The aim of this essay is to identify and discuss possible solutions to problems regarding the translation of certain cultural references in blog columns by the American author Jeff Klima. More specifically, these cultural references are general cultural aspects, swear words and references to people. General cultural aspects include references to historical events, religious festivities, publications, cultural stereotypes and culturally based idioms. I use Vinay and Darbelnet’s strategies of direct and oblique translation, as well as Nida’s concepts of formal and dynamic equivalence. I also use Newmark’s strategies of semantic versus communicative translation, and Ingo’s adaption strategy. I find that there is no universal solution applicable to all types of culturally related issues in translation, but that every case is unique and requires a unique solution. What can be said, however, is that semantic translations and word-for-word translations are rarely applicable when it comes to cultural issues. True for all issues, however, is that the translator needs to be perfectly clear on what the author is saying and who the receiver, or target reader, is in order to begin to explore which strategy is best to use.

Mariepskop (direct translation: “Marieps hill”) forms part of the northernmost edge of the Drakensberg Mountain range in the east of South Africa, and is known for its complex topography associated with meso-scale atmospheric circulation, and therefore its numerous climatic zones. As a result the mountain hosts a high degree of biodiversity. The peak of Mariepskop lies at approximately 1900m Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL), which is higher than the surrounding escarpment to the east bordering the Highveld. Its foothills also extend well into the Lowveld at about 700m AMSL. Mariepskop is therefore ideal for studying airflow exchange between the industrialized Highveld and the Lowveld with its diversity of natural resources. It is also ideal for detecting global warming signals on altitudinal gradients extending from the Lowveld to altitudes above the Highveld escarpment. In this study, long-term National Centre for Atmospheric Research / National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCAR/NCEP) reanalysis wind data at two atmospheric pressure levels (850hPa and 700hPa), as well as reanalysis near-surface temperature data, were obtained for the Mariepskop region for the austral summer (and winter) seasons. The data was used to force a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model (also known as STAR-CCM+) across its lateral boundaries with the dominant synoptic flow in order to generate mesoscale simulation output over the complex terrain of Mariepskop. Wind speed and direction modelled results were then correlated to observations measured by three weather stations on Mariepskop. Modelled wind flow results for the summer simulation were also validated against aerial photographs in order to infer whether the model could accurately capture areas with high rainfall, which are related to denser vegetation. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / unrestricted

This study investigates indirect translations translated from Bengali source texts to Swedish target texts via English intermediary texts by comparing Pedersen’s (2011) Extralinguistic Cultural References in coupled pairs from all three languages. The purpose of this study is to examine how indirect translations differ from direct translations and to discern whether there are specific translation strategies that translators use when transferring Extralinguistic Cultural References (ECRs) from a third language. The results were analyzed with a perspective based on translation norms, previous research into indirect translation, and the concept of foreignization/domestication in mind. The results show that an indirect translation can be closer to the original source text than the intermediary text it was based on in the first place. This was demonstrated with the Swedish TTs displaying more source-oriented transfer strategies compared to the English ITs, which displayed a higher amount of target-oriented strategies used by the translators. An unexpected finding was noted in the analysis material, namely that misunderstandings or deviations present in the ITs were not necessarily transferred to the TTs, which goes against previous research into indirect translations (cf. Dollerup 2000; Tegelberg 2011; Ringmar 2016). This supports similar results as found in Adler (2016) and Hekkanen (2014). In conclusion, the results suggest that the tendency of high-prestige literature resulting in adequate translations would be stronger than the tendency of indirect translations resulting in acceptable translations in the context of the Swedish target system. The source-oriented strategies in the TTs could also be seen as resistancy to target norms by the translators to create foreignizing translations.

The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare has been overseeing translations of the international clinical terminology SNOMED CT from English to Swedish. This study was performed to find whether semi-automatic methods of translation could produce a satisfactory translation while requiring fewer resources than manual translation. Using the medical English-Swedish dictionary TermColl translations of select subsets of SNOMED CT were produced by ways of translation memory and statistical translation. The resulting translations were evaluated via BLEU score using translations provided by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare as reference before being compared with each other. The results showed a strong advantage for statistical translation over use of a translation memory; however, overall translation results were far from satisfactory. / Den internationella kliniska terminologin SNOMED CT har översatts från engelska till svenska under ansvar av Socialstyrelsen. Den här studien utfördes för att påvisa om semiautomatiska översättningsmetoder skulle kunna utföra tillräckligt bra översättning med färre resurser än manuell översättning. Den engelsk-svenska medicinska ordlistan TermColl användes som bas för översättning av delmängder av SNOMED CT via översättnings­minne och genom statistisk översättning. Med Socialstyrelsens översättningar som referens poängsattes the semiautomatiska översättningarna via BLEU. Resultaten visade att statistisk översättning gav ett betydligt bättre resultat än översättning med översättningsminne, men över lag var resultaten alltför dåliga för att semiautomatisk översättning skulle kunna rekommenderas i detta fall.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar duas traduções para o português da obra literária japonesa Kinkakuji, escrita por Yukio Mishima (1925-1970) e publicada em 1956, para fazer considerações sobre a tradução indireta e a interferência da versão intermediadora entre o texto-fonte e o texto-alvo, sob o ponto de vista do conceito de equivalência. Tratam-se da tradução realizada por Eliana Sabino (1988) a partir da versão em inglês por Ivan Morris (1959) e a tradução direta do japonês feita por Shintaro Hayashi (2010). Para esse objetivo, primeiramente, apresentamos um perfil geral de Mishima e suas obras; o romance Kinkakuji, considerando o seu contexto de criação e avaliação de críticos; e de um conceito de tradução indireta e diversas visões a respeito. Além disso, faremos uma apresentação da tradução da literatura de Mishima em português, nas tradições de tradução da literatura japonesa no Brasil. Será feita a análise cotejando as traduções acima referidas e o trabalho original em japonês, visando identificar as transformações ocorridas que impeçam os leitores da tradução de compreender o sentido da obra original. Como resultado, concluímos que tais deformações ocorrem na tradução indireta com maior frequência, mas ocorrem também na tradução direta, dificultando a transmissão do universo do romance elaborado pelo autor. Os resultados nos ajudaram a perceber que a tradução em inglês causa a deformação do texto original de certa forma e influi inevitavelmente na tradução indireta em português, porém, a tradução em inglês não é a única razão desta deformação. Na tradução direta em português, apesar de identificarmos alguns casos de deformação, observou-se que o tradutor teria se preocupado com a manutenção do estilo de estrita do autor do texto original, além do sentido textual. Podemos dizer, nesse caso, que o tradutor conseguiu produzir um texto mais próximo, sob o ponto de vista de manutenção da equivalência, daquele ao qual o leitor da obra em japonês tem acesso. / The work aims to analyze two translations of the Japanese literary work Kinkakuji, written by Yukio Mishima (1925-1970), published in 1956. to carry out a consideration of the indirect translation and of how much the intermediate version interferes between the source text and the target text, from the standpoint of the concept of equivalence. The selected translation into Portuguese are by Eliana Sabino (1988), who translated from the English version by Ivan Morris (1959), and the direct translation from the original text in Japanese by Shintaro Hayashi (2010). For this purpose, I introduce Mishima and his works; the novel Kinkakuji, considering the context in which the author wrote it and its critical reception; and a concept of indirect translation, as well as various views on it. In addition, I present the translation of Mishimas literature into Portuguese, in the translation tradition of Japanese literature in Brazil. I carry out the analysis by comparing the translations with the original work in Japanese to identify the transformations that have prevented the readers of the translations from understanding the sense of the original work. I reached the conclusion that such deformations occur more frequently in the indirect translation, but also in the direct translation, hindering the transmission of the universe developed by the author in the novel. The results allowed me to realize that the English translation causes deformations in the source text in a certain way and that it inevitably influences the indirect translation into Portuguese, but the English translation is not the only reason for this. In the direct translation into Portuguese, although I identified some cases of deformation, I noticed that the translator was concerned with maintaining Mishimas writing style, not only in the textual sense. In this case, it can be affirmed that the translator has been able to produce a text that is closer, from the point of view of maintaining the equivalence, to the one to which the reader of the Japanese work has access.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar duas traduções para o português da obra literária japonesa Kinkakuji, escrita por Yukio Mishima (1925-1970) e publicada em 1956, para fazer considerações sobre a tradução indireta e a interferência da versão intermediadora entre o texto-fonte e o texto-alvo, sob o ponto de vista do conceito de equivalência. Tratam-se da tradução realizada por Eliana Sabino (1988) a partir da versão em inglês por Ivan Morris (1959) e a tradução direta do japonês feita por Shintaro Hayashi (2010). Para esse objetivo, primeiramente, apresentamos um perfil geral de Mishima e suas obras; o romance Kinkakuji, considerando o seu contexto de criação e avaliação de críticos; e de um conceito de tradução indireta e diversas visões a respeito. Além disso, faremos uma apresentação da tradução da literatura de Mishima em português, nas tradições de tradução da literatura japonesa no Brasil. Será feita a análise cotejando as traduções acima referidas e o trabalho original em japonês, visando identificar as transformações ocorridas que impeçam os leitores da tradução de compreender o sentido da obra original. Como resultado, concluímos que tais deformações ocorrem na tradução indireta com maior frequência, mas ocorrem também na tradução direta, dificultando a transmissão do universo do romance elaborado pelo autor. Os resultados nos ajudaram a perceber que a tradução em inglês causa a deformação do texto original de certa forma e influi inevitavelmente na tradução indireta em português, porém, a tradução em inglês não é a única razão desta deformação. Na tradução direta em português, apesar de identificarmos alguns casos de deformação, observou-se que o tradutor teria se preocupado com a manutenção do estilo de estrita do autor do texto original, além do sentido textual. Podemos dizer, nesse caso, que o tradutor conseguiu produzir um texto mais próximo, sob o ponto de vista de manutenção da equivalência, daquele ao qual o leitor da obra em japonês tem acesso. / The work aims to analyze two translations of the Japanese literary work Kinkakuji, written by Yukio Mishima (1925-1970), published in 1956. to carry out a consideration of the indirect translation and of how much the intermediate version interferes between the source text and the target text, from the standpoint of the concept of equivalence. The selected translation into Portuguese are by Eliana Sabino (1988), who translated from the English version by Ivan Morris (1959), and the direct translation from the original text in Japanese by Shintaro Hayashi (2010). For this purpose, I introduce Mishima and his works; the novel Kinkakuji, considering the context in which the author wrote it and its critical reception; and a concept of indirect translation, as well as various views on it. In addition, I present the translation of Mishimas literature into Portuguese, in the translation tradition of Japanese literature in Brazil. I carry out the analysis by comparing the translations with the original work in Japanese to identify the transformations that have prevented the readers of the translations from understanding the sense of the original work. I reached the conclusion that such deformations occur more frequently in the indirect translation, but also in the direct translation, hindering the transmission of the universe developed by the author in the novel. The results allowed me to realize that the English translation causes deformations in the source text in a certain way and that it inevitably influences the indirect translation into Portuguese, but the English translation is not the only reason for this. In the direct translation into Portuguese, although I identified some cases of deformation, I noticed that the translator was concerned with maintaining Mishimas writing style, not only in the textual sense. In this case, it can be affirmed that the translator has been able to produce a text that is closer, from the point of view of maintaining the equivalence, to the one to which the reader of the Japanese work has access.

Traducir textos antiguos es un desafío para un traductor, porque además de ser competente en las lenguas tratadas, hay que poder interpretar el contexto cultural del texto original y reproducirlo para los lectores del texto meta. En esta tesina se ha analizado una traducción al sueco de la novela antigua La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades, de los traductores Lars Axelsson y Margareta Marin. El objetivo fue analizar cómo los traductores han superado los problemas y dificultades que se pueden encontrar al traducir un texto antiguo, y qué fue el resultado de una traducción así. Se ha usado una metodología para la traducción de Vinay y Darbelnet y la teoría de skopos de Vermeer, para llevar a cabo el análisis. En el resultado se ha visto que la traducción oblicua fue el método más usado, y el texto meta se diferencia del texto original en varias maneras. A pesar de esto, los traductores han logrado conservar la esencia del texto original en el texto meta. / Translating ancient texts is a challenge for the translator. It is not enough to be competent in the languages in question, it is also necessary to be able to interpret the cultural context and reproduce it for the readers of the target text. In this thesis, the Swedish translation of La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades by the translators Lars Axelsson y Margareta Marin has been analyzed. The purpose was to analyze how the translators have overcome the problems and difficulties that can be encountered whilst translating an ancient text, and what was the result of such translation. A methodology for translation by Vinay and Darbelnet and the skopos theory by Vermeer have been used to carry out the analysis. As a result, it was seen that oblique translation was the most common method, and the target text is different than the original text in many ways. Despite this, the translators have succeeded with conserving the essence of the original text in the target text.