Cette étude porte sur l'emploi d'adjectifs neutres en fonction adverbiale en grec ancien, sur un corpus constitué de l'ensemble de la poésie archaïque, d'Homère à Pindare. Les données recueillies ont été, autant que possible, confrontées aux données des auteurs classiques et des poètes alexandrins, et replacées dans la perspective de la linguistique indo-européenne. Une étude morphologique montre le caractère récent des adverbes en ως en grec homérique, alors que le neutre adverbial semble constituer un procédé d'adverbialisation ancien et courant. Un examen sémantique des neutres adverbiaux et des adverbes en ως fait apparaître que ces derniers présentent des traits sémantiques typiques d'une catégorie d'adverbes en cours de développement, puisqu'il s'agit presque exclusivement d'adverbes de manière, alors que les neutres adverbiaux apparaissent, chez Homère, dans presque toutes les catégories d'adverbes, ce qui est le propre d'un procédé d'adverbialisation qui a déjà connu une forte productivité. Enfin, une étude syntaxique souligne les limites de la thèse traditionnelle qui voit dans nombre d'adjectifs neutres employés comme adverbes des accusatifs d'objet interne : cette hypothèse ne tient pas compte de l'existence de nombreux neutres adverbiaux qui ne sauraient s'expliquer ainsi, et elle suppose que l'on ait pu substantiver sans restriction des adjectifs au neutre singulier, ce qui n'est pas le cas chez Homère. Cette étude syntaxique met enfin en lumière les étapes du développement des adverbes en ως : ceux-ci sont d'abord apparus dans des contextes où le sujet avait un contrôle sur l'action, ainsi que dans des contextes où l'adverbe est orienté vers le sujet. / The object of this work is to describe and explain the use of neuter adjectives as adverbs in Ancient Greek. It is based on a corpus comprising all archaic Greek poetry, from Homer to Pindar. Whenever possible, this data is compared with the data of the Classical and Hellenistic periods, and put into an Indo-European perspective. The examination of the morphology of adverbs in archaic Greek shows that the adverbs in ως are a recent development in Homer, whereas adverbial neuters seem to have been the default way of deriving an adverb from an adjective shortly before the archaic period. The semantics of the adverbs in ως displays typical features of a relatively new adverbial formation: in Homer, the suffix ως is only found in adverbs expressing manner. On the other hand, neuter adjectives used as adverbs are found in almost every adverbial function, which is the expected behaviour of a very productive adverbial formation. Finally, a syntaxic study of the adjectives in archaic Greek shows that the use of neuter adjectives as adverbs cannot be explained as a special case of internal accusative: this hypothesis is unable to account for numerous neuter adjectives used as adverbs, and implies that neuter adjectives could be used as substantives in singular without any restriction, which is not the case in Homer. This syntaxic study also sheds light on the development of the adverbs in ως: they first appeared in contexts where the subject controlled the process, and in contexts where the adverb is subject-oriented.

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit sind diejenigen Bewegungsverben im Altgriechischen, die zum Ausdruck einer allgemeinen Fortbewegung angewendet werden. Diese Verben können innerhalb verschiedener Kontexte durch come und go glossiert werden und weisen in vielen Sprachen raumbezogene deiktische Anwendungen auf. Die Analyse erstreckt sich auf zwei Hauptcorpora verschiedener Zeitalter, die Komödie des Aristophanes (5. Jh. vor Chr.) und das Neue Testament (1. Jh. nach Chr.). Um diachrone Veränderungen besser zu illustrieren, sind darüber hinaus quantitative und ggf. qualitative Daten bzw. Beispiele aus anderen früheren und späteren Autoren dargestellt und berücksichtigt worden. Die Arbeit geht von der vorhandenen Typologie über deiktische Bewegungsverben in gesprochenen Sprachen aus und identifiziert diejenigen Kriterien und Kontexte, die auch für die Analyse einer toten Sprache zutreffen. Im Unterschied zu der vorhandenen Typologie und der in der Forschung verbreiteten Herangehensweise bzgl. dieser Verbgruppe, die sich auf die räumliche Domäne der Deixis beschränkt, wird in die vorliegende Arbeit auch die Analyse der zeitlichen Dimension der vom Verb ausgedrückten Fortbewegung integriert. Ausgehend von der hier durchgeführten Analyse ist festzustellen, dass die diachronen Veränderungen in den Anwendungskriterien der Bewegungsverben im Altgriechischen auf das Verhältnis zwischen denjenigen Sprachmitteln zurückzuführen sind, die in diesem Verbsystem um den Ausdruck bzw. Präzisierung der zeitlichen Dimension der Handlung konkurrieren, d.h. Aspekt und Aktionsart. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass die Integration der Domänen Raum und Zeit und die Annahme einer diachronen Perspektive die bisherige Typologie sinnbringend ergänzen und in der Forschung zu anderen Sprachen ebenfalls rezipiert werden sollten. / In this work are regarded those motion verbs in Ancient Greek that are used to express a general motion. Those verbs can be glossified by 'come' and 'go', and within certain contexts, deictic uses of these verbs are evident in many languages. The analysis includes two main corpora of different epochs, the comedy of Aristophanes (5th century B.C.) and the New Testament (1st century A.C.). For a better illustration of diachronic changes, quantitative and partially also qualitative data about further, earlier or later authors are described and regarded. Basing on the existing typology for deictic motion verbs in spoken languages, this study identifies those criteria and contexts that can be applied onto a dead language as well. As a difference to the existing typology and to the prevalent approach on these verbs – which is limited to the spatial dimension of deixis –, in this study also the temporal dimension of the verbally expressed motion is integrated. Based on the analysis presented here, it is to be noted that the diachronic changes in the criteria for the application of motion verbs in Ancient Greek can be traced back to the relation of the verbal categories that concur for the expression or precising of the plot's temporal dimension. i.e. the aspect and the Aktionsart. The results of this work give evidence, that the integration of the domains 'space' and 'time' gives reason for the use of these verbs in ancient Greek within a diachronic perspective, and show that this methodological approach is worth to be applied to the analysis of other languages.

La terminologie des sciences et techniques spatiales (STS) relevée sur corpus est étudiée dans le cadre et avec la structuration ontologique du domaine. La formation morphosyntaxique, le caractère de l’unité terminologique ainsi que le schéma d’arguments (expressions prédicatives et arguments) sont analysés tant en contexte qu’indépendamment du contexte. L’unité terminologique se caractérise par un degré de figement relatif : une des propriétés de l’unité terminologique « longue » est que celle-ci peut souvent être décomposée, elle peut avoir un comportement discursif, notamment la reprise anaphorique et la réduction par suppression de l’un de ses composants. Dans ce dernier cas, il s’agit de certains aspects de la terminologisation tels que la chute d’une information non différentielle et le maintien d’un élément nominal ou caractérisant. Ainsi, plusieurs aspects sont des facteurs constants qui peuvent permettre de mettre en évidence l’évolution diachronique de l’unité terminologique. L’apport de la structuration ontologique est analysé dans le but de décrire non seulement les concepts des STS mais aussi l’emploi du schéma d’arguments (verbal et nominal) dans le corpus en se fondant sur des étiquettes sémantico-syntaxiques. Une analyse du verbe spécialisé a été développée pour fournir des informations utiles à la constitution des bases de données terminologiques multilingues ou encore la rédaction des définitions technoscientifiques. L’étude a permis également de décrire des verbes absents dans les dictionnaires de spécialité, de montrer comment un verbe peut acquérir un nouveau sens spécialisé et d’identifier l’agent typique de ces verbes. Deux classifications du verbe spécialisé selon ses emplois et sa structure morphosyntaxique ont été proposées : unité verbale simple (UVS) et unité verbale complexe (UVC). Un syntagme implique l’une des deux analyses : unité compositionnelle ou unité non-compositionnelle. Selon la situation contextuelle, la définition du verbe en langue de spécialité a permis enfin de distinguer les trois acceptions du verbe : verbe très spécialisé, verbe polysémique et verbe support. / The terminology related to the space science and technology (SST), corpus-based approach, is studied within the framework of the ontological structure pattern. The morpho-syntactical formation of the terminological unit, its characteristics as well as the schemata of arguments (predicative expressions and arguments) are both analyzed within the context and beyond the context. It’s characterized by a level of relative fixed structure: one of the properties of the “long” terminological unit that can often be decomposed. It can have a discursive behavior in particular, discourse anaphora, and the reduction by deletion of one of its components. In the latter case, this refers to certain aspects of the terminologization such as non-differential element falling and a characteristic or nominal element maintaining. Therefore, some aspects are constant factors which allow to highlight the diachronic evolution of the terminological unit. The outcome of the ontological structure is analyzed with the aim of describing not only the concepts of the SST, but also the use of the schemata of arguments i.e. verbal and nominal in the corpus by establishing itself on the semantic-syntactical labels. An analysis of the specialized verb was developed to supply useful information for the constitution of the multilingual terminological database or to give techno-scientific definitions. The study also allowed to describe absent verbs in the specialized dictionaries, to show how a verb can acquire a new specialized meaning, to identify the typical agent of the specialized verbs. There are two classifications of the specialized verb according to their uses and their morpho-syntactical structure were proposed as; simple verbal unit (SVU) and complex verbal unit (CVU). A syntagm involves one of the two analyzes: compositional unit or non-compositional unit. According to the situational context, the definition of the verb in LSP allowed finally to identify three meanings of the verb: very specialized verb, polysemous verb, and support verb.

Die ukrainische Sprache, die zu den Nominativ-Akkusativ-Sprachen gehört, weist sowohl historisch als auch synchron Abweichungen vom kanonischen Lizensierungsmuster dieser beiden Kasus auf. So kennt das Ukrainische resultative, inkongruente, in den Finitheitsmerkmalen neutralisierten Passiv-Partizipien auf -no, -to, die wie finite Aktiv-Verben ihrem internen Argument Akkusativ zuweisen, aber historisch auch Nominativ am Patiensargument lizensierten. Solche Kasus-Zuweisung am Patiens passivischer und impersonaler Verben bei fehlender oder Default-Kongruenz stellt einen wichtigen Prüfstein für die theoretische Erfassung von Kasus, Finitheitsmerkmale und Subjektmarkierung dar. Das Ziel der Untersuchung war, über die etymologische Fragestellung hinaus, ein korpus-basiertes und quantifizierbares Bild des diachronen grammatischen Wandels der -no, -to-Formen im Mittelukrainischen zu erstellen. Synchron sind -no, -to bereits gut erforscht: die Struktur erlaubt eine overte Agensangabe im Instrumental und eine optional eingesetzte overte Kopula. Diagnostische Subjekteigenschaften wie Kontrolle in die Infinitiv- und Partizipialkontexte, sowie die Bindung von Reflexiva greifen nicht. Historisch dagegen bestehen noch große empirische Lücken und Beschreibungsdesiderate. Es wurden einige der empirischen Lücken in der Diachronie der -no, -to auf der Grundlage eines elektronischen, diachronen (1500-1800) mittelgroßen Korpus literarischer und administrativer Texte geschlossen: die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Kongruenz und Transitivität der -no, -to und untersucht sie parallel zu den morphologisch identischen passiven kongruierenden -no, -to. / The Ukrainian language belongs to the nominative-accusative languages and demonstrates both historically and synchronically the deviations from the canonical case licensing pattern. That is, Ukrainian has resultative, non-agreeing and non-finite passive participles ending in either -no or -to that assign accusative to their internal argument, just like finite active verbs do. Historically -no, -to forms licensed the nominative on the patience argument as well. Accusative case assignment on the patience in impersonal verbs that lack agreement represents an important touchstone for the theoretical understanding of case, finiteness and subject marking. Along with the etymological questions, the aim of this investigation was to obtain a corpus-based quantifiable picture of the diachronic grammatical change of -no, -to forms in Middle Ukrainian. The modern -no, -to structure has already been properly investigated: it is clear that the structure allows for an overt agent phrase in instrumental and for an optional copula. Diagnostic subject properties like control into the infinitival and participial contexts, as well as the binding of reflexives do not apply. Historically however, there are large empirical gaps and desiderata as to the development of -no, -to. The thesis closes several of the empirical gaps in the diachrony of -no, -to on the basis of a middle-sized electronic corpus of literary and administrative texts from 1500-1800. The thesis deals with the agreement and transitivity of non-agreeing -no, -to that have been investigated parallel to the morphologically identical to them agreeing passive -no, -to.

This dissertation investigates the use of the subjunctive in completive clauses governed by verbs in Italian, both synchronically and diachronically, and in Vulgar Latin. By making use of the tools provided by the Variationist Sociolinguistic framework (Labov 1972, 1994), the current study sheds light on the underlying conditioning on variability using actual usage and speech-surrogate data. Contemporary actual speech data comes from LIP (De Mauro et al. 1993) and C-ORAL-ROM (Cresti & Moneglia 2005) corpora, providing spontaneous discourse in casual and careful speech as well as sub-sample divisions representative of geographical variation. In order to measure any changes in the underlying conditioning on subjunctive selection, a diachronic benchmark is established: a corpus of speech-like surrogates of 16th to 20th century Italian, COHI (Corpus of Historical Italian), and a corpus of Vulgar Latin (Cena Trimalchionis, from the Satyricon by Petronius). The subjunctives were extracted in adherence to the principle of accountability (Labov 1972), using the method developed by Poplack (1992): every complement clause governed by a matrix verb (governor) that triggered the subjunctive at least once was included. This method enables us to circumvent the issue of the lack of consensus in the literature on exactly which contexts, i.e. verbs and/or meanings, should trigger the subjunctive in discourse. This issue surfaces as well from the meta-linguistic analysis of a compendium of 58 Italian grammars and treaties (CSGI, Collezione Storica di Grammatiche Italiane), constructed for the purpose of this research. A series of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors proposed by formal and prescriptive literature are operationalized and tested against the corpora of both Italian and Vulgar Latin, in order to ascertain the nature of variability in discourse: i.e. whether the use of the subjunctive is semantically motivated, productive in speech or undergoing desemanticization and lexicalization. Despite widespread assumption of a change that occurred after the political and the subsequent linguistic unification of Italy, i.e. that the subjunctive has lost ground in favour of the indicative when it was supposedly used categorically in the past, quantitative and statistical evidence shows that subjunctive selection is largely determined by lexical identity of the governor as well as embedded suppletive forms of essere, and that this pattern has been operative at least since the 16th century. On a more socio-linguistic aspect, this study confirms the linguistic prestige that the subjunctive has acquired in contemporary speech, being selected with a wider range of infrequent and singleton governors by highly educated speakers. Also, the highly lexicalized pattern on variability was found to be largely shared amongst the four main urban centres of Florence, Milan, Rome, and Naples, thus countering the assumption of divergent linguistic behaviour between northern and southern varieties of Italian. The study also shows that despite the significant time span targeted, no evidence of desemanticization has been found. Likewise, the variationist analysis on the Vulgar Latin subjunctive shows that subjunctive choice was already largely determined by, and restricted, to a few governors, identified as ‘volitive’ and ‘emotive’ matrices. These governors remained strong predictors for the selection of the subjunctive in Italian as well, suggesting that this lexical pattern has been transferred and consistently retained in the daughter language.

La question du système des morphèmes de la négation simple ou composée en français suscite depuis toujours l’intérêt de la linguistique mais reste traitée de manière fluctuante par la linguistique diachronique qui l’étudie de façon inégale selon les périodes de l’histoire du français. En effet, concernant la période préclassique (1550-1630), si cette question est régulièrement abordée, aucune étude approfondie et détaillée du système de la négation n’existe à ce jour. Ainsi, ce travail s’inscrit au croisement d’une double visée de la recherche en linguistique : d’une part, celle d’un éclairage nouveau sur la question des marques grammaticales de la négation en français ; d’autre part, celle d’une réactualisation des questionnements sur la langue préclassique qui, longtemps négligée, jouit depuis une vingtaine d’années d’un regain d’intérêt croissant. La finalité de cette étude est de proposer une description précise de l’organisation et du fonctionnement du système des signes grammaticaux de la négation simple et de la négation composée (non, ne, ne…pas, ne…point, ne…jamais, etc.) à travers leurs divers emplois et leurs jeux de concurrence, tels qu’ils apparaissent dans un vaste corpus de textes de la période préclassique (1550-1630). Les méthodes de la morphosyntaxe et de la sémantique se sont avérées ici tout à fait adéquates, tout comme le cadre théorique de la psychomécanique du langage dont les postulats permettent de traiter en profondeur les enjeux et les subtilités impliqués par cette recherche. / The issue of simple and compound negation morphemes system in French language has always attracted a lot of interest. However, diachronic linguistics tackles this question in an uneven way according to different periods of French language’s history. Thus, although it is regularly mentioned, no detailed study about system of negation in pre-Classical French (1550-1630) exists so far.Therefore, this work has dual benefits for linguistics research: on the one hand it sheds a new light on the question of grammatical markers of negation in French; on the other hand it renews questions on the pre-Classical French language, which has been a topic of growing interest over the last two decades.The goal of this research is first to offer a detailed description of the organisation and operation of the system of simple and compound negation grammatical markers (non, ne, ne…pas, ne…point, ne…jamais, etc.) according to their different usages as they appear in a large text corpus of pre-Classical period (1550-1630). Their competition is also investigated. Morphosyntax and semantic methods turned out to be very efficient, as well as the theoretical framework of language psychomecanics whose postulates allow an in depth analysis of the issues and intricacies involved in this research.

In the years since Mao Zedongs death, the people of China have been impelled to reevaluate the legacy and character of their still iconic leader. One of the more notable trends in this process of posthumous reevaluation is the tendency of some individuals and groups (most often, the rural peasantry) to interpret the deceased Chairman along theological lines, assuming that his still efficacious spirit will provide protection and good fortune to those who honour him.<p>In exploring the genesis (and continued salience) of these beliefs and practices, the present research delves into popular Chinese religiosity, exploring the porosity of the traditional cosmology, the centrality of perceived spiritual efficacy (ling) in determining the popularity of religious cults, and the theological and cosmological resonances extant within traditional understandings of political leadership. The body of metaphors, narratives, and tropes drawn from this historical overview are then applied to popular characterizations of Mao, with the resulting correspondences helping to explicate the salience of these modern religious interpretations. To further investigate the source of Maos persistent symbolic capital, the present research also explores the role of Cultural Revolution-era ritual in valorizing and reifying the power and efficacy then popularly ascribed to the Great Helmsmans person and teachings. This studys conclusion, in brief, is that participants in the posthumous cult of Mao are utilizing these cultural materials in both traditional and creative ways, and that such interpretations speak to the exigencies of life in the turbulent, ideologically ambiguous culture of modern China. <p>In performing this evaluation, the present research makes use of the standard phenomenological/historiographic approach of religious studies scholarship, though it is also informed by narrative methods, cognitive science, and current perspectives on the role and function of ritual. In particular, the analysis of Mao-era rituals (as a source of Maos continued symbolic potency) is performed using the cognivistic typology of ritual proposed by E. Thomas Lawson and Robert N. McCauley, with additional materials drawn from the research of Catherine Bell, Roy Rappaport, Pascal Boyer and Adam Chau.

In the years since Mao Zedongs death, the people of China have been impelled to reevaluate the legacy and character of their still iconic leader. One of the more notable trends in this process of posthumous reevaluation is the tendency of some individuals and groups (most often, the rural peasantry) to interpret the deceased Chairman along theological lines, assuming that his still efficacious spirit will provide protection and good fortune to those who honour him.<p>In exploring the genesis (and continued salience) of these beliefs and practices, the present research delves into popular Chinese religiosity, exploring the porosity of the traditional cosmology, the centrality of perceived spiritual efficacy (ling) in determining the popularity of religious cults, and the theological and cosmological resonances extant within traditional understandings of political leadership. The body of metaphors, narratives, and tropes drawn from this historical overview are then applied to popular characterizations of Mao, with the resulting correspondences helping to explicate the salience of these modern religious interpretations. To further investigate the source of Maos persistent symbolic capital, the present research also explores the role of Cultural Revolution-era ritual in valorizing and reifying the power and efficacy then popularly ascribed to the Great Helmsmans person and teachings. This studys conclusion, in brief, is that participants in the posthumous cult of Mao are utilizing these cultural materials in both traditional and creative ways, and that such interpretations speak to the exigencies of life in the turbulent, ideologically ambiguous culture of modern China. <p>In performing this evaluation, the present research makes use of the standard phenomenological/historiographic approach of religious studies scholarship, though it is also informed by narrative methods, cognitive science, and current perspectives on the role and function of ritual. In particular, the analysis of Mao-era rituals (as a source of Maos continued symbolic potency) is performed using the cognivistic typology of ritual proposed by E. Thomas Lawson and Robert N. McCauley, with additional materials drawn from the research of Catherine Bell, Roy Rappaport, Pascal Boyer and Adam Chau.

Αντικείμενο μελέτης της εργασίας είναι η διαχρονία της ανύψωσης φωνηέντων στη Νεότερη Ελληνική. Αρχικά, παρουσιάζεται η ιστορική πορεία του φαινομένου και διατυπώνεται μια πρόταση για τη χρονολόγησή του. Κατόπιν, εξετάζονται συγχρονικά οι όροι εφαρμογής και η γεωγραφική κατανομή του φαινομένου στη Νέα Ελληνική και επιχειρείται μια σύγκριση των ελληνικών δεδομένων με δεδομένα άλλων γλωσσών. Επίσης, υιοθετείται μια ανάλυση στο πλαίσιο της Θεωρίας του Βέλτιστου και συζητώνται τα μειονεκτήματά της. Τέλος, με αφετηρία την ανύψωση φωνηέντων της Ελληνικής, θίγονται ορισμένα θεωρητικά θέματα σε σχέση με τη φωνολογική μεταβολή και τους τρόπους με τους οποίους αυτή εξαπλώνεται. / This study examines the diachrony of vowel raising in Greek. First, it presents the historical evolution of this phenomenon and deals with its dating. Then, it describes the conditioning environment of raising and its geographical distribution in Modern Greek. Moreover, Greek data is compared to relevant cross-linguistic data. An Optimality theoretic analysis is presented and its drawbacks are discussed. Last but not least, it is argued that the Greek phenomenon under scrutiny can contribute to a better understanding of sound change and how it spreads.

In Turkey, the majority of the historic city centres have been continuously occupied since early ages onwards and where still occupation exists. The multi-layered structure of historic centres both can indicate the historical continuity of cities and enhance urban consciousness, if urban archaeological resources are handled effectively into planning process. However, the recent policies and strategies don&amp / #8217 / t allow the handling of urban archaeological resources, especially invisible sub-soil resources, into planning and decision-making process. In this thesis, it is aimed to formulate a basic methodological framework for the handling of urban archaeological resources into planning process of historic city centres in Turkey. Therefore, the study is handled in two parts / a conceptual methodological framework part and an exploratory case study.In the conceptual part, a basic equation is studied to research the factors on the conservation and evaluation of real urban archaeological potential. Then, the methodological framework is examined in detail in izmir Historic City Centre that has been inhabited since 324 B.C. Consequently, the terms of equi-property areas, which are used to define ideal potential of archaeological resources, and urban archaeological character zones, which are described as the basic units of planning and conservation policies, are developed to determine exact management strategies for urban archaeological resources.