From conception the dynamic balance between nutritional and activity factors play a role in the accumulation of risk for future disease. Maternal nutrient balance and the subsequent dietary pattern of the family set the path for the growth and development of the individual and therefore also for their offspring. There is strong evidence from studies in India that mothers who have a low vitamin B12 status, but high folate, will have children with higher adiposity and more cardiovascular risk factors than those with adequate B12. The B12 status is closely linked to the dietary pattern particularly the consumption of red meat which has a high B12 content. In New Zealand there are an increasing number of Indian migrants. Vegetarianism is also practiced by an increasing number including young women. In addition, there is a high rate (up to 60%) of unplanned pregnancies in New Zealand. In the 1997 New Zealand National Nutrition Survey (NNS97) report, vitamin B12 intake appeared adequate for the New Zealand population and breakfast cereals were reported as one major dietary source of B12. Cereals in New Zealand however, were not fortified with B12 and there was an error in the FOODfile™ data entries for B12 in some cereals. The raw data of reported B12 intakes in the 24-hour diet recall (24HDR) of NNS97 was reanalysed at the individual level by subtracting the B12 derived from breakfast cereals and applying the 2005 revised estimated average requirement (EAR) value. The possible prevalence of B12 insufficiency was 2.4 times that originally reported by the NNS97, translating into a prevalence of up to 27% of the population sampled. This analysis was limited as it was not adjusted for day-to-day variance or to the New Zealand population. This apparently high prevalence of risk for inadequate B12 intake in the surveyed individuals required confirmation that the B12 intake from 24HDR and also a 7-day diet diary (7DDD) was a valid assessment of B12 status. The group of particular interest is women of childbearing age (18-50y) with a range of eating patterns. Thirty eight women aged 19-48y; 12 non-red-meat-eaters (5 Indians vs. 7 non-Indians) and 26 red-meat-eaters (1 Indian vs. 25 non-Indians) participated in this validation study. Anthropometry and hand-to-foot bioelectrical impedance (BIA) were measured on the same day as a 24HDR was recorded. Fasting serum lipids, glucose, haematological parameters, and serum B12, holotranscobalamin II (holo-TC II, a specific B12 biomarker), and folate concentrations were measured. Foods eaten and time spent in physical activity during the following 7 days were extracted from 7DDD and 7-day physical activity diary (7DPAD). There was no significant correlation between dietary intake (24HDR or 7DDD) and biomarkers for B12 status. Indians reported lower mean daily B12 intakes in 7DDD than non-Indians (1.6 vs. 4.5 μg/day, p<0.001) and this was confirmed by Indians’ significantly low serum B12 (203 vs. 383 pmol/L, p=0.04) and holo-TC II (35 vs. 72 pmol/L, p=0.02) concentrations compared to non-Indians. A similar pattern was found between non-red-meat-eaters and red-meat-eaters in daily B12 intake in 7DDD (2.3 vs. 4.8 μg/day, p<0.001) and in B12 biomarkers (serum B12, 263 vs. 397 pmol/L, p=0.01; holo-TC II, 43 vs. 77 pmol/L, p<0.005). Non-red-meat-eaters reported significantly higher daily folate intake in 7DDD (359 vs. 260 μg/day, p=0.01) than red-meat-eaters but no significant difference was found in serum folate concentration between these groups (29 vs. 24 pmol/L, p=0.10). Indians/non-red-meat-eaters also reported lower daily protein intake and higher percentage of total energy from carbohydrate in 7DDD compared to non-Indians/red-meat-eaters but total reported energy intake tended to be under-reported and physical activity over-reported when assessed against estimated basal metabolic rate (BMR). Body composition varied by dietary pattern. Indians/non-red-meat-eaters had higher body fat percentage (BF %) and weaker grip strength than non-Indians/red-meat-eaters. In addition, Indians had a significantly higher waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) than non-Indians. Overall, the whole group reported that they were inactive. The median time spent in moderate, high and maximal intensity activities was only 19 minutes a day, which did not meet the NZ guideline for adults of 30 minutes a day. In this small study nutrient analysis of diet by 24HDR or 7DDD, was not a reliable or accurate way to assess B12 insufficiency. Questions about dietary patterns such as “do you eat red meat”, and taking ethnicity into account could more easily identify the at risk population. Supplementation and/or fortification of B12 should be considered before pregnancy.

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-07-14T20:11:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Simone Oliveira Barbosa. 2012.pdf: 1492976 bytes, checksum: 6a37cf306a0bab37d7e480c9309f0956 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-07-14T20:38:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Simone Oliveira Barbosa. 2012.pdf: 1492976 bytes, checksum: 6a37cf306a0bab37d7e480c9309f0956 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-14T20:38:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Simone Oliveira Barbosa. 2012.pdf: 1492976 bytes, checksum: 6a37cf306a0bab37d7e480c9309f0956 (MD5) / Objetivo: Descrever o padrão alimentar de adultos de etnia negra segundo o perfil demográfico, socio-econômico, nutricional, atividade física e de saúde. Métodos: Estudo transversal com amostra probabilística de 2.305 indivíduos com idade ≥20 anos, residentes em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Foram realizadas entrevistas contendo perguntas de caráter sóciodemográfico, de saúde, e inquérito sobre o consumo alimentar habitual (repetido em 4 dias da semana) cujas respostas foram registradas em questionários específicos. Características gerais do perfil do consumo alimentar foram descritas e os padrões alimentares foram identificados, empregando-se análise fatorial (AF) por componentes principais. Calculou-se ainda o tercil dos padrões, obtendo-se a sua distribuição percentual segundo as variáveis estudadas. Resultados: Dos 2.305 indivíduos estudados, 39,1% eram homens; 53,6% eram de nível socioeconômico médio; 23,0% eram fisicamente ativos; 53,0% tinham obesidade abdominal; 32,1% eram hipertensos e 5,7% diabéticos. Os maiores percentuais de consumo foram para cereais refinados, carnes gordas, doces, café e feijão. A frequência de mais de três refeições/dia foi referida por 48,0% dos indivíduos. Quanto aos padrões de consumo alimentar foram identificados quatro: no 1º houve predomínio dos itens alimentares: feijão, arroz, farinha; carnes gordas e ovo frito. O 2º padrão foi integrado por cereais refinados, manteiga e/ou margarina, leite e derivados integrais; no 3º houve predomínio de frutas, legumes e verduras, e o 4º com predomínio de carnes gordas e ovos fritos e fast foods. Conclusões: Identificaram-se quatro padrões alimentares, os quais se distribuíram diferenciadamente entre os indivíduos investigados segundo as características demográficas, socio-econômicas e de saúde. / Objective: To describe the dietary pattern among adults of negro ethnicity according to demographic, socioeconomic, nutritional, physical activity, and health characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study of a probabilistic sample from 2,305 individuals with age ≥20 years, residing in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Interviews were conducted containing questions about sociodemographic and health characteristics and a survey of usual dietary consumption (repeated in 4 days of the week), with answers being recorded in specific questionnaires. General characteristics of dietary consumption profile were described and dietary patterns were identified, using factor analysis (FA) for the main components. Pattern tertiles were also calculated, obtaining their percentage distribution according to the variables under study. Results: Of 2,305 individuals studied, 39.1% were males; 53.6% were of middle socioeconomic status; 23.0% were physically active; 53.0% had abdominal obesity; 32.1% were hypertensive; and 5.7% were diabetic. The greatest percentages of consumption were for refined cereals, fatty meats, sweets, coffee and beans. A frequency of more than three meals/day was reported by 48.0% of individuals. As to the patterns of dietary consumption, four types were identified. In pattern 1, there was a predominance of the following food items: beans, rice, flour, fatty meats, and fried eggs. Pattern 2 was composed of refined cereals, butter and/or margarine, milk and integral dairy products; in pattern 3, fruits, legumes and vegetables predominated; and in pattern 4 there was a predominance of fatty meats and fried eggs and fast foods. Conclusions: Four dietary patterns were identified, and these were diversely distributed among individuals surveyed according to demographic, socioeconomic and health characteristics.

Introdução: A microbiota intestinal possui grande diversidade de bactérias, predominantemente dos filos Bacteroidetes e Firmicutes, com múltiplas funções. A alimentação pode alterar sua composição e função. Alto teor de gordura saturada altera a permeabilidade intestinal, eleva os lipopolissacarídeos e predispõe à inflamação subclínica crônica. Dieta rica em fibras, como a vegetariana, induz elevação de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e benefícios metabólicos. Objetivos: Para analisar a composição da microbiota intestinal de adventistas com diferentes hábitos alimentares e associá-los à inflamação subclínica e resistência à insulina, esta tese incluiu: 1) revisão dos mecanismos que associam a alimentação à microbiota intestinal e ao risco cardiometabólico; 2) verificação da composição da microbiota intestinal segundo diferentes hábitos alimentares e de associações com biomarcadores de doenças cardiometabólicas; 3) avaliação da associação entre a abundância de Akkermansia muciniphila e o metabolismo da glicose; 4) análise da presença de enterótipos e de associações com características clínicas. Métodos: Este estudo transversal incluiu 295 adventistas estratificados segundo hábitos alimentares (vegetariano estrito, ovo-lacto-vegetariano e onívoro). Foram avaliadas associações com dados clínicos, bioquímicos e inflamatórios. O perfil da microbiota foi obtido por sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA (Illumina® Miseq). Resultados: 1) Há evidências de que as relações entre dieta, inflamação, resistência à insulina e risco cardiometabólico são em parte mediadas pela composição da microbiota intestinal. 2) Vegetarianos apresentaram melhor perfil clínico quando comparados aos onívoros. Confirmou-se maior abundância de Firmicutes e Bacteroidetes, que não diferiram segundo a adiposidade corporal. Entretanto, vegetarianos estritos apresentaram mais Bacteroidetes, menos Firmicutes e maior abundância do gênero Prevotella quando comparados aos outros dois grupos de hábitos alimentares. Entre os ovo-lactovegetarianos verificou-se maior proporção de Firmicutes especialmente do gênero Faecalibacterium. Nos onívoros, houve super-representação do filo Proteobacteria (Succinivibrio e Halomonas) comparados aos vegetarianos. 3) Indivíduos normoglicêmicos apresentaram maior abundância de Akkermansia muciniphila que aqueles com glicemia alterada. A abundância desta bactéria correlacionou-se inversamente à glicemia e hemoglobina glicosilada. 4) Foram identificados três enterótipos (Bacteroides, Prevotella e Ruminococcaceae), similares àqueles previamente descritos. As concentrações de LDL-C foram menores no enterótipo 2, no qual houve maior frequência de vegetarianos estritos. Discussão: 1) Conhecimentos sobre participação da microbiota na fisiopatologia de doenças poderão reverter em estratégias para manipulá-la para promover saúde. 2) Apoia-se a hipótese de que hábitos alimentares se associam favorável ou desfavoravelmente a características metabólicas e inflamatórias do hospedeiro via alterações na composição da microbiota intestinal. Sugerimos que a exposição a alimentos de origem animal possa impactar negativamente nas proporções de comunidades bacterianas. 3) Sugerimos que a abundância da Akkermansia muciniphila possa participar do metabolismo da glicose. 4) Reforçamos que a existência de três enterótipos não deva ser específica de certas populações/continentes. Apesar de desconhecido o significado biológico destes agrupamentos, as correlações com o perfil lipídico podem sugerir sua utilidade na avaliação do risco cardiometabólico. Conclusões: Nossos achados fortalecem a ideia de que a composição da microbiota intestinal se altera mediante diferentes hábitos alimentares, que, por sua vez, estão associados a alterações nos perfis metabólicos e inflamatórios. Estudos prospectivos deverão investigar o potencial da dieta na prevenção de distúrbios cardiometabólicos mediados pela microbiota. / Introduction: The gut microbiota has great bacterial diversity, predominantly of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, with multiple functions. Diet can alter their composition and function. High amount of saturated fat alters intestinal permeability, raises the lipopolysaccharides and predisposes to low-grade inflammation. High-fiber diet, such as the vegetarian, induces the elevation of short-chain fatty acids and metabolic benefits. Objectives: To analyze the composition of gut microbiota of Adventists with diverse dietary patterns and associate them to the low grade inflammation and insulin resistance this thesis included: 1) review of underlying mechanisms of the association of diet, gut microbiota composition and cardiometabolic risk; 2) analysis of the gut microbiota composition according to different dietary patterns and associations with biomarkers of cardiometabolic diseases; 3) evaluation of the association between the Akkermansia muciniphila abundance and glucose metabolism; 4) analysis of the presence of enterotypes and associations with clinical characteristics. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 295 Adventists stratified according to dietary patterns (strict vegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian and omnivore). Their associations with clinical, biochemical and inflammatory data were evaluated. The microbiota profile was obtained by sequencing 16S rRNA genes (Illumina® Miseq). Results: 1) There are evidences that the relationship among diet, inflammation, insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk are partly mediated by the gut microbiota. 2) Vegetarians showed better clinical profile when compared to omnivores. It was confirmed greater abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, which did not differ according to adiposity. However, strict vegetarians had more Bacteroidetes, fewer Firmicutes and higher abundance of genus Prevotella when compared to the other two groups of dietary patterns. The lacto-ovo-vegetarians had higher proportion of Firmicutes especially the genus Faecalibacterium. In the omnivores, there was overrepresentation of the Gammaproteobacteria (Succinivibrio and Halomonas) compared to vegetarians. 3) Normoglycemic individuals had higher abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila compared to those with abnormal glycemic profile. The abundance of this bacterium was inversely correlated to fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin. 4) Three enterotypes were identified (Bacteroides, Prevotella and Ruminococcaceae), similar to those previously described. LDL-C concentrations were lower in enterotype 2, in which a higher frequency of strict vegetarians was found. Discussion: 1) Knowledge on the involvement of the microbiota in the pathophysiology of diseases could reverse on strategies to manipulate it to promote health. 2) Our data support the hypothesis that dietary patterns could be favorably or unfavorably associated with metabolic and inflammatory processes, via changes in the gut microbiota composition. We suggest that exposure to animal food could negatively impact on the proportions of bacterial communities. 3) We also suggest that the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila can participate in the glucose metabolism. 4) We reinforce that the existence of three enterotypes should not be specific to certain populations/continents. Although the biological significance of these clusters remains unknown, the correlations with lipid profile may suggest their usefulness in the assessment of the cardiometabolic risk. Conclusions: Our findings reinforce the idea that the gut microbiota composition is altered by different dietary patterns, which, in turn, are associated with changes in metabolic and inflammatory profiles. Prospective studies should investigate the potential of diet to prevent microbiota-mediated cardiometabolic disorders.

Introdução: A hipertensão, doença cardiovascular de alta prevalência, tem influência relevante na morbi-mortalidade da população, e a dieta é um de seus principais fatores de risco modificáveis. Objetivos: Verificar a validade da hipertensão auto-referida e a associação entre os padrões da dieta e a hipertensão auto-referida em residentes do município de São Paulo. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados do estudo transversal de base populacional ISA - Capital 2008, referentes à amostra probabilística de residentes do município de São Paulo com 20 anos ou mais, de ambos os sexos. A coleta de dados ocorreu em 2008 e 2010, por meio de duas visitas domiciliares e inquérito telefônico. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos, antropométricos, de estilo de vida, inquérito alimentar, e a pressão arterial foi aferida. A validade da hipertensão auto-referida foi verificada pela sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP), valor preditivo negativo (VPN) e coeficiente kappa. Estimou-se o consumo alimentar por dois recordatórios de 24 horas, ajustando-se a variabilidade pelo Multiple Source Method. Os padrões da dieta foram obtidos pela análise fatorial por componentes principais. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para verificar as associações. Resultados: A sensibilidade da hipertensão auto-referida foi 71,1%, especificidade 80,5%, VPP 73,7%, VPN 78,5% e kappa 0,52. Índice de massa corporal (IMC) e escolaridade foram independentemente associados à sensibilidade (IMC 25 kg/m : RP=1,42; escolaridade 9 anos: RP=0,71). Foram obtidos três padrões da dieta: prudente, tradicional, e contemporâneo. Hipertensão, sexo, idade, renda, plano de saúde, cor da pele, consumo de bebida alcoólica e escolaridade associaram-se à aderência aos padrões da dieta. Os hipertensos apresentaram maior probabilidade de aderência ao padrão prudente e probabilidade menor de aderência ao padrão tradicional. Conclusões: A hipertensão auto-referida é válida na população estudada do município de São Paulo. Sobrepeso está positivamente associado à validade da hipertensão auto-referida, e escolaridade negativamente associada. A aderência aos padrões da dieta associou-se a hipertensão e a fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, de estilo de vida, bem como à presença de plano de saúde. Esses resultados sugerem a existência de públicos-alvo para o planejamento e execução de políticas públicas em alimentação e nutrição para a prevenção e controle da hipertensão. / Introduction: Hypertension, prevalent cardiovascular disease, has influenced the morbidity and mortality rates, and the diet is a important modifiable risk factors. Objectives: To assess the validity of self-reported hypertension, and the association between dietary patterns and self-reported hypertension among residents in São Paulo. Methods: The study considered data from cross-sectional populationbased ISA - 2008 Capital with random sample of residents of São Paulo aged above 20 years and both sexes. In 2008 and 2010, a structured questionnaire with information about socioeconomic, anthropometric, lifestyle, dietary was colleted, and blood pressure was measured. The validity of self-reported hypertension was evaluated with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and kappas coefficient. The food intake was estimated by two 24-hour recalls, adjusting the variability with Multiple Source Method. The dietary patterns were obtained by principal component factor analysis and Poisson regression was used to assess relationships. Results: The sensitivity of self-reported hypertension was 71.1%, specificity 80.5%, PPV 73.7%, NPV 78.5% and kappa 0.52. Body mass index (BMI) and education level were independently associated with sensitivity (BMI 25 kg/m2: PR=1.42; education 9 years: PR=0.71). Three dietary patterns were obtained: prudent, traditional, and modern. Hypertension, sex, age, income, health insurance, skin color, alcohol intake and education level, were associated with adherence to dietary patterns. Hypertensives showed higher adherence to prudent pattern and lower to traditional pattern. Conclusions: The self-reported hypertension is valid in the studied population of São Paulo. Positive association of overweight and negative association of education level with validity of self-reported hypertension were observed. The adherence to dietary patterns associated with hypertension and demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and the presence of a health insurance. These results suggest there is evidence of risk groups and possible public policies related to diet for prevention and control of hypertension in target groups.

Background: Colon- and rectalcancer is the third most common cancer form worldwide. Previous research shows that unhealthy eating habits has a connection as a causal factor for cancer and that it's possible to prevent a third of all cancer cases with a changed diet. Medeiterranian diet consist of a high intake of seafood and is believed to be a healthpromoting diet. It is also a lower prevalence of cancer among the mediterranian coast. A WHO-report shows that about 1,5 - 2 % of all cancer cases have a connection to environmental pollution and nowadays most waters contains environmental pollution. Aim: The aim of this study was to update the state of knowledge between the mediteranian diet, it's frequency of seafood intake and colon- and rectal cancer in adults.  Method: A literature review was used to answer the aim. The article search was made in PubMed where 12 articles were chosen and passed the quality review. Results: There was an ambiguously connection between mediterranean diet and the incidence of colon- and rectalcancer as research did not agree on whether there was a connection or not and the amount of studies used was limited. Some studies believe that there’s a significant connection while others believe that there isn’t any connection. The study partly confirms the connection between the intake of seafood and the prevalence of colon- and rectalcancer where they who ate according to the WHO-recommendations possibly had a smaller risk of developing colon- and rectalcancer compared to those who ate either more or less seafood than recommended.  Conclusion: More research is needed in the field to ensure possible connection. / Bakgrund: Tjock- och ändtarmscancer är den tredje vanligaste cancerformen världen över. Tidigare forskning visar att ohälsosamma matvanor har en koppling som orsak till cancer och att det genom att förbättra kostvanorna är det möjligt att förebygga en tredjedel av alla cancerfall. Medelhavskost med sitt höga intag av fisk- och skaldjur anses vara en hälsofrämjande kost och kring medelhavskusten är det en minskad förekomst av dödsfall orsakade av cancersjukdom. En rapport av WHO visar att ca 1,5–2 % av alla cancerfall har kopplingar till kemiska föroreningar och de flesta vatten innehåller numera kemiska föroreningar.  Syfte: Syftet med studien var att uppdatera kunskapsläget för samband mellan medelhavskost, dess intag av fisk- och skaldjur och tjock-och ändtarmscancer hos vuxna över 18 år. Metod: En litteraturstudie användes för att besvara syftet. Artikelsökningen skedde i PubMed där 12 artiklar valdes ut och klarade kvalitetsgranskningen.  Resultat: Ett tvetydigt samband fanns mellan medelhavskost och förekomsten av tjock- och ändtarmscancer då forskningen inte var överens om huruvida det finns ett samband eller inte samt att det var en begränsad andel studier. Vissa studier menar att det finns ett signifikant samband medan andra menar att det inte finns något samband.   Studien stärker till viss del sambandet mellan fisk- och skaldjurintag och förekomst av tjock- och ändtarmscancer där de som åt fisk enligt WHO´s nuvarande rekommendationer möjligen hade en minskad risk för tjock- och ändtarmscancer jämfört med de som åt antingen mer eller mindre. Slutsats: Mer forskning behövs inom området för att säkerställa eventuella samband.

No description available.

Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo diseñar y validar una receta nutricional de snack realizado con harina de cáscara de plátano verde (Musa paradisiaca), como también determinar su composición nutricional y calidad microbiológica de la harina. La cáscara de plátano, un residuo de la industria alimentaria ha sido reportada como nutritiva, material de bajo costo que tiene disponibilidad de uso durante todo el año. Una vez transformada en harina, puede ser utilizada como ingrediente funcional debido a su alto contenido de fibra y buenas propiedades funcionales. En general, los estudiantes universitarios tienen un bajo consumo de fibra, debido a patrones alimentarios alterados. Metodología: la harina de cáscara de plátano verde fue obtenida en un estado pre climatérico, se deshidrató mediante un secador de lecho fluidizado, después, se aplicaron análisis para obtener resultados microbiológicos, proximales y de fibra dietaria. La receta nutricional fue diseñada, ajustada y validada con la población objetivo siguiendo la metodología del Centro Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición del Perú (CENAN), concluyendo con el análisis nutricional del producto final. Resultados: el contenido de fibra dietaria, carbohidratos totales, proteína, grasa total y grasa total de la harina de cáscara de plátano verde (GBPL) fue: 38.7 g, 76.3 g, 5.9 g y 361.2 kcal por 100 gramos de harina. El snack fue formulado para aportar al menos 5 g de fibra dietaria por porción, teniendo buena aceptación del grupo objetivo basado en las características organolépticas. Conclusión: la harina de cáscara de plátano verde mostró gran potencial como una fuente de fibra dietaria y como ingrediente funcional; por ello, puede ser incluida en recetas nutricionales.. / Objective: This study aims at designing and validating a nutritional recipe for a snack made of green banana (Musa paradisiaca) peel flour and assess the nutritional composition and microbiological quality of the flour. Banana peel, a food industry by-product, is a nutritious, low-cost material available all year round. Banana peel flour could be used as a functional ingredient due to its high fiber content and good functional properties. In general, university students have a very low dietary fiber intake due to altered dietary patterns; thus, we focused our study on this population. Methodology: The green banana peel flour was obtained from the peels of pre-climacteric bananas by fluidized- bed drying, after which, microbiological, proximate, and dietary fiber analyses were applied. The nutritional recipe for the snack was designed, validated and adjusted with the target population following the methodology of Centro Nacional de Alimentación de Perú, concluding with the nutritional and microbiological assessment of the end-product. Results: The dietary fiber, total carbohydrate, protein, total fat and energy contents of the GBPF were: 38.7 g, 76.3 g, 5.9 g, 3.6 g, and 361.2 kcal, per 100 g of flour. The snack was designed to contain at least 5g of dietary fiber per serving size, yet it had 7.74 g of dietary fiber per serving size, having a good acceptance among the panelists based on its sensory characteristics. Conclusion: the green banana peel flour showed great potential as a source of dietary fiber and as a functional ingredient and can be included in nutritional recipes. / Tesis

This study aims to design and validate a nutritional recipe for a snack made of Green Banana (Musa paradisiaca) Peel Flour (GBPF) and to assess the nutritional composition and microbiological quality of the flour. Banana peel, a food industry by-product, is a nutritious, low-cost material available for all year. Banana peel flower could be used as a functional ingredient due to its high fiber content and good functional properties. In general, university students have a deficient dietary fiber intake due to altered dietary patterns; thus, this study was focused on this population. The GBPFs were obtained from the peels of pre-climacteric bananas by fluidized bed (FDB) dryer, after which, microbiological, proximate, and dietary fiber analyses were applied. It was designed the nutritional recipe for the snack taking into account the energy and dietary fiber nutritional requirements of the target population. It could be validated and adjusted the recipe following the methodology of Centro Nacional de Alimentaci n y Nutrici n, concluding with the determination of dietary fiber in the end-product. The dietary fiber, total carbohydrate, protein, total fat and energy contents of the GBPF were as following: 38.7 g, 76.3 g, 5.9 g, 3.6 g, and 361.2 kcal, per 100 g of flour. The snack contained 7.74 g of dietary fiber per serving size, having a good acceptance among the university students' panelists based on an organoleptic test. In conclusion, the GBPF showed great potential as a source of dietary fiber, and it was an excellent source of carbohydrates and other nutrients to a lesser degree. When included as a functional ingredient in the nutritional formulation of a snack, it had an overall positive effect on the product's organoleptic characteristics. / Revisión por pares

No description available.

No description available.