we succeeded in tracing the path each word took. Furthermore, we proposed other procedures to strengthen the establishment of the etymon of these lexical elements. Such an analysis is a big challenge, since the cognates are very alike both in the spelling and in the pronunciation. We also aimed to compare the results of our research with the etymological information provided by the Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa and by some Norwegian dictionaries, such as Bokmål Ordbok, Nynorsk Ordbok (both from the Bergen University), Norsk Ordbok and Riksmålsordbok. We accessed many online works and corpora in order to carry out our research. The Google Books and the National Library of Norway (Nasjonalbibliothek) were fundamental for this end.

In the present paper, the potential of corpus-linguistic research is put into action. More specifically, a corpus-based demonstration of the general style used in rock lyrics is formed in order to identify the genre-specific features. A corpus consisting of roughly 53 000 words was created for this research. The focus lies on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the vocabulary as well as of the stylistic markers. The aim of this essay is to investigate the language used in the lyrics of rock music lyrics and the results of the research illustrate in what ways rock lyrics are either more spoken-like or written-like; whether rock lyrics mirror the general word usage in society, and in what ways rock music is comparable to other genres. Using the rock lyrics corpus (ROLC), trends within rock lyrics were retraced diachronically. Results show that rock lyrics, to some extent, follow the general word usage. However, other results also contradict this. Further research in this area is therefore encouraged.  Findings show that rock music shares features with other genres, but also that that rock has some unique features.  Developments and stagnations were detected in regards to word usage. These features are examined in order to find an explanation.

[...] Nos principales contributions peuvent être résumées en trois points :1. la proposition d’un système de classification de documents centrés sur les entités à l’aide d’un profil d’entité et de méta critères dans le contexte de filtrage de documents. Nous avons mis en place une approche qui est indépendante des entités et qui utilise les principes du transfert de connaissances. En effet, notre approche permet l’apprentissage à partir d’un ensemble de données annotées pour un pool d’entités tout en étant capables de catégoriser des documents concernant des entités pour lesquels aucune donnée annotée n’a été fournie ;2. la proposition d’un nouveau modèle de langue diachronique pour étendre la définition de profil d’entité afin de permettre la mise à jour de celui-ci. En effet, le suivi d’une entité nommée implique de pouvoir distinguer une information déjà connue d’une information nouvelle. Le modèle de langue diachronique permet la mise à jour automatique du profil d’entité tout en minimisant le bruit apporté ;3. la proposition d’une méthode pour découvrir la popularité d’une entité afin d’améliorer la cohérence d’un modèle de classification sur tous les aspects temporels liés à une entité. Pour détecter l’importance d’un document au regard d’une entité, nous proposons d’utiliser, entre autres, des indicateurs temporels qui peuvent varier d’une entité à l’autre. Nous proposons de regrouper les entités en fonction de leur popularité sur le Web à chaque instant pour tenter d’améliorer la cohérence des modèles et ainsi augmenter les performances des classificateurs.[...] / [...] Our main contributions are:1. We propose an entity centric classification system, which helps finding documents that are related to an entity based on its profile and a set of meta criteria. We propose to use the classification result to filter out unrelated documents. This approach is entity independent and uses transfer learning principles. We trained the classification system with a set of annotated concerning a set of entities and we categorized documents that concerns other entities;2. We introduce a diachronical language model, which extends our definition of entity profile in order to add to the capability of updating an entity profile. Tracking an entity implies to distinguish between a known piece of information from a new one. This new language model enables automatic update of entity profile while minimizing the noise;3. We develop a method to detect the entity popularity in order to enhance the coherence of a classification model concerning temporal aspects. In order to detect the importance of a document regarding an entity, we propose to use temporal sensors, which may vary from an entity to another. We cluster entities sharing the same amount of popularity on the Web at each time t to enhance the coherence of classification model and thus improve classifier performances.[...]