Digital Transformation (DT) is becoming a comprehensive part of everyday lives. It has become disruptive to the point that it has transformed the way we live, work and interact with each other. One area which has been affected by DT are Public Administrations (PA). DT is changing both the expectations of the performance of PA’s, but digitalization also transforms their objects and processes. To understand how DT affects PA’s, research often addresses external reasoning. This research paper instead explores internal reasoning; that is to say the PA’s organizational culture. It does so by asking what dimensions of Organizational Culture (OC) impacts DT within PA with the conclusion that (1) Communication as a part of OC decelerates DT (2) Competence Development can create acceptance of DT and (3) Social Sustainability holds DT accountable.

Non-Profit-Organisationen (NPO) stehen vor vielfältigen Herausforderungen, die sie daran hindern, ihre Aufgaben erfolgreich zu erfüllen. Eine dieser Herausforderungen betrifft das Freiwilligenmanagement, das für einen nachhaltigen Betrieb unerlässlich ist. Um sie zu bewältigen, müssen enge Beziehungen zu Freiwilligen aufgebaut, Innovationen unterstützt und Strategien für Planung und Umsetzung entwickelt werden. Die digitale Transformation kann Probleme lösen und Effizienz, Reichweite sowie Transparenz verbessern, aber ihre Einbindung in den Non-Profit-Bereich ist noch begrenzt. Das Ziel dieser Masterarbeit besteht darin, die operativen Feinheiten von NPO zu erforschen, wobei der Fokus auf Herausforderungen, insbesondere im Freiwilligenmanagement, liegt. Erschlossen werden soll, wie die Digitalisierung Lösungen bieten kann. Angestrebt wird, auf Basis der Forschungsergebnisse umsetzbare Maßnahmen zu entwickeln und die Forschungsfrage zu beantworten: Wie ist das Freiwilligenmanagement in NPO organisiert, und welche Möglichkeiten der Digitalisierung können genutzt werden?:Zusammenfassung Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 1.1. Forschungsgrundlage und Relevanz der Arbeit 1.2. Forschungsfragen und Ziele der Arbeit 1.3. Überblick zum Aufbau der Arbeit 2. Theoretischer Teil 2.1. Digitale Transformation in Organisationen 2.2. Non-Profit-Organisationen 2.3. Freiwilligenmanagement in Non-Profit-Organisationen 2.4. Status quo: digitales Freiwilligenmanagement in Non-Profit-Organisationen 3. Methodik 3.1. Ausgewählte Methode 3.2. Untersuchungsgruppe: Profil der Interviewten 3.3. Ablauf der praktischen Untersuchung 4. Ergebnisse 4.1. Quantitative Ergebnisse 4.2. Qualitative Ergebnisse nach Teilfragen 4.2.1. Nutzung und Zufriedenheit 4.2.2. Probleme und Lösungen auf Basis der digitalen Transformation 4.2.3. Herausforderungen in der Freiwilligenarbeit und Digitalisierungstreiber 4.2.5. Verbesserungspotenziale und Auswirkungen 4.2.6. Einfluss ehrenamtlicher Arbeit auf die digitale Transformation 5. Diskussion 5.1. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse 5.2. Erklärung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse 5.3. Einschränkungen der Untersuchung 5.4. Empfehlungen für zukünftige Forschung 6. Fazit Literaturverzeichnis Anhang Eidesstattliche Erklärung / Non-profit organizations (NPOs) face a variety of challenges that prevent them from successfully fulfilling their missions. One of these challenges concerns volunteer management, which is essential for sustainable operations. Overcoming it requires building strong relationships with volunteers, supporting innovation and developing strategies for planning and implementation. Digital transformation can solve problems and improve efficiency, reach and transparency, but its integration in the non-profit sector is still limited. The aim of this master's thesis is to explore the operational intricacies of NPOs, focusing on challenges, particularly in volunteer management. The aim is to explore how digitalization can offer solutions. The aim is to develop implementable measures based on the research findings and to answer the research question: How is volunteer management organized in NPOs, and what opportunities for digitalization can be used? For this purpose, a mixed methods approach combining quantitative measurements and qualitative interviews is used. The findings resulting from this integrated approach provide differentiated insights into the world of NPOs, in particular into volunteer management. The resulting discussion serves to summarize the interpretative analysis of the data and contextualize the findings based on the existing literature on digitalization in NPOs. Focusing on the possible integration of digital solutions in volunteer management, the project aims to identify ways to overcome challenges in non-profit organizations and thus contribute to the ongoing discourse on the importance and impact of digital transformation in the non-profit sector:Zusammenfassung Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 1.1. Forschungsgrundlage und Relevanz der Arbeit 1.2. Forschungsfragen und Ziele der Arbeit 1.3. Überblick zum Aufbau der Arbeit 2. Theoretischer Teil 2.1. Digitale Transformation in Organisationen 2.2. Non-Profit-Organisationen 2.3. Freiwilligenmanagement in Non-Profit-Organisationen 2.4. Status quo: digitales Freiwilligenmanagement in Non-Profit-Organisationen 3. Methodik 3.1. Ausgewählte Methode 3.2. Untersuchungsgruppe: Profil der Interviewten 3.3. Ablauf der praktischen Untersuchung 4. Ergebnisse 4.1. Quantitative Ergebnisse 4.2. Qualitative Ergebnisse nach Teilfragen 4.2.1. Nutzung und Zufriedenheit 4.2.2. Probleme und Lösungen auf Basis der digitalen Transformation 4.2.3. Herausforderungen in der Freiwilligenarbeit und Digitalisierungstreiber 4.2.5. Verbesserungspotenziale und Auswirkungen 4.2.6. Einfluss ehrenamtlicher Arbeit auf die digitale Transformation 5. Diskussion 5.1. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse 5.2. Erklärung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse 5.3. Einschränkungen der Untersuchung 5.4. Empfehlungen für zukünftige Forschung 6. Fazit Literaturverzeichnis Anhang Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Digital transformation har utvecklats till en central del inom många verksamheter i takt med ökad digitalisering i samhället. En digital transformation påverkar verksamhetsprocesserna samt deltagarna och tekniken inom IT-beroende arbetssystemet. Tidigare forskning framför hur hinder skapas inom en digital transformation. Syftet med studien är att skapa en ökad förståelse för hur IT-beroende arbetssystem påverkas av hinder, vilka effekter det resulterar i och hur framgångsfaktorer kan bidra med hanteringen av hinder. Studien använder sig av en abduktiv ansats, där teorier inom digital transformation väljs och analyseras med empiriska svar. De empiriska svaren grundar sig i djupintervjuer, vilket utgör en kvalitativ studie. Studien har identifierat att hinder ser olika ut beroende på verksamhet, däremot har hindren gemensamma grunder. Icke-kompatibla system, komplexitet och en svag förändringsbenägenhet bland personal är tre faktorer som studien bland annat identifierar. Hinder har resulterat i en förändrad arbetsprestanda, arbetsroller och framväxten av nya tankesätt. Vidare framför studien hur traditionella verksamheter har svårare att hantera hinder, i jämförelse med teknikbaserade verksamheter. Studien har bidragit med flera aspekter som förklarar hur hinder vid digital transformation hanteras inom respektive IT-beroende arbetssystem. Studien identifierar även vilken roll organisationskultur, kunskap och engagemang spelar i hanteringen av hinder. / Digital transformation has developed into a central part of many businesses in line with increased digitization in society. A digital transformation affects the business processes as well as the participants and the technology within the IT-dependent work system. Previous research shows how obstacles are created within a digital transformation. The purpose of the study is to create an increased understanding of how IT-dependent work systems are affected by obstacles, what effects this results in and how success factors can contribute to the management of obstacles. The study uses a abductive approach, where theories within digital transformation are selected and analyzed with empirical answers. The empirical responses are based on in-depth interviews, which constitute a qualitative study. The study has identified that obstacles look different depending on the business, but the obstacles have common grounds. Non-compatible systems, complexity and a weak mindset for changes among staff are three factors that the study identifies, among other things. Obstacles have resulted in a change in work performance, work roles and the emergence of new ways of thinking. Furthermore, the study shows how traditional businesses find it more difficult to deal with obstacles, compared to technology-based businesses. The study has contributed several aspects that explain how obstacles to digital transformation are handled within the respective IT-dependent work systems. The study also identifies the role that organizational culture, knowledge and commitment play in the management of obstacles.

[EN] Digital transformation and the internet are changing the way people relate to others, but also the way individuals to themselves and their wellbeing perception. In this thesis, there have been examined definitions, affections, and considerations relative to digital transformation, internet, or wellbeing to deepen and understand better the concepts that will take part in our analysis. There, it has been analyzed the internet use among European Countries attending data provided by the European Social Survey (2016) on a sample of more than 34.700 respondents from 18 countries and its relationship with WB perception of individuals. First, it has been examined the individual relationship of WB of people involved in the survey. Sociodemographic factors as age, education, gender, or country have also been considered to analyze differences. The same exercise has been done with internet use data. Second, it has been examined the effect of considering both concepts (internet use and WB) together and interaction between them, for providing more extensive information and understanding. Then, personal values have been introduced. Values influence people's lives and determine individuals' attitude, behavior, relationships with others and themselves, and even their WB perception. Thus, attending personal values and considerations individuals report on the survey, different personal profiles have been defined. And both, internet use and WB concepts, first at an individual level, and secondly considering their interaction, have been examined for each different profile. Finally, results and conclusions that demonstrate personal values and different individuals profile influence the Internet use and WB perception are presented for discussion. / [ES] La transformación digital y el uso de internet están cambiando la forma en la que las personas interactúan entre ellas, pero también el modo en el que se relacionan consigo mismo, e incluso su propia percepción del bienestar.En esta tesis, se han examinado las definiciones, afecciones y consideraciones relativas a la transformación digital, internet y/o bienestar para profundizar mejor en los conceptos incluidos en el presente análisis. Además, en base a una muestra de la Encuesta Social Europea (European Social Survey) 2016 en una muestra de más de 34.700 participantes de 18 países, se ha analizado el uso de internet entre países europeos, así como su relación entre la percepción del bienestar de las personas. Así, primero se ha examinado la relación y percepción individual del bienestar de las personas incluidas en la encuesta, analizando factores sociodemográficos tales como edad, educación, género o país para analizar las diferencias entre la muestra poblacional. Dicho ejercicio ha sido replicado en lo que al análisis individual del uso de internet se refiere. En segundo lugar, se ha examinado el efecto de considerar ambos conceptos simultáneamente (uso de internet y bienestar) para analizar la inteacción entre ellos y profundizar en los efectos derivados del mismo. Seguidamente se introducen los valores personales. Los valores influencian la vida de las personas determinando su actitud personal, su comportamiento, la relación con ellos mismos y con los demás, e incluso su propia percepción del bienestar. Así, atendiendo a los valores y consideraciones personales proporcionadas en la encuesta, se han definido distintos perfiles personales, para, seguidamente analizar el impacto de el uso de internet y percepción del bienestar primero a nivel individual para cada perfil, y posteriormente valorar la interacción de la confluencia de ambos y la singularidad de su efecto en cada perfil. Por último, se presentan los resultados y conclusiones identificadas, que demuestran que, los valores personales y los diferentes perfiles personales influencian el uso individual de internet y su percepción del bienestar. / [CA] La transformació digital i l'ús d'Internet estan canviant la forma en què les persones interactuen entre si, però també la forma en què es relacionen amb si mateixos, i fins i tot la seva pròpia percepció del benestar. En aquesta tesi s'han examinat les definicions, condicions i consideracions relatives a la transformació digital, Internet i/o benestar, per tal d'aprofundir en els conceptes que s'inclouen en aquesta anàlisi. Partint d'una mostra de l'Enquesta Social Europea (European Social Survey) 2016 amb més de 34.700 participants de 18 països, s'ha analitzat l'ús d'Internet entre els països europeus, així com la seva relació entre la percepció del benestar de les persones. Així, s'ha examinat per primera vegada la relació individual i la percepció del benestar de les persones incloses en l'enquesta, analitzant factors sociodemogràfics com l'edat, l'educació, el gènere o el país per analitzar les diferències existents. Aquest exercici s'ha replicat amb tot alló relatiu a l'anàlisi individual de l'ús d'Internet. En segon lloc, s¿ha examinat l'efecte de considerar els dos conceptes simultàniament (ús d'Internet i benestar) per analitzar l'acció entre ells i aprofundir en els efectes que se'n deriven. També s¿han introduït els valors personals. Els valors influeixen en la vida de les persones mitjançant la determinació de la seva actitud personal, el comportament, la relació amb ells mateixos i els altres, i fins i tot la seva pròpia percepció del benestar. Així, tenint en compte els valors i les consideracions personals previstes en l'enquesta, s'han definit diferents perfils personals, per després analitzar l'impacte de l'ús d'Internet i la percepció del benestar primer a nivell individual per a cada perfil, i posteriorment valorar la interacció de la confluència d'ambdós i la singularitat del seu efecte en cada perfil. Finalment, es presenten els resultats i conclusions identificats, demostrant que els valors personals i els diferents perfils personals influeixen en l'ús individual d'Internet i en la seva percepció de benestar. / Femenía Mulet, S. (2020). How do digital transformation and the internet use influence our wellbeing perception? [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/149478

Yes / Legacy systems have continued to pose a major challenge to digital transformation efforts in public administration. A comprehensive review of literature suggests seven levels of complexity in transforming legacy systems, including, being a stand-alone system, being part of a larger system, and data incompatibility, each depicting unique criteria and challenges. Nonetheless, very little is known as to what degree these complexities implicate the implementation of digital transformation efforts in public administration (PA). To address this gap, this research conducted an analysis on four cases of digital transformation in three European PA settings (i.e., Denmark, the Netherlands, and the UK). The findings revealed complexities that pose the key challenges to systems interoperability and integrability, which are crucial in any digital transformation project. In addition, a comprehensive understanding of the systems to be transformed, the policies which they are serving, and the broader PA setting in which they are implemented were deemed central to succeeding in digital transformation efforts.

Yes / Africa has recently focused on an ambition to achieve digital transformation through the pursuit of various flagship initiatives which are aimed at achieving its ‘Agenda 2063’ objectives. Digital transformation will be better achieved through appropriate cyber governance policies and mechanisms, and the success of Africa’s Digital Transformation Strategy 2020-2030 hinges on diverse factors. According to the Strategy, African governments have a fundamental responsibility to create an enabling environment, with policies and regulations that promote digital transformation across foundation pillars, which include cybersecurity. The Strategy also stipulates the need to reinforce the region’s human and institutional capacity to secure the cyberspace by building trust and confidence in the use of cyber technologies. The aim of the paper is to examine Africa’s cyber governance agenda in relation to peace and security. While there are political dimensions to determining the thresholds of such discourses in Africa, the uncertainties of governance mechanisms, political underpinnings and limitations in digital capacity may mean that international standards of cyber governance have merely been theoretical in the African context. The paper examines Africa’s extant policies and political strategies for cyber governance, and the region’s interaction with international cyber governance processes. The paper further discusses the prospects and challenges to cyber governance in the region, and the approaches to leveraging international cooperation in promoting cyber stability in the region.

Yes / Information systems are critical for companies since they offer quick and easy access to complex and significant data in a structured manner to make informed and effective business decisions. Hence, the objective of this study is to conceptualize and implement an innovative information system in the case study organization. The study identified the requirements for Organizing Vision Theory (OVT) and developed architecture based on Organizational Information Processing Theory (OIPT). This architecture is designed and developed using the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) to support a self-organizing vision and enhanced information processing. The study’s contribution lies in developing and executing an integrative architecture of IIoT-driven information systems from the lenses of OVT and OIPT. Further, this study contributes by mapping OVT elements (such as transparency, continuity, and coherence) and OIPT elements (information processing needs and capabilities) to drive value and knowledge through a robust architecture of IIoT-driven information systems. The study also highlights the contribution of IIoT-based information systems to a new knowledge system, facilitating better decision-making by professionals.

Informationsteknologi, IT, och hållbarhetsarbete har blivit två strategiska frågor i nästintill alla företag. Företag måste implementera IT för att optimera nuvarande verksamheter och transformeras till IT-drivna affärsmodeller som kräver hög kompetens och strategiskt tänkande vilket många små- och medelstora företag, SMF, saknar. Att köpa rekonditionerad IT-hårdvara är ett alternativ till att agera hållbart. Däremot erbjuder de företag som levererar rekonditionerad IT sällan mycket mer än just hårdvara eftersom de också ofta saknar de resurser som krävs för att tillhandahålla ytterligare tjänster inom IT. IT-tjänster är ofta avgörande om SMF ska bli kunder eller inte eftersom att köpa all IT från en leverantör minimerar administrationskostnader samtidigt som det skapar djupare relationer mellan kunden och leverantören. De bristande interna resurserna bland SMF har lett till att de frigör delar eller hela verksamheter till externa leverantörer. Frigörandet är däremot inte riskfritt för SMF. Att överlämna delar av verksamheten till externa leverantörer kräver nära relationer med leverantörer vilket gör kommunikationen mellan dem avgörande. Ett sätt för leverantörer att skapa relationer med kunder är genom att utveckla tjänstefiering, det vill säga gå från varucentrerat till tjänstecentrerat erbjudande. För att utveckla tjänstefiering, trots avsaknaden av interna resurser, måste leverantörer samproducera erbjudanden. Genom att skapa ett interaktivt samarbete i nätverk där aktörer tillsammans tillhandahåller erbjudanden har lett till nya värdeskapande system kallat värdekonstellationer. Leverantörer och kunder är nu tillsammans med och skapar värde och kunden ses inte längre som konsument utan snarare medproducent då de är med och deltar i produktionen. Aktörernas roll har således blivit vidgade. De bristande resurserna är inte längre ett hinder för att utveckla nya erbjudanden eftersom de i konstellationen bidrar med resurser samtidigt som de bygger relationer med varandra. / Information technology, IT, and sustainability work have become strategic questions in almost any business. Not only do firms have to implement IT to optimize current operations, they must transform into new business models which requires high level of competence and strategic thinking which especially small and medium-sized enterprises, SME, tend to lack. Buying refurbished IT-hardware is an option for SME to act sustainable. However, suppliers of those goods seldom offer much more as they too tend to lack the resources needed to provide IT services. IT services are usually critical whether SME will become customers or not since buying IT from one supplier minimizes administration costs as well as it creates deeper relationships. Lack of internal resources has led to SMF outsource parts or whole operations more frequently to external suppliers. But the outsourcing does not come harmless. Leaving an operation to an external supplier requires close relationship with the supplier to maintain quality, making the communication vital. A way for a supplier to facilitate relationships is to develop servitization, i.e go from product- to service-centric offers. To develop servitization regardless the scarce resources suppliers have to co-produce offers. Creating an interactive strategy in networks consisting of actors that co-produce offers creates new value creating systems- value constellations. Suppliers and customers are now part of the value creation as they both participate in the production. Their roles have been broadened and the scarce resources as a barrier has now been eliminated as they now share competences while their relationships are being flourished.

I en tid av kris såsom Covid-19 pandemin har det visat sig vara av stor betydelse att kunna hantera omställningen och anpassningsbarheten mot en allt mer digital arbetsmiljö. Att kunna ställa om till dagens moderna, digitala arbetsmiljö har blivit möjligt bland annat tack vare dagens teknologi. Vid en sådan snabb omställning som skedde i många företag våren 2020 och framåt utmanades både sättet att tänka och agera kring den moderna arbetsmiljön. Med detta i åtanke ligger fokus i denna undersökning på att ta reda på hur svenska IT-konsultbolag har hanterat denna omställning. Vad har anpassning till nya sätt att bedriva arbete på distans genererat för erfarenheter som kan komma till gagn för framtida liknande scenarier. Vidare bygger studien på en kvalitativ undersökning där tre IT-konsultbolag har intervjuats. IT-konsultbranschen bedömdes intressant då de i regel har en lång tradition av hög kundkontakt och arbete ute hos kund. Den teoretiska grunden utgörs av en forskarrapport byggd på en grundad teori där bland annat mängder av publikationer studerats för att ta fram lämpliga strategier för omställningen till en mer digital arbetsmiljö. Resultaten av studien visade att IT-konsultbolagen var relativt väl förberedda för att arbeta på distans i en digital arbetsmiljö. Studien visade också att teori och empiri stämde ganska väl överens med varandra. / In a time of crisis such as the Covid-19 pandemic, it has proved to be of great importance to be able to handle the transition and adaptability to an increasingly digital work environment. Being able to switch to today's modern, digital work environment has become possible due to today's technology. With such a rapid changeover that took place in many companies in the spring of 2020 and beyond, both the way of thinking and acting around the modern work environment was challenged. With this in mind, the focus of this study is on finding out how Swedish IT-consulting companies have handled this change. What has adaptation to new ways of conducting work at distance generated for experiences that can benefit future similar scenarios. Furthermore, the study is based on a qualitative survey in which three IT consulting companies have been interviewed. The IT-consulting industry was considered interesting as they usually have a long tradition of high customer contact and work with the customer. The theoretical basis consists of a research report based on a grounded theory where, among other things, numerous publications have been studied to develop appropriate strategies for the transition to a more digital work environment. The results of the study showed that the IT-consulting companies were relatively well prepared to work remotely in a digital work environment. The study also showed that theory and empiricism corresponded quite well with each other.

The public cultural sector in Sweden has been facing the challenges of digitalization over the last decade. The Swedish government has over these past years introduced various strategies and visions for taking advantage of the opportunities that digitalization provides. Due to the implications of the pandemic, many public cultural sector organisations were forced to go through some form of rapid digitalization. However, it is not known how these rapid digital efforts will affect the public cultural sector going forward. Digitalization is not a one-time event, a change in organisational strategy, processes and culture need to happen for digital transformation to occur. The case study of Malmö Opera examines the digitizing activities between 2017 - 2022 in the context of digital transformation. The results of the study showed that although digital efforts had been made prior to the pandemic, a rapid period of digitization occurred during the pandemic years. During 2020 and 2021 the organization took substantial strides in digital progress speed up by the impacts of the pandemic. After the restrictions lifted, digital developments in Malmö Opera were at a slow down due to a lack of dedicated recourses that had be available during the pandemic. The findings of this theses suggests that digital transformation is one way to face the challenges that digitalisation provides. By applying a framework or process for the digital transformation journey this provides a tool for decision makers for how to approach digital transformation on an organisational level.