Heteroestruturas digitais magnéticas (DMHs) são estruturas semicondutoras em que a distribuição de impurezas magnéticas (Mn) restringe-se a alguns arranjos bidimensionais (monocamadas) regularmente espaçados entre si. Na presença de um campo magnético, a interação de troca sp-d entre os momentos magnéticos localizados e os portadores itinerantes é responsável por um desdobramento de spin gigante, da ordem ou até superior que a separação cíclotron dos níveis de Landau. Aqui eu calculo a estrutura eletrônica de poços quânticos digitais magnéticos do grupo II-VI. Resolvo as equações de Kohn-Sham da teoria do funcional da densidade dependente de spin na aproximação de massa efetiva. Eu então calculo diversas propriedades magnetoópticas e de transporte relevantes experimentalmente. Em particular, eu investigo a física dependente de spin presente nestes sistemas sob dois diferentes pontos de vista. Primeiramente o enfoque é no efeito do magnetismo do Mn sobre o potencial dependente de spin da interação de troca sp-d, em particular nos efeitos da aglomeração antiferromagnética e da diluição do seu perfil de concentração (segregação e interdifusão). Ao considerar estes efeitos eu reproduzo resultados experimentais para desdobramento de spin $Delta_E$ e tempos de espalhamento de spin $tau_$ [S. A. Crooker et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 505 (1995); Phys. Rev. B 61, 1736 (2000)]. Na segunda parte eu mudo o enfoque para a física de gases de elétrons bidimensionais (2DEGs) altamente polarizados e mostro a importância da forte dependência de spin das contribuições de muitos corpos (troca e correlação) presentes nestes sistemas. Em particular, estes efeitos são relevantes para o surgimento de fases de ferromagnetismo de efeito Hall quântico. Eu calculo o magnetotransporte no regime de efeito Hall quântico para DMHs baseadas em ZnSe e CdTe. Meus resultados reproduzem resultados experimentais [R. Knobel et al., Phys. Rev. B 65, 235327 (2002); J. Jaroszynski et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 266802 (2002)] para a dependência com o campo magnético, com a temperatura, o aparecimento de picos anômalos e o surgimento de curvas de histerese em várias propriedades físicas. / Digital magnetic heterostructures (DMHs) are semiconductor structures with magnetic impurities (Mn) restricted to some planar arrangements (monolayers) regularly spaced. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the sp-d exchange interaction between the localized magnetic moments and the itinerant carriers is responsible for a giant spin splitting, of the order of, or even greater than, the cyclotron separation between Landau levels. Here I calculate the electronic structure of group II-VI digital magnetic quantum wells. I solve the Kohn-Sham equations of the spin-density functional theory within the effective mass approximation. Then I calculate some magneto-optical and transport properties which are experimentally relevant. In particular, I investigate the spin dependent physics of these systems from two different points of view. First, I focus on effects of the Mn magnetism on the sp-d exchange spin dependent potential, particularly the effect of antiferromagnetic clustering and the effect of dilution (segregation and interdiusion) of the Mn content prole. By considering these effects I reproduce experimental results for the spin splitting $Delta_E$ and spin scattering times $tau_$ [S. A. Crooker et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 505 (1995); Phys. Rev. B 61, 1736 (2000)]. In the second part I move on to the physics of spin-polarized two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs), and show the relevance of the strong dependence of the many-body contributions (exchange and correlation) with the spin polarization. In particular, these effects are relevant for the development of quantum Hall ferromagnetic phases. I calculate magneto- transport in the quantum Hall eect regime for DMHs consisting of ZnSe and CdTe. My results reproduce experimental results [R. Knobel et al., Phys. Rev. B 65, 235327 (2002); J. Jaroszynski et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 266802 (2002)] for the dependence with magnetic eld, temperature, development of anomalous resistivities spikes and hysteretic behaviors in many physical properties.

Heteroestruturas digitais magnéticas (DMHs) são estruturas semicondutoras em que a distribuição de impurezas magnéticas (Mn) restringe-se a alguns arranjos bidimensionais (monocamadas) regularmente espaçados entre si. Na presença de um campo magnético, a interação de troca sp-d entre os momentos magnéticos localizados e os portadores itinerantes é responsável por um desdobramento de spin gigante, da ordem ou até superior que a separação cíclotron dos níveis de Landau. Aqui eu calculo a estrutura eletrônica de poços quânticos digitais magnéticos do grupo II-VI. Resolvo as equações de Kohn-Sham da teoria do funcional da densidade dependente de spin na aproximação de massa efetiva. Eu então calculo diversas propriedades magnetoópticas e de transporte relevantes experimentalmente. Em particular, eu investigo a física dependente de spin presente nestes sistemas sob dois diferentes pontos de vista. Primeiramente o enfoque é no efeito do magnetismo do Mn sobre o potencial dependente de spin da interação de troca sp-d, em particular nos efeitos da aglomeração antiferromagnética e da diluição do seu perfil de concentração (segregação e interdifusão). Ao considerar estes efeitos eu reproduzo resultados experimentais para desdobramento de spin $Delta_E$ e tempos de espalhamento de spin $tau_$ [S. A. Crooker et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 505 (1995); Phys. Rev. B 61, 1736 (2000)]. Na segunda parte eu mudo o enfoque para a física de gases de elétrons bidimensionais (2DEGs) altamente polarizados e mostro a importância da forte dependência de spin das contribuições de muitos corpos (troca e correlação) presentes nestes sistemas. Em particular, estes efeitos são relevantes para o surgimento de fases de ferromagnetismo de efeito Hall quântico. Eu calculo o magnetotransporte no regime de efeito Hall quântico para DMHs baseadas em ZnSe e CdTe. Meus resultados reproduzem resultados experimentais [R. Knobel et al., Phys. Rev. B 65, 235327 (2002); J. Jaroszynski et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 266802 (2002)] para a dependência com o campo magnético, com a temperatura, o aparecimento de picos anômalos e o surgimento de curvas de histerese em várias propriedades físicas. / Digital magnetic heterostructures (DMHs) are semiconductor structures with magnetic impurities (Mn) restricted to some planar arrangements (monolayers) regularly spaced. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the sp-d exchange interaction between the localized magnetic moments and the itinerant carriers is responsible for a giant spin splitting, of the order of, or even greater than, the cyclotron separation between Landau levels. Here I calculate the electronic structure of group II-VI digital magnetic quantum wells. I solve the Kohn-Sham equations of the spin-density functional theory within the effective mass approximation. Then I calculate some magneto-optical and transport properties which are experimentally relevant. In particular, I investigate the spin dependent physics of these systems from two different points of view. First, I focus on effects of the Mn magnetism on the sp-d exchange spin dependent potential, particularly the effect of antiferromagnetic clustering and the effect of dilution (segregation and interdiusion) of the Mn content prole. By considering these effects I reproduce experimental results for the spin splitting $Delta_E$ and spin scattering times $tau_$ [S. A. Crooker et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 505 (1995); Phys. Rev. B 61, 1736 (2000)]. In the second part I move on to the physics of spin-polarized two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs), and show the relevance of the strong dependence of the many-body contributions (exchange and correlation) with the spin polarization. In particular, these effects are relevant for the development of quantum Hall ferromagnetic phases. I calculate magneto- transport in the quantum Hall eect regime for DMHs consisting of ZnSe and CdTe. My results reproduce experimental results [R. Knobel et al., Phys. Rev. B 65, 235327 (2002); J. Jaroszynski et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 266802 (2002)] for the dependence with magnetic eld, temperature, development of anomalous resistivities spikes and hysteretic behaviors in many physical properties.

In this study, the oxygen-deficient TiO2, SrTiO3 systems and transition metal ion (Cr or V) doped TiO2, SrTiO3 and SrZrO3 systems have been investigated. We prepared samples as polycrystals, single crystals and thin films for various desires. Their structural, physical and electronic properties were measured by bulk-sensitive techniques (X-Ray Diffraction, SQUID and Electro Paramagnetic Resonance) or surface-sensitive techniques (Photoemission spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy). The measurement of SQUID and EPR showed not only their magnetic properties but also the valence state of Cr dopant. We verified the valence state of Cr ions in oxides and found the key parameters of sample synthesis which control the valence state of Cr ions. Segregated phases such as SrCrO4 were formed when the samples were synthesized under O2 rich environment. The surface properties of Cr doped SrZrO3 films are also discussed. We found the synthesis conditions which influence on not only the behavior of Cr ions but also the resistive-switching behaviors. Various resistive-switching behaviors seem to depend on the surface chemistry of films. We found that the accumulation of Cr3+ on film surface provides a clean interface without any non-stoichiometric oxides and that this sharp interface termination results in a good performance of resistive-switching.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work we have studied the magnetic, optical and structural properties of ZnO nanoparticles pure and doped with different concentrations of Fe and Mn synthesized by three different synthesis methods; co-precipitation (CP), hydrothermal (SH) and thermal decomposition (DT). The samples were characterized by measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and analyzed allied to Rietveld refinement method, absorption in the UV-Vis region, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and magnetization measurements as a function of field and temperature (MvsH, MvsT). Through XRD analysis we have observed a dependence of the nanoparticle size with increasing temperature for both CP and SH methods well as a change in morphology with temperature for the samples system synthesized by SH. XRD analysis through the Williamson-Hall plot and TEM images show that particles obtained by SH and CP methods present an anisotropic growth, different of the particles obtained by DT method, that they present a spherical-like shape. The XRD results for Zn1-xFexO systems obtained by the CP and SH present only one phase but from point of view magnetic properties we have observed that these samples present transition at low temperature (T = 10 K) similar to an antiferromagnetic ordering. However, the Zn1-xFexO samples obtained by DT synthesis we have observed a paramagnetic behavior evidenced by MvsT curves. Therefore, at room temperature the MvsH curves indicated a ferromagnetic behavior. All Mn-doped ZnO samples present a paramagnetic behavior. The UV-Vis results show for all systems a slow increase in gap band with increases of dopant concentration. / Neste trabalho estudamos as propriedades magnéticas, ópticas e estruturais de nanopartículas de ZnO puras e dopadas com diferentes concentrações Fe e Mn sintetizadas por três diferentes métodos de síntese; co-precipitação (CP), hidrotérmico (SH) e decomposição térmica (DT). As amostras foram caracterizadas por medidas de difração de raios X (DRX) e analisadas juntamente ao método de refinamento Rietveld, absorção na região UV-Vis, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão (MEV e MET) e medidas de magnetização em função do campo e da temperatura (MvsH, MvsT). Através das análises de DRX, nós temos observado uma dependência do tamanho da nanopartícula com o aumento da temperatura para ambos os métodos CP e SH, bem como uma variação na morfologia com a temperatura para o sistema de amostras sintetizado pela SH. Análises do gráfico de Williamson-Hall e imagens de MET mostram que as partículas obtidas através dos métodos SH e CP apresentam um crescimento anisotrópico, diferentemente das obtidas pelo método de DT, as quais apresentam morfologia esférica. Além disso, os resultados de DRX mostram que os sistemas Zn1-xFexO obtidos pela CP e SH apresentam somente uma fase, porém do ponto de vista das propriedades magnéticas observamos que as amostras apresentam uma transição em baixa temperatura (T = 10 K) similar a um ordenamento antiferromagnético. Por outro lado, as amostras de Zn1-xFexO obtidas pela síntese de DT observamos um comportamento paramagnético evidenciados pelas curvas de MvsT. No entanto, em temperatura ambiente as curvas de MvsH indicaram um comportamento ferromagnético. Todas as amostras de ZnO dopadas com Mn apresentam um comportamento típico de um material paramagnético. Resultados de absorção de UV-Vis para todos os sistemas estudados mostram um leve aumento na energia de gap com o aumento da concentração do dopante.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work we study the structural and magnetic properties of pure and TM-doped CeO2 nanoparticles (TM: Mn, Cr, Co and Fe) obtained by the co-precipitation and hydrothermal methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results allied to the Rietveld refinement method indicate that all samples present single-phase with structure isomorphous to the CeO2. Average crystallites size was determined using the full width at half maximum from XRD patterns and their sizes were from of 7 to 13 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images 10% doped samples show the presence of particles with spherical-like morphology and average sizes in good agreement with the estimated by XRD. From ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy absorption measurements we estimated the optoelectronic gap of the samples, which vary between 2.87 and 3.44 eV. Analyses from magnetization curves as a function of temperature (MvsT) using Curie-Weiss law show that the number of paramagnetic ions per molecule (n) increases with the increasing of the Mn concentration. Already for 10% doped samples with different ions the (n) obeys the following order Mn ˂ Fe ˂ Cr ˂ Co for samples obtained by co-precipitation and Co ˂ Cr ˂ Mn ˂ Fe for the samples obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. Magnetization curves as a function of the magnetic field (MvsH) show that the the systems present a weak ferromagnetic behavior at 5K and paramagnetic at temperature higher than 200 K. / Neste trabalho estudamos as propriedades estruturais e magnéticas de nanopartículas de CeO2 pura e dopadas com diferentes concentrações de metais de transição (MT: Mn, Cr, Co e Fe) obtidas pelo método de co-precipitação e de síntese hidrotérmica. Resultados de difração de raios X (DRX) aliados ao método de refinamento Rietveld indicam a formação de uma única fase isomorfa ao CeO2, cujos tamanhos médios das nanopartículas variam entre 7 e 13 nm quando sintetizadas por co-precipitação e entre 8 e 12 nm quando obtidas por síntese hidrotérmica. Imagens de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) das amostras dopadas com 10% dos metais de transição mostram a presença de partículas com morfologia tendendo à esferas e tamanhos médios das partículas em bom acordo com os tamanhos estimados por DRX. Através de medidas de absorção na região do ultravioleta ao visível (UV-vis) estimamos o gap optoeletrônico das amostras, os quais variam entre 2,87 e 3,44 eV. Resultados das medidas de magnetização em função temperatura (MvsT) usando a lei de Curie-Weiss indicam que o número de íons paramagnéticos por molécula cresce de forma sistemática com o aumento da concentração de Mn nos dois métodos de síntese. Já para o caso das amostras dopadas com 10% do MT, esse número obedece a seguinte ordem Mn ˂ Fe ˂ Cr ˂ Co para o sistema obtido por co-precipitação e Co ˂ Cr ˂ Mn ˂ Fe para o sistema obtido por síntese hidrotérmica. Medidas de magnetização em função do campo magnético (MvsH) mostram que as nanopartículas apresentam um possível ordenamento ferromagnético fraco em 5K e um comportamento típico de um material paramagnético acima de 200K. / São Cristóvão, SE

Dans la réalisation de nouveaux composants innovants de la spintronique, de grands espoirs sont placés sur les semi-conducteurs magnétiques dilués (DMS). L’enjeu technologique est de développer des matériaux ayant à la fois des propriétés semi-conductrices et ferromagnétiques. Le but de ce travail est de réaliser une étude nanostructurale et magnétique détaillée du système Fe :SiC candidat prometteur pour devenir un semi-conducteur magnétique dilué à température ambiante. Cependant les propriétés magnétiques du matériau (6H-SiC) implanté avec des métaux de transitions (MT) dépendent fortement de sa microstructure (concentration et nature du dopant, précipitation du dopant…). Afin d’appréhender l’ensemble des propriétés nanostructurales et magnétiques, nous avons étudié le système Fe :SiC à l’échelle de l’atome en utilisant la sonde atomique tomographique (SAT) couplée à la spectrométrie Mössbauer 57Fe. Des monocristaux 6H-SiC (0001) de type p et n (~10+18/cm3) ont été multi-implantés en 56Fe et 57Fe à différentes énergies et différentes fluences conduisant à une concentration atomique de (6% et 4%) de 20 à 120 nm de la surface. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons pu suivre l’effet de la nanostructure du système Fe :SiC en fonction de la concentration de fer et des températures d’implantation et de recuit. Nous avons établi de nouveaux résultats : nature et dimension des nanoparticules, évaluation précise du nombre d’atomes de fer dilué dans la matrice SiC. Les différentes contributions ferromagnétiques et paramagnétiques sont identifiées et clairement expliquées grâce au couplage de techniques expérimentales comme la SAT, la spectrométrie Mössbauer, la magnétométrie SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device). Nous avons réussi à déterminer des conditions optimales pour l’obtention d’un DMS à température ambiante. En effet dans les échantillons implantés 4% Fe à 380°C, plus de 90% des atomes de Fe sont dilués. Ces atomes de Fe dilués contribuent majoritairement aux propriétés ferromagnétiques mesurées par SQUID et par spectrométrie Mössbauer à 300 K. Ces différents résultats expérimentaux mettent en lumière la possibilité de réalisation d’un nouveau (DMS) à température ambiante / Great hopes are placed on diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) for new components of spintronics. The challenge is to develop materials with both semiconducting and ferromagnetic properties. The aim of this work is to carry out a detailed nanostructural and magnetic study of the Fe: SiC candidate promising system to become a magnetic semiconductor diluted at room temperature. However, the magnetic properties observed in (6H-SiC) implanted with transition metals (TM) depend strongly on the material microstructure (content and nature of the dopant, precipitation of the dopant, etc.). In order to understand all the nanostructural and magnetic mechanisms, we studied the Fe: SiC system at the atomic scale using atom probe tomography (APT) and Mössbauer spectrometry. p and n single crystalline 6H-SiC near (0001)-oriented samples were submitted to multi-step implantations with 56Fe and 57Fe ions at different energies and fluences leading to an iron concentration (Cat =6 and 4%) at a depth between 20 nm and 120 nm from the sample surface. In this work, we were able to follow the effect of the nanostructure of the Fe: SiC system as a function of the iron concentration and the temperatures of implantations and annealing. We have established new results: nature and size of the nanoparticles, precise evaluation of the number of iron atoms diluted in the SiC matrix. The ferromagnetic and paramagnetic contributions are identified and clearly explained by the coupling of experimental techniques such as APT, Mössbauer spectrometry, SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) magnetometry. We were able to put the material in optimal conditions for obtaining a DMS at room temperature. Indeed, the implanted samples (4% Fe) at 380°C more than 90% Fe atoms were distributed homogeneously. These Fe atoms are the main source of the ferromagnetic properties measured by SQUID and Mössbauer spectrometry at 300 K. These experimental results highlight the possibility of obtaining a new (DMS) at room temperature.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude du carbure de silicium, dopé avec du fer dans le but de réaliser un semi-conducteur magnétique dilué à température ambiante pour des applications à la spintronique. Le dopage en fer a été réalisé par implantation ionique de type multi-énergie (30 - 160 keV) à différentes fluences, conduisant à une concentration atomique constante de 2 % de 20 à 100 nm. Il a été suivi d’un recuit à haute température dans le but d’homogénéiser la concentration en dopants. Les implantations se sont déroulées à une température de 550 °C. L’optimisation des propriétés magnétiques et électroniques du SiC–Fe, de même que la compréhension des mécanismes physiques à l’origine du magnétisme induit, ont nécessité une caractérisation poussée de la microstructure des matériaux implantés. Les objectifs de ce travail ont été d’une part, de réaliser une étude à l’échelle atomique de la nanostructure en fonction des conditions d’implantations (température, fluence) et des traitements thermiques post-implantation, et d’autre part, de déterminer les propriétés magnétiques des matériaux implantés. Dans ce travail, nous avons montré par Sonde Atomique Tomographique, la présence de nanoparticules dont la taille moyenne augmente avec la température de recuit. La cartographie chimique des nanoparticules a permis de révéler l’existence de phases riches en Fe pour les échantillons recuits. L’étude magnétique (spectrométrie Mössbauer et Squid) a montré que la contribution ferromagnétique est due principalement aux nanoparticules magnétiques et/ ou aux atomes de fer magnétiques dilués dans la matrice. La corrélation entre les propriétés structurale et magnétique a permis de montrer que les atomes de fer dilués dans la matrice et substitués sur sites de silicium contribuent au signal ferromagnétique en dessous de 300 K. Nous avons donc montré dans ce travail, que la taille et la nature des phases présentes dans les nanoparticules dépendent des conditions d’implantation et des températures de recuit et qu’il est nécessaire de recuire les échantillons à haute température pour faire apparaître un ordre ferromagnétique. / This PhD thesis focuses on the study of SiC, doped with Fe in order to elaborate a diluted magnetic semiconductor at room temperature for spintronic applications. The iron doping was carried out by ion implantation of multi-energy type (30-160 keV) at different fluences, leading to a 2% constant atomic concentration between 20 to 100 nm, followed by a high temperature annealing in the goal of homogenizing the dopant concentration. The implantation temperature during this process is 550 °C, in order to avoid amorphization. The optimization of the magnetic and electronic properties of SiC-Fe, as well as the understanding of the physical mechanisms at the origin of induced magnetism, require a thorough characterization of the microstructure of the implanted materials. The objectives of this work are, on the one hand, to carry out an atomic scale study of the nanostructure according to the implantation conditions (temperature, fluence) and the post-implantation annealing and the other hand, to characterize the magnetic properties of implanted materials. In this work, we have shown by atom probe tomographic, the existence of nanoparticles whose the average size increases with the annealing temperature. The chemical mapping of the nanoparticles shows the presence of the Fe-rich phases for the annealed samples. Magnetic study (Mössbauer spectrometry and Squid) shows the ferromagnetic contribution is due to the magnetic nanoparticles and/or the diluted Fe atoms in the matrix. The correlation between structural and magnetic properties allowed showing that diluted Fe atoms and substitute to Si sites contribute to the ferromagnetic contribution below 300 K. In coupling many characterization techniques in order to give a detailed description of the different studied samples, we have shown that the size and nature of the phase present in the nanoparticles depend on the implantation conditions and the annealing temperatures and consequently it is necessary to anneal our samples at high temperature to reveal ferromagnetic order.

No description available.

Cette étude porte sur des oxydes TiO2, SrTiO3 et SrZrO3 déficients en oxygène ou dopés par des ions de métaux de transition. Nous avons préparé des échantillons sous forme de polycristaux, de monocristaux et de films minces. Leurs propriétés structurelles, physiques et électroniques ont été mesurées à l’aide de techniques sensibles aux volumes (diffraction des rayons X, magnétométrie SQUID, résonance paramagnétique électronique) ou sensibles aux surfaces (spectroscopie de photoémission, spectroscopie d’absorption X). Les mesures de RPE et au SQUID permettent non seulement d’obtenir leurs propriétés magnétiques mais également la valence des ions Cr dopant. Nous avons ainsi pu établir les paramètres clés qui contrôlent la valence des ions chrome lors de la synthèse. Des phases secondaires telles que SrCrO4 peuvent se former quand les échantillons sont synthétisés dans des atmosphères riches en oxygène. Les propriétés de films SrZrO3 dopés au chrome sont également discutées. Leurs conditions de préparation influencent non seulement le comportement des ions chrome mais également celui de la commutation de résistivité. Ce dernier semble dépendre de la chimie de surface des films. L’accumulation d’ions Cr3+ au voisinage de la surface fournit une interface propre exempte d’oxydes non stœchiométriques. Cette terminaison nette de l’interface a pour résultat de bonnes performances de la commutation de résistivité. / In this study, the oxygen-deficient TiO2, SrTiO3 systems and transition metal ion (Cr or V) doped TiO2, SrTiO3 and SrZrO3 systems have been investigated. We prepared samples as polycrystals, single crystals and thin films for various desires. Their structural, physical and electronic properties were measured by bulk-sensitive techniques (X-Ray Diffraction, SQUID and Electro Paramagnetic Resonance) or surface-sensitive techniques (Photoemission spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy). The measurement of SQUID and EPR showed not only their magnetic properties but also the valence state of Cr dopant. We verified the valence state of Cr ions in oxides and found the key parameters of sample synthesis which control the valence state of Cr ions. Segregated phases such as SrCrO4 were formed when the samples were synthesized under O2 rich environment. The surface properties of Cr doped SrZrO3 films are also discussed. We found the synthesis conditions which influence on not only the behavior of Cr ions but also the resistive-switching behaviors. Various resistive-switching behaviors seem to depend on the surface chemistry of films. We found that the accumulation of Cr3+ on film surface provides a clean interface without any non-stoichiometric oxides and that this sharp interface termination results in a good performance of resistive-switching.

Ce travail étudie le rôle de la densité de trous à l’équilibre sur la dynamique des charges et de la norme de l’aimantation de (Ga,Mn)As pour des densités de manganèse et d’impuretés fixées indépendamment. Des expériences « pompe-sonde » mettent en relation les dynamiques de réflectivité et d’angle de rotation Kerr. Deux relaxations sont mises en évidence. La première traduit un échauffement variable du gaz de trous entre 1ps et 100ps. La seconde traduit une diffusion-recombinaison des charges entre 100ps et 1500ps et évolue en fonction du rapport entre extension spatiale d’états d’impuretés, piégeant les électrons photo générés, et vitesse de Fermi. Pour compléter l’approche, une étude numérique de l’état fondamental des échantillons par la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité relie aimantation, température et densité de trous. Elle interprète la dynamique de la norme de l’aimantation à partir d’un diagramme de phase statique correspondant aux données publiées pour (Ga,Mn)As, qui est fonction de la température et de la densité de trous. Cette dynamique se ramène à celle de la réflectivité. Ceci permet de préciser les contributions de la norme et de l’orientation de l’aimantation dans le signal dynamique de rotation Kerr. / The effects of the background hole density on the charge and magnitude of the magnetization dynamics in (Ga,Mn)As grown with independently fixed manganese and impurity densities. A pump and probe experiment monitored simultaneously the reflectivity and Kerr angle dynamics. Two relaxation steps are highlighted. First the cooling down of the charge clouds between 1ps and 100ps and second the carrier’s diffusion-recombination between 100ps and 1.500 ns. The latter depends on the ratio between the spatial extent of impurity states, which trap the photo electrons, and the Fermi velocity. To complete these experimental results, a numerical study of the ground state of the samples, using a density functional theory, relates the magnitude of the magnetization, the temperature of the carriers and the density of holes. Phase diagram are computed, and compared to already published results. We show that the magnitude of the magnetization dynamics can be fully determined from the reflectivity measurements. We conclude that it is possible to distinguish the dynamics of the magnetization magnitude and direction using the Kerr angle dynamical signal.