Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of nutrition, temperature during feed withdrawal, shackling duration, sex and age at processing on broiler quality. Low energy (94% of recommended) diets resulted in a lower percentage of carcass fat while increasing the percentage of carcass protein. Low protein (85% of recommended) resulted in a decreased percentage of carcass protein while carcass fat increased. Low protein diets also limited frame size as measured by length and width of P. major. Exposure to 9 C temperatures during feed withdrawal resulted in improved meat quality as measured by higher ultimate pH, lower drip loss and darker color. Long shackling time (120 s) did not affect ultimate pH, drip or cooking losses compared to short shackling (<10 s); however, short shackled broilers exhibited poorer tenderness values. Males had higher carcass protein and lower fat than females. Females exhibited higher ultimate pH, higher drip loss and lighter breast meat. Drip loss and ultimate pH decreased with age. Processing age and sex of broilers may have greater influences on meat quality than previously reported. / Animal Science

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Behavioral weight loss programs have been shown to be effective for short-term weight loss, however the impact of these programs on dietary changes is unclear. This study examined the changes in participant’s diet and physical activity over the course of a 16-week Internet behavioral weight-loss program. A single-center randomized controlled trial was conducted from August 2008 to December 2008 in Lexington, KY, and sixty-six women whose mean (SD) age was 48.6 (10.8) years and body mass index was 31.8 (3.7) kg/m2 completed all dietary and physical measures. Participants received two face-to-face group sessions with a dietitian, at baseline and 4-weeks, in addition to 16 weekly behavioral weight loss lessons delivered via an Internet website. Participants showed a significant reduction in energy intake (1879.2±771.7 vs. 1372.9±423.7; p<0.001), dietary energy density (2.1±0.5 vs. 1.9±0.5; p=0.002) and a significant increase in diet quality score as measured by the HEI-2005 (53.9±9.9 vs. 57.4±10.6; p =0.002). Participants did not show significant differences in physical activity intensity, duration or energy expenditure. However, post hoc analysis revealed that those who adopted a healthy life style, such as eating more fruits and vegetables and being physically active, achieved greater weight loss than those who did not adopt a healthy lifestyle. Participation in this Internet behavioral weight loss program significantly improved dietary intake in adult women and did not significantly improve daily physical activity levels.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:46:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 332298 bytes, checksum: 3afb5e82dc441663f27749ee1c7b25bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Two experiments were conducted with eight Nelore heifers (BW 267 ± 17 kg ) to assess the excretion of purine derivatives (PD) from intake of TND, the intake and digestibilities of nutrients and the endogenous fraction of PD and nitrogen losses using the technique of fasting. In Exp.I the animal were fed a diet based on corn silage and concentrate in the proportions of 70 and 30% of dry matter (DM). The planned treatments were 4 different DMI: 1.0, 1.4, 1.8 and 2.2 % of BW (DM basis). The animals were allocated to two 4 x 4 Latin squares balanced for residual effect. The four experimental periods lasted for 14 d each. During the first 10 days, the animals were allowed to adapt to the level of ingestion. From d 11 to 14, the collection of feces and urine were performed. Dry matter intake (DMI) range was from 1.0 to 2.1% of BW. Total tract apparent digestibilities of all nutrients except ether extract decrease (P<0.05) with increase of DMI. The excretion of PD increased linearly (P<0.05) with the increase of DMI. Absorbed purines, microbial nitrogen compounds and the balance of nitrogenous compounds also linearly increased (P<0.05) with the increase of DMI. The excretion of purine derivatives (mmoldia) was a function of intake of digestible organic matter (DOM) in kg/d: &#374;DP = 32.98 + 21.94* MOD (r2 = 0.44). The PD excretion (mmol/d) was a function of TDN intake (kg/d): &#374;DP = 32.47 +20.40*TDN. The relationship between PD excretion (mmol/kgPC0,75) and CMS (g/kgPC0,75) resulted in the regression: &#374;DP = 0.605 + 0.014 x (r2 = 0.46), where 0,605 mmol/kgPC0, 75 was the endogenous losses of PD. The Exp. II lasted for 16 d, in whith all animals were subjected to dietary restriction. During the first eight days the feed was supplied at 1% of the BW (DM basis) and during the ninth to 11th day the feed was supplied at 0.5% BW. During the 12th to 16th day the animals were fasted, with free access to water. The mean excretions of PD and nitrogen compounds in the last two days were used to estimate the respective endogenous losses. The endogenous losses of PD and nitrogen compounds were 0.332 mmol/kgBW0,75 and 0.384 gN/kgBW0,75, respectively. Consequently, a net protein requirement for maintenance of 2.4 g/kgBW0,75was estimated. In conclusion, there is a reduction of approximately 5% in TDN, when intake range is restricted to voluntary; it is possible the estimation of urinary excretion of PD from intake of TDN and MOD; the endogenous losses of PD is 0.332 ± 0.063 mmol/kgBW0,75, and the endogenous nitrogen is 0.384 gN/kgBW 0, 75. Additionally, creatinine excretion is not affected by food restriction. / Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos com oito novilhas nelore com peso corporal (PC) inicial de 267± 17 kg com os objetivos de estimar a excreção de derivados de purinas (DP) a partir do consumo de NDT, avaliar os consumos e as digestibilidades dos nutrientes e estimar as perdas endógenas de derivados de purinas e de compostos nitrogenados usando a técnica do jejum. No primeiro experimento, os animais foram alimentados com dieta à base de silagem de milho e concentrado nas proporções de 70 e 30% na MS. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de diferentes níveis de oferecimento da dieta: 1,0, 1,4, 1,8, 2,2% (PC), sendo que os animais foram distribuídos em 2 quadrados latinos 4x 4 balanceados para efeito residual. Os quatro períodos experimentais tiveram duração de 14 dias, sendo os dez primeiros dias para adaptação, e quatro dias para as coletas totais de fezes e de urina. Os consumos de MS (CMS) variaram de 1,0 a 2,1% do PC. Houve redução (P<0,05) nas digestibilidades de todos os nutrientes, com exceção do extrato etéreo, com o aumento do CMS. A excreção de DP aumentou linearmente (P<0,05) com o aumento do CMS. As purinas absorvidas, os compostos nitrogenados microbianos e o balanço de compostos nitrogenados também apresentaram comportamento linear crescente (P<0,05) em relação ao CMS. Quando a excreção de derivados de purinas (mmoldia) foi relacionada com a ingestão de matéria orgânica digestível (MOD) em kg/dia, obteve-se a equação: &#374;DP = 32,98 + 21,94*MOD (r2 = 0,44), enquanto quando foi relacionada com a ingestão de NDT (kg/dia), observou-se a equação &#374;DP = 32,47+20,40*NDT (r2=0,44). A relação entre a excreção de DP (mmol/ kgPC0,75) e o CMS (g/kgPC0,75) resultou na regressão: &#374;DP = 0,605 + 0,014x (r2= 0,46), sendo considerado 0,605 mmol/kgPC0,75 a fração endógena de DP. No segundo experimento, com duração de 16 dias, todos os animais foram submetidos à restrição alimentar, sendo a alimentação restrita a 1% do PC em MS nos oito primeiros dias, restrita a 0,5% do PC do nono ao 11odia e em jejum do 12odia ao 16odia, com acesso livre a água, sendo a média dos dois últimos dias utilizada para estimar as perdas endógenas de DP e de compostos nitrogenados. A fração endógena dos DP obtida em jejum foi de 0,332 mmol/kgPC0,75, enquanto estimou-se valor de 0,384 g de N/kgPC0,75 para as perdas endógenas de compostos nitrogenados, ou seja, uma exigência líquida de proteína para mantença de 2,4 g/kgPC0,75. Conclui-se que há redução de aproximadamente 5% no teor de NDT, quando o consumo passa de restrito para voluntário, que a excreção urinária de DP pode ser estimada a partir da ingestão de NDT e de MOD que nos animais em jejum a contribuição endógena de derivados de purina é estimada em 0,332 ± 0,063 mmol/kgPC0,75, enquanto a de compostos nitrogenados é de 0,384 g de N/kgPC0,75 e que a excreção de creatinina não é afetada pela restrição alimentar.

O cachara, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum, é um siluriforme carnívoro da América do Sul. Apesar da importância da espécie para pesca e piscicultura, não há uma dieta específica e nem as exigências nutricionais determinadas. O objetivo deste projeto foi determinar a digestibilidade aparente da energia e proteína de diferentes alimentos de origem animal e vegetal e, com os valores da digestibilidade dos ingredientes, elaborar rações para determinar as exigências em proteína, energia e relação energia:proteína para o cachara. Para o ensaio de digestibilidade, 105 juvenis de cachara (82,35 ± 17,7 g; 23,04 ± 1,6 cm) foram distribuídos em 21 gaiolas cilíndricas plásticas de 80 L e alimentados até a saciedade aparente em duas refeições diárias (20h00min e 22h00min) com dietas teste obtidas a partir da adição de 0,1% de óxido crômico III e substituição de 30% de uma ração referência (RR; 46% proteína bruta; 4600 kcal energia bruta) pelos seguintes ingredientes: farinha de peixe, farinha de carne e ossos, farinha de vísceras, farinha de penas, farinha de sangue, farelo de soja, farelo de trigo, milho moído e glutenose de milho. Após a última refeição, os peixes eram transferidos para os aquários cônicos (200 L) acoplados a recipientes refrigerados para a coleta de fezes por sedimentação. Os melhores coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína (99,36%) e energia (86,25%) foram registrados para a farinha de vísceras de aves e farinha de carne e ossos, respectivamente, consideradas fontes alternativas adequadas para substituir com eficiência a farinha de peixe, ingrediente padrão para formulação de rações para o cachara. Em um segundo experimento foram determinados os melhores níveis de energia e proteína nas dietas para juvenis de cachara (53,6 ± 1,30 g e 20,1 ± 1,06 cm), distribuídos aleatoriamente em 75 gaiolas (210 L) alojadas em tanques de alvenaria (12 m3) com constante renovação de água e aeração e alimentados duas vezes ao dia (06h30m e 18h30m) por 60 dias com 25 dietas formuladas para conter cinco níveis de proteína digestível (32, 36, 40, 44 e 48%) e cinco níveis de energia digestível (3600, 3725, 3850, 3975 e 4100 kcal kg-1), em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com um esquema fatorial 5 x 5 (n = 3). A energia e proteína dietética afetaram o ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, taxa de eficiência proteica, retenção de proteína, índice hepatossomático, índice lipossomático, índice viscerossomático, proteínas totais séricas e triglicerídeos no soro. A energia dietética afetou a retenção de energia pelo cachara, mas a retenção de fósforo e a composição do peixe inteiro não foram influenciadas pela dieta. Com os resultados é possível concluir que os níveis de 3600 kcal kg-1 de ED, 39% de PD e a relação ED:PD de 9,23 kcal g-1 garantem ótimo desempenho e retenção de nutrientes pelo cachara. / Striped surubim, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum is a South American carnivore catfish of economic importance for fisheries and fish culture alike. However, in spite of its importance for the Brazilian aquaculture, there is no specific diet neither nutritional requirement determined for this specie. The aim of this study was thus determination of apparent digestibility coefficients of selected feedstuff and their use in diets for determination of protein, energy and energy:protein requirements of juvenile striped surubim. Juvenile striped surubim (82.35 ± 17.7 g and 23.04 ± 1.6 cm) were distributed in 21 cylindrical, plastic cages (80 L) and conditioned to a two daily meals (20h00m and 22h00m) feeding regimen on a practical, reference diet (RD) (460.0 g kg-1 crude protein (CP); 19.23 kJ g-1 gross energy (GE)). Test diets were obtained by adding 0.1% chromium III oxide and substituting 30% of one the following feedstuffs in RD: fish meal, meat and bone meal, poultry by-product meal, feather meal, blood meal, soybean meal, wheat bran, corn and corn gluten meal. After the last daily meal, fish were transferred to cylindrical-conical bottomed aquaria (200 L), coupled to refrigerated plastic bottles for feces collection by sedimentation. Best apparent digestibility coefficients of protein (99.36%) and energy (86.25%) were recorded for poultry by-product meal and meat and bone meal, respectively, so deemed ideal surrogate feedstuffs to fish meal, the standard protein source for the formulation and processing of diets for carnivore fish. For determination of best energy and protein level, juvenile striped surubim (53.6 ± 1.30 g and 20.1 ± 1.06 cm) were randomly distributed in 75 cages (210 L), housed in 12 m3 concrete tanks under constant water flow and aeration, and hand fed two daily meals (06h30m and 18h30m) for 60 days. Twenty-five diets were formulated to contain five levels of digestible protein (DP) (32, 36, 40, 44 and 48%) and five levels of digestible energy (DE) (3600, 3725, 3850, 3975 and 4100 kcal kg-1) in a randomized design, 5 x 5 factorial scheme (n = 3). The dietary energy and protein affected the weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion rate, protein retention, hepatosomatic, liposomatic and viscerosomatic index, serum total protein and triglycerides, but energy retention was affected only by dietary energy. Phosphorus retention and whole body composition were not affected by diets. Estimated dietary requirement for the best performance and best nutrient retention of striped surubim were 3600 kcal kg-1 of DE, 39% of DP and a 9.23 kcal g-1 of DE:DP ratio.

Millennium Development Goal 1 (MDG 1) on halving extreme poverty is measured with the international poverty line. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the measurement of MDG 1 by reviewing the robustness of the international poverty line and some of its national sub-reports. There are at least two problems in assessing a reliable poverty line, namely what constitutes extreme poverty and what kind of life situation this refers to. Through a qualitative content analysis, the study shows that the selected national reports lack a reliable reference for human dietary energy requirements pivotal for estimating a fair threshold for food needs. In the case that a reliable source was used, the activity level was prone to a wide range of interpretations and lacked procedural consistency.  The FAO (2011) has presented minimum dietary energy requirements that are below the references used in the national reports, which could shift the poverty line. The study also shows that the concept of “extreme poverty” has been used inconsistently. MDG 1 identifies extreme poverty as the inability to meet basic food- and non-food needs. The international poverty line is based on a myriad of national poverty lines ranging from minimum- to generous needs, where extreme poverty is defined as people barely having enough for the food component alone. These two variables create obstacles in setting a reliable international poverty line. A small shift in the international poverty line changes the poverty rates substantially, making it difficult for poverty programs and MDG 1 in truly identifying the people in most need of help.