The thesis presents a method for diachronic comparison of synchronic corpora that reflect language of very close time periods. Its primary aim is the assessment of possi- bilities and limitations of language change detection based on the synchronic written SYN-series corpora. The approach is corpus-driven, based on a statistical evaluation of differences among normalized average reduced frequencies of lemmata and lexical combinations. There are several variants of the method applied on various subcorpora of corpus SYN and their results examined in detail. Difficulty of the comparison lies in the influence of corpus composition and the interconnection of changes in language with changes in society. As it is not easy to distinguish the signs of diachronic shift from naturally existing synchronic variability, the statistically discovered significance of frequency differences is additionally verified by querying the base corpora. The interpretation of the results is also adjusted by the knowledge of their exact composition. The conclusions are based mainly on the newspapers as a written text type that is most receptive to the changes. The changes can be characterized as a thematic diversion from the original political and economical orientation of the newspapers towards real- life and free-time topics...

Climate change must be considered one of the most critical issues of the coming decades that poten- tially poses foundational threats to human societies. Aviation has relatively little impact on green- house gas emissions globally, but this picture changes when focusing on emissions of rich industrial states. While being one of the foundations of the modern globalised world, present aviation growth trajectories are untenable. In this thesis, I investigated (a) how discourses about climate change are mediated, amplified and constructed by traditional mass media in Germany and (b) which de- bate configurations lead to political and civil society action on the issue. In particular, I highlighted the underlying ideological currents that influence how journalists discuss issues. This study uses a corpus-assisted approach to critical discourse studies, where statistical insights from large amounts of data are combined with a closer reading of text extracts. It is unique in its methodological breadth and the focus on a non-English-speaking country. The analysis is also angled differently compared to many previous studies insofar as I capture climate in relation to a different topic and not as the main issue. I reproduce previous findings of two periods of intense reporting on the issue with a period of disinterest in between and show that attitudes and ideologies of both the progressive and conservative media outlets have changed considerably over time. This change created a novel debate constellation that proved to be surprisingly robust in the woes of the coronavirus pandemic. Discus- sions moved from a dichotomy between effective climate and economic policy towards a narrative of economic transformation towards innovative industries and technologies. Meanwhile, there was also an increased focus on social consequences and questions of efficacy. The results expand on many of the earlier framing analyses and yield additional insight into effectively drafting and communicating climate policy to appeal to both progressive and conservative target groups. Creating climate poli- cies that are attractive to various strata in the population is essential to avoid polarised debates and assuage climate denialism, tendencies that can already be observed in a variety of countries.

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This paper investigated the use of sexist language in English vocabulary by examininggender asymmetry and sexism in contemporary written discourse. The traditional sexistlanguage often reinforces gender stereotypes and inequalities. In English, the masculineterms are considered the unmarked form (the norm) while the feminine terms are marked.This paper discussed different types of gender asymmetry in languages in relation to themarkedness theory, and introduced the gender-inclusive alternatives to traditional sexistlanguage, such as using gender-neutral pronoun, using gender-neutral title Ms., usinggender-neutral working titles such as Police officer, Firefighter and Spokesman. In orderto evaluate how gender-inclusive language is actually used in the US, this paperconducted a diachronic research of sexist and gender-neutral terms in news articles fromthe New York Times (NYT) from 1965 to 2015, uncovering a gradual increase in the useof gender-inclusive language over time. The findings are compared with two prior studiesof sexist language in British written discourse. The results indicated that masculinepronouns and social titles continue to be prevalent in the NYT, along with the UK.However, the feminine title Ms. is more commonly used in the US as opposed to the UK.Additionally, certain gender-neutral working titles such as police officer and firefighterhave become the most frequently used terms. In contrast, terms such as spokesman arestill very unpopular in the UK and the US. This paper concluded with a future vision ofthe application of gender-neutral vocabulary in written discourse.

With diachronic corpus over the time periods, I selected a word that might be suitable for this type of study for detecting if potential semantic changes have occurred. In this study, I explored the lexical semantics of the word viral to see if the World Wide Web (WWW) has influenced the word. This essay explores how the WWW influences word meaning within a language. The present study has been done in two parts. The first part was done by collecting and comparing definitions from four different dictionaries: The Oxford English Dictionary 1933/1961, The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology 1966, Compact Oxford Dictionary of Current English 2002, and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 2018. Four different dictionaries were used to collect definitions that occurred during different periods; for example, two were used before the appearance of the WWW, one was used after the appearance of WWW, and the last dictionary was used to display the definition of contemporary English. The second part was done by corpus analysis. Two different corpora were used for this study: The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and the Corpus of Historical American English (COCA). Corpora were used to look through the word viral and to provide a useful source of how a particular word is used within language. The results showed that the principal definition of the word viral had obtained additional definitions within language, a definition related to Internet terminology.

I bibelhebreiska texter av olika genrer används det aktiva participet i både nominala och verbala funktioner. I flera språk används det aktiva participet ofta i en progressiv handling i imperfektiv aspekt som till exempel ’springande’. Den temporala innebörden kan vara både nutid, framtid och dåtid. Syftet med denna undersökning var att beskriva det aktiva participet och dess funktion samt frekvens i textanalys av två bibelhebreiska prosatexter. Finns det en diakronisk ut- veckling mellan en tidig och en senare bibelhebreisk narrativ text.? Frågeställningarna var om frekvensen ökar i den senare bibelhebreiska texten samt om användningen av aktivt particip i predikativ funktion ökar jämfört med övriga funktioner. Vilka TAM-värden såsom tempus och aspekt används i texterna? Vilka verblexem är mest förekommande? Undersökningens metod var en deskriptiv analys av en tidig text i Josua kapitel 1–5 samt en senare bibelhebreisk text i 2 Krönikeboken kapitel 17–20. Resultatet visade en ökad förekomst av aktiva particip i predikativ funktion jämfört med aktiva particip i nomen eller attributiv/relativ funktion i den senare texten i 2 Krönikebo- ken jämfört med Josua. Detta har bibelhebreiska forskare tidigare uppmärksammat. Tem- pus är framför allt framtid eller nutid i Josua 1–5 medan dåtid står för drygt hälften av ak- tiva particip i 2 Krön. 17–20. De vanligaste verblexemen i predikativ funktion i de valda texterna är ’ge’, ’stå’ och ’gå över’, ’komma’, ’sitta’ samt ’profetera’ beroende på textens innehåll. Analysen visade även förekomst av intressanta tempusmarkörer och grammatiska konstruktioner såsom hinnēh ’se här!’och historiskt presens. Aspekten för de aktiva partici- pen är framför allt imperfektiv pågående och progressiv, vilket är det aktiva participets hu- vuddrag. Men även perfektiv aspekt förekommer. Slutsatsen är att aktiva particip i predikativ funktion ökar i texten i 2 Krönikeboken jäm- fört med Josua. Är det en diakronisk utveckling av aktiva particip i det bibelhebreiska språket över tid eller beror ökningen på skillnader i olika språkstilar? / In texts of Biblical Hebrew from diverse genres the active participle is used in both nomi- nal and verbal functions. In several languages the active participle is often used in a pro- gressive event in the aspect of imperfective as ‘running’. The temporal meaning can be both present, future and past. The aim of this thesis was to describe the active participle and its function and fre- quency in textual analysis of two texts of prose in Biblical Hebrew. Is there a diachronic development between an early and a later Hebrew narrative text? The questions were whether the frequency increases in the later biblical Hebrew text and whether the use of ac- tive participle in predicative function increases compared to other functions. What TAM values such as tense and aspect are used in the texts? Which verblexems are most com- mon? The method of the research was a descriptive analysis of an early text in the book of Joshua, chapters 1-5 as well as a later biblical Hebrew text in 2 Chronicles chapters 17-20. The result showed an increased occurrence of active participles in predicative function compared to active participles in noun or attributive/relative function in the later text of 2 Chronicles compared to Joshua. Biblical Hebrew scholars have earlier noticed this. Tense is primarily future or present in Joshua 1–5, while past tense accounts for just over half of active participles in 2 Chronicles. 17–20. The most common verb lexemes in predicative function in the selected texts are ‘give’, ‘stand’ and ‘go over’ as well as ‘prophesy’. These are depending on the content of the text. The analysis also showed the presence of interesting tense markers and grammatical con- structions such as hinnēh 'see here!' and historical present. The aspect of the active partici- ple is above all imperfective continuous and progressive, which is the main feature of the active participle. But also, perfective aspect occurs. The conclusion is that active participles in predicative function increase in the text of 2 Chronicles compared to Joshua. Is it a diachronic development of active participles in the biblical Hebrew language over time or is the increase due to differences in different language styles?

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Dans la présente étude, nous avons pour objectifs d’extraire et d’analyser les néologismes des technologies langagières du point de vue de la traductologie et de ses domaines connexes, d’utiliser ces néologismes comme fenêtre sur l’évolution des connaissances relatives aux technologies langagières, et de mettre à l’épreuve la méthodologie élaborée dans le cadre de l’étude. Les technologies langagières occupent une place centrale en traductologie. Pour l’extraction et l’analyse, nous utilisons alors un corpus diachronique composé d’articles publiés en français et en anglais, de 1966 à 2019, dans les revues traductologiques Meta : journal des traducteurs et TTR : traduction, terminologie et rédaction. Nous proposons une méthodologie innovatrice en terminologie pour l’extraction et l’analyse des néologismes, qui combine l’utilisation d’un corpus d’exclusion, d’un calcul des fréquences et des plongements lexicaux diachroniques. Enfin, nous validons et analysons les néologismes sur la base de leur concordance et selon la typologie de Rondeau (1984). Nous visons plus précisément les termes d’un lexique bilingue des technologies langagières que nous avons compilé à partir d’ouvrages spécialisés. Les résultats nous permettent de faire état de la néologie, en anglais et en français, des technologies langagières utilisées en traductologie et dans ses domaines connexes. Les données recueillies évoquent une variété de domaines, d’événements et de thématiques que nous analysons et qui représentent de nouvelles avenues à explorer. De plus, elles signalent la similarité de la néologie du domaine dans les deux langues et nous permettent d’observer la popularité, la trajectoire et l’instabilité des néologismes au sein du corpus. Ainsi, nous offrons une perspective novatrice sur les technologies langagières et sa terminologie pour les spécialistes de la traductologie et de ses domaines connexes. / In this study, we aim to extract and analyze language technologies neologisms from the point of view of translation studies and its related fields, to use these neologisms as a window on the evolution of knowledge about language technologies, and to put the methodology developed as part of the study to the test. Language technologies hold an important place in translation studies. For the extraction and analysis, we then use a diachronic corpus built from articles published in French and English, from 1966 to 2019, in two translation studies journals, Meta: translators’ journal and TTR: traduction, terminologie et rédaction. We develop an innovative methodology in terminology for the extraction and analysis of neologisms combining the use of an exclusion corpus, a frequency analysis and diachronic word embeddings. Finally, we validate and analyze neologisms based on their concordance and according to Rondeau’s typology (1984). We focus on terms that are part of a bilingual glossary of language technologies that we compiled for this study from specialized works. The results enable us to describe the neology, in French and English, of language technologies used in translation studies and its related fields. Collected data relate to a variety of fields, events and themes that we analyze, and which provide leads for further analysis. Also, the data point to the similarity of the domain’s neology in both languages and enable us to observe the popularity, trajectory, and stability of neologisms within the corpus. In this way, we offer an innovative perspective on language technologies and its terminology to translation studies and related fields experts.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / The aim of this dissertation is to analyse those poems in which the image of the knife, el cuchillo, appears in the collection El rayo que no cesa, by Miguel Hernandez. The poet manifests his all-encompassing tragic view of life by means of this recurring negative symbol. The poetry of Miguel Hernandez is autobiographical: The universal themes of nature, love and death reveal a close link between the course of his life and the evolution of his poetry. El rayo que no cesa is central to the evolution of Hernandez's poetry: it is the product of the crisis of conscience that propelled the poet toward a radical change of world-view. The book reveals his frustration with love within the rigid norms of the society of his time. The poet expresses his bitterness by means of destructive images such as knife, sword, and ray/flash, images that project the tragic fate that threatened his entire existence. / Met eietydse denkrigtings oor die literere historiografie as uitgangspunt, word 'n deelgeskiedenis aangebied van die plaasroman as deurlopende en prominente genre in die Afrikaanse letterkunde oor 'n tydperk van nagenoeg sewentig jaar (1926 -1993). Ter inleiding word besin oor die geldigheid van kategorisering van romans en oor die aard van die plaasroman as eiesoortige genre. Orie opeenvolgende periodes word onderskei binne hierdie deelgeskiedenis op grond van bepaalde perspektiefverskuiwings wat in die Afrikaanse literere klimaat opvat. Hierdie periodes word deur die volgende noemers getipeer: Die Afrikaanse gedagte (1920-1940), Die internasionale gedagte (1956-1976) en Die Afrika gedagte (1976-1993). Twaalf plaasromans van literer-historiese betekenis word sinchronies, diachronies en binne ekstratekstuele konteks bespreek. Ten slotte word 'n oorsig gebied van die historiese gang sowel as die veranderende betekenis van die plaasroman in die Afrikaanse letterkunde. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)