Segmentação é uma etapa essencial para sistemas de pré-triagem de lesões melanocíticas. Neste trabalho, um novo método para segmentar lesões melanocíticas em imagens de câmera padrão (i.e., imagens macroscópicas) é apresentado. Inicialmente, para reduzir artefatos indesejáveis, os efeitos de sombra são atenuados na imagem macroscópica e uma présegmentação é obtida usando um esquema que combina a transformada wavelet com a transformada watershed. Em seguida, uma imagem de variação textural projetada para melhorar a discriminabilidade da lesão em relação ao fundo é obtida e a região présegmentada é usada para o aprendizado de um dicionário inicial e de uma representação inicial via um método de fatoração de matrizes não-negativas. Uma versão nãosupervisionada e não-paramétrica do método de aprendizado de dicionário baseado em teoria da informação é proposta para otimizar esta representação, selecionando o subconjunto de átomos que maximiza a compactividade e a representatividade do dicionário aprendido. Por fim, a imagem da lesão de pele é representada usando o dicionário aprendido e segmentada com o método de corte normalizado em grafos. Nossos resultados experimentais baseados em uma base de imagens bastante utilizada sugerem que o método proposto tende a fornecer melhores resultados do que os métodos estado-da-arte analisados (em termos do erro XOR). / Segmentation is an essential step for the automated pre-screening of melanocytic lesions. In this work, a new method for segmenting melanocytic lesions in standard camera images (i.e., macroscopic images) is presented. Initially, to reduce unwanted artifacts, shading effects are attenuated in the macroscopic image and a pre-segmentation is obtained using a scheme that combines the wavelet transform and the watershed transform. Afterwards, a textural variation image designed to enhance the skin lesion against the background is obtained, and the presegmented skin lesion region is used to learn an initial dictionary and an initial representation via a nonnegative matrix factorization method. An unsupervised and non-parametric version of the information-theoretic dictionary learning method is proposed to optimize this representation by selecting the subset of atoms that maximizes the learned dictionary compactness and representation. Finally, the skin lesion image is represented using the learned dictionary and segmented with the normalized graph cuts method. Our experimental results based on a widely used image dataset suggest that the proposed method tends to provide more accurate skin lesion segmentations than comparable state-of-the-art methods (in terms of the XOR error).

In the modern world, Internet has become a popular place, people with speech hearing disabilities and search engines can't take part of speech content in podcast les. In order to solve the problem partially, the Sphinx decoders such as Sphinx-3, Sphinx-4 can be used to implement a Auto Transcript Generator application, by coupling already existing large acoustic model, language model and a existing dictionary, or by training your own large acoustic model, language model and creating your own dictionary to support continuous speaker independent speech recognition system.

Nous avons commencé cette étude en présentant le peuple bakhtiari, d’Iran, dans toute sa diversité : étude résumée de son histoire, de ses origines et de sa formation ethnique, des espaces où il vit, de son rythme et de ses déplacements puisqu’il pratique la transhumance.Nous avons abordé à partir de ses activités et de son économie la manière dont il se loge, se nourrit, se soigne et les aspects les plus coutumiers de son organisation de vie familiale. Puis nous avons abordé et développé l’étude approfondie de la langue des Bakhtiaris.Nous l’avons étudiée, phonétiquement, donnant des renseignements sur les lettres, les sons et l’organisation du système phonétique de la langue bakhtiari. Puis nous avons développé une étude de la grammaire et de la syntaxe de la langue, telle que nous la connaissons et la pratiquons. Il est important de noter qu’il s’agit d’une langue surtout orale et qu’il n’existe pas d’étude approfondie de cette grammaire tant dans sa morphologie que dans sa syntaxe.Notre étude est donc très importante à ce titre. Nous avons pu la mener parce que pendant des années nous avons enregistré, en vivant au milieu des Bakhtiaris, dans notre famille, des conversations, des sessions avec des conteurs et des poètes, ceux qui gardent la langue vivante et nous permettent de la conserver et de l’étudier… / We begin by presenting the Bakhtiari people of Iran. This study summarises the diversity ofthese people: their history, origins and ethnic formation, the places they inhabit and the cycleof their travels since they began the practice of transhumance.We studied the manner in which operations and economy are incorporated into bakhtiariculture, including the more traditional aspects of the organisation of family life. We thenundertook an in-depth study of the bakhtiari language. We have studied this language and itsevolution from its origins to what we know today. We studied it phonetically usinginformation on letters, sounds and organisation of the phonetic system of the bakhtiarilanguage. We then developed a study of grammar and syntax of the language as we knowand practice it. It is important to note that this is primarily an oral language and there is nocomprehensive study of the grammar in both its morphology and syntax. Therefore, ourstudy is very important in documenting this aspect of the bakhtiari language.We have been able to conduct this study because for years our family have lived alongsidethe Bakhtiari people and we have experienced conversations and meetings with storytellersand poets who keep the language alive and allow us to preserve and study their language…

This thesis deals with area of set phrasemes processing in dictionary, specifically processing of somatisms. The thesis consists of theoretical and practical part. The aim of theoretical part is phraseology in general, phrasemes (occasionally phraseologisms) and their application in Czech and German linguistics. Field of phrasemes like somatisms in order to language unit character is taken into account in the first section as well as dependence of phrasemes like their meaning explanation on the context in which they appear. Furthermore, there are listed and described main phrasemes characteristics which distinguish them from other language phenomenons. Conclusion of theoretical part analyzes area of corpus linguistics and its application based on corpus and co-occurrence analysis. Built on first part of thesis, practical part deals with processing of somatisms in bilingual dictionary particularly in lexicography point of view whereas proposal of specific solutions are given. As the attachment there are processed results of search into database input which may be considered as a part of bilingual dictionary. Keywords: phrasem, bilingual dictionary, corpus lexicography, corpus analysis, somatism

The four pillars of material science and engineering namely structure, processing, properties and performance form the so-called material paradigm. At the heart of the material paradigm is materials characterization, which is used to measure and identify the relationships. Materials Characterization typically reconstructing the conditions giving rise to a measurement, a classic inverse problem. The solutions of these inverse problems are under or over determined and not unique. The solutions of these inverse problems can be greatly improved if accurate forward models exist for these characterization experiments. In this thesis, we will be focusing of developing forward models for electron diffraction modalities. Specifically, four different forward models for electron diffraction, namely the Electron Backscatter Diffraction, Electron Channeling Patterns, Precession Electron Diffraction and Transmission kikuchi Diffraction modalities are presented. Further, these forward models are applied to important materials characterization problems, including diffraction pattern indexing using the dictionary approach and forward model based orientation refinement. Finally, a novel pole figure inversion algorithm using the cubochoric representation and model based iterative reconstruction is also presented.

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Au Cambodge, des patrimoines archéologiques exceptionnels ont été révélés. Matériels et immatériels, leur préservation s'avère délicate. Dès le XIXème siècle, des travaux savants ont constitué une mémoire sur la culture, l’histoire, l’archéologie, l’évolution de l’architecture et des styles. Ensuite, des années de guerre ont détruit une grande partie des structures sociales du pays. L’Éducation est aujourd'hui confrontée au défi contemporain de stabiliser une identité nationale, autour d’une mémoire, d’une culture et d’une langue communes. Dans cette logique, cette thèse tente de contribuer à la préservation de ces patrimoines et leur transmission aux jeunes générations. Elle est consacrée au vocabulaire de l’architecture khmère. Elle en caractérise des spécificités constructives, spatiales religieuses, à travers des temples brahmaniques ou bouddhiques et monastères, et spatiales civiles, à travers des édifices traditionnels. Elle traite des difficultés méthodologiques sur la fiabilité des informations liées à des terminologies anciennes. Elle questionne les logiques de choix, de définition, d'acceptions et de niveau de précision des notions. Elle aborde l'adossement de la culture architecturale à la langue, fortement enracinée dans la culture khmère, ainsi que le lien étroit entre l’histoire de la construction et celle de la société. Sans prétendre à une exhaustivité, de nombreux termes littéraires ou familiers à l’abandon, de nombreux mots perdus et liés à la conception architecturale, à la caractérisation spatiale, au chantier et aux usages sont révélés ou rétablis. Un effort d'illustration, sous la forme de dessins et croquis originaux, aident mieux saisir les techniques et contextes d'intervention. L'accent a été mis sur la précision et la clarté du texte, en français et en khmer. / In Cambodia, exceptional archaeological heritage site was revealed. Tangible and intangible, preservation proves difficult. From the nineteenth century, scientists have established a work memory on culture, history, archaeology, evolution of architecture and styles. Then the years of war have destroyed much of the social structure in the country. Actually, education faces the challenge of stabilizing a contemporary national identity around a memory, a culture and a common language. In this logic, this thesis tries to contribute to the preservation of this heritage and its transmission to the young generations. It is devoted to the vocabulary of Khmer architecture. It characterizes the specificities of various construction and religion space, through Brahman or Buddhist temples and monasteries, then the civil space, through traditional housing. It discusses the methodological difficulties on the reliability of information related to the ancient terminology. It issues the logical choice, the meaning and the precision of the notions. It addresses the backing of architectural culture to language, strongly rooted in Khmer culture, as well as the close relationship between the history of the building and that the society. Without pretending to exhaustive, many literary and familiarly words abandoned, lost and many words related to architectural design, spatial characterization, and usages on site were found or recovered. An illustrations effort, in the form of drawings and original sketches, help better understanding of the technical and operational contexts. The focus was placed on the precision and clarity of text, in French and Khmer.

Internet users are increasingly required to sign up for online services and establish accounts before receiving service from websites. On the one hand, generation of strong usernames and passwords is a difficult task for the user. On the other hand, memorization of strong passwords is by far more problematic for the average user. Thus, the average user has a tendency to use weak passwords, and also reuse his passwords for more than one website, which makes several attacks feasible. Under the aforementioned circumstances, the use of password managers is beneficial, since they unburden the user from the task of memorizing user credentials. However, password managers have a number of weaknesses. This thesis is mainly aimed at alleviating some of the intrinsic weaknesses of password managers. We propose three cryptographic protocols which can improve the security of password managers while enhancing user convenience. We also present the design of a phishing and Man-in-the-Browser resistant password manger which best fits into our scheme. Furthermore, we present our novel virtual on-screen keyboard and keypad which are designed to provide strong protection mechanisms against threats such as keylogging and shoulder surfing.

The theme of the thesis is the development of the appliacation Aphasia dictionary 2.0. Aphasic Dictionary 1.0 is an application that our project team has developed in terms of side specialization. It is a logopaedic therapeutic tool for patients with aphasia which contains entries in the dictionary with the visuals accompanied by a soundtrack. This device helps make the therapy with expert more attractive and it allows home training for the pacients. Now the team plans to develop a second version which should be comprehensive and professional manner. The aim of the thesis is to prepare the data for this project. Specifically I am going to carry out research among users analyse the changes compared to the first vision and put together a project plan.

De récentes études ont montré que l'activité spontanée du cerveau observée au repos permet d'étudier l'organisation fonctionnelle cérébrale en complément de l'information fournie par les protocoles de tâches. A partir de ces signaux, nous allons extraire un atlas fonctionnel du cerveau modélisant la variabilité inter-sujet. La nouveauté de notre approche réside dans l'intégration d'a-prioris neuroscientifiques et de la variabilité inter-sujet directement dans un modèles probabiliste de l'activité de repos. Ces modèles seront appliqués sur de larges jeux de données. Cette variabilité, ignorée jusqu'à présent, cont nous permettre d'extraire des atlas flous, donc limités en terme de résolution. Des challenges à la fois numériques et algorithmiques sont à relever de par la taille des jeux de données étudiés et la complexité de la modélisation considérée. / Recent studies have shown that resting-state spontaneous brain activity unveils intrinsic cerebral functioning and complete information brought by prototype task study. From these signals, we will set up a functional atlas of the brain, along with an across-subject variability model. The novelty of our approach lies in the integration of neuroscientific priors and inter-individual variability in a probabilistic description of the rest activity. These models will be applied to large datasets. This variability, ignored until now, may lead to learning of fuzzy atlases, thus limited in term of resolution. This program yields both numerical and algorithmic challenges because of the data volume but also because of the complexity of modelisation.