It has previously been shown that music features progressively more swear words and profanities per word uttered over time, and that rap music is at the forefront of this change. Therefore, this study explores whether there have been significant changes in swear word usage in rap music between the genre's conception (1970s-1980s), its commercialization (1990s-2000s), and its current black rights and personhood movements (2010s), totaling 50 years from 1970 to 2019. This was studied through a corpus of 300 song lyrics with 100-song sub-corpora per key period. These corpora were analyzed in terms of frequency of swear words and their functional categories based on McEnery and Xiao's (2004) model of swear words. The ten most frequent swear words changed significantly between the 1970s-1980s and 1990s-2000s sub-corpora. These results suggest that rap music initially featured few swear words to facilitate commercialization before normalizing larger frequencies. Furthermore, none of the corpora saw the same combination of most frequent swear words, although the 1990s-2000s and 2010s showed some overlap. Regarding functions, there were significant changes chronologically through the sub-corpora, with particular increase in literal usage.

The purpose of this essay is to investigate attitudes towards swear words among students and teachers in the Swedish upper secondary school. The aim has also been to investigate their attitudes towards swear word usage in media. In total 132 student and 13 teachers from two different upper secondary schools have participated in this survey. The questionnaire has been analyzed both with a quantitative and a qualitative method and the results have been analyzed through gender theory, but also from a sociolinguistic viewpoint. The survey shows that the students have a more relaxed attitude towards the usage of swear words in general. The survey also indicates that boys more often use swear words and they do not perceive the words as “ugly” as the girls do. Girls more often than boys describe themselves having been violated by words of abuse. Teachers have yet to find a more efficient way to prevent the usage of words of abuse in school surroundings.

The aim of this essay is to identify and discuss possible solutions to problems regarding the translation of certain cultural references in blog columns by the American author Jeff Klima. More specifically, these cultural references are general cultural aspects, swear words and references to people. General cultural aspects include references to historical events, religious festivities, publications, cultural stereotypes and culturally based idioms. I use Vinay and Darbelnet’s strategies of direct and oblique translation, as well as Nida’s concepts of formal and dynamic equivalence. I also use Newmark’s strategies of semantic versus communicative translation, and Ingo’s adaption strategy. I find that there is no universal solution applicable to all types of culturally related issues in translation, but that every case is unique and requires a unique solution. What can be said, however, is that semantic translations and word-for-word translations are rarely applicable when it comes to cultural issues. True for all issues, however, is that the translator needs to be perfectly clear on what the author is saying and who the receiver, or target reader, is in order to begin to explore which strategy is best to use.

My diploma thesis deals with legal disputes that were lead because of honor or violation in town society in Vodňany. The theoretical part is focused on a historical and historical-legal research in native and foreign area in this topic. A product of this interest is very various sphere, in that I try to access and use gained results within the frame of history of the society, culture, development of law and municipality. The second part of my diploma thesis works with the perception of honor on the basis of different resources {--} these are municipal law-books, literal texts and first of all recourses of criminally-law work of municipal court in Vodňany. One of the chapter is also focused on classification of swear-words that were found in criminally-law work of municipal court. The aim of this diploma thesis was to demonstrate what the notion or perception of the honor was for the citizen who lived in the second part of 16th century in Vodňany.

The aim of this study has been to examine the function of swear words amongst student´s in physical education and health. The basis of the study lies on Andersson´s (1985) division for the function of swear words and is categorized after social, psychological and linguistic motives. Furthermore, the study is permeated by Hirdman´s (1988) gender contract, in order to examine whether gender affects the function of the swear words. The study is based on a qualitative method, where the empirical data was collected by structured observations.A total of six observations were made with six different classes and consisted altogether 85 students. During the analysis of the results three main categories aroused regarding the function of swear words amongst student´s in physical education for how it can be interpreted and explained from Hirdman´s gender contract but also past research. The categories are linguistic dichotomy, school responsibility, The norm-carrying man: A structure in resolution? The result shows that the most common function of swear words amongst student´s is from a social motive where the subcategory to indicate group affiliation is the most prevalent. The study also shows how the gender contract partially continues to be upheld by the separation of what is male and what is female based on the expectations created by society for how a person should speak based on their (biological) gender. Lastly, the maintenance of the gender contract can be seen from the schools´ work regarding fundamental values, where the liability to prevent and counteract all forms of discrimination and degrading treatment seems to be heading in the right direction, but at the same time the work to prevent gender patterns is perceived as lacking.

This essay discusses women’s use of swear words in both single sex constellations and mix sex constellations. Its primary aim is to find out which swear words women use the most. The secondary aim is to see what communicative function they have in the women’s usage. As a final point, the tertiary aim is to discover in what gender constellation women swear the most. In this research, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodology is used. The quantitative methodology is used to find out which words are the most common, and the qualitative methodology is used to examine which communicative functions they converse, as well as to study how the different gender constellations effect the usage of dirty language. The analysis of this essay is divided into these three parts - which words, which communicative functions, and the effect of gender constellations - and concludes and confirms previous research in this narrow and rare field of investigation. This paper shows that women swear less than men but more when they are in the company of their own gender. It also displays which words are the most common, both in tables and in discussion. Finally, this essay shows the most common functions of the chosen swear words women use.

Are there any gender differences in how profanity is used in modern pop music in 2019? The purpose of this study was to analyse music lyrics with particular attention paid to frequency and profanity profiles between female and male artists. The corpus used in the investigation contains a total of 34 music lyrics equally divided between the genders and was collected from a Billboard chart called “Hot 100 Songs”. Although this sample was small and may not be representative of all modern pop music lyrics, trends in this data show that the female artists sampled from the Billboard chart actually use profanity more frequently than male artists, which is in contrast to previous research. Furthermore, the result shows that male and female artists have distinctive profiles regarding the types of profanity used. Female artists use the swear word bitch more frequently whereas male artists tent to use nigger with a greater frequency.

The essay is a study on gender differences in the use of swearing on television. Data collected for the thesis is from the American sitcom Shameless. The work of Lakoff (1975) on women’s language and Stapleton’s (2010) study done on gender differences on the use of expletive in both genders are drawn on as the theoretical considerations. The show was chosen due to its strong use of swear words by both genders, which makes it suitable for this research regarding gender differences in swearing. The study was carried out qualitatively and quantitively using two episodes from the latest season. The research questions were: if there is a difference in the use of swear words between men and women, in the types of swear words as well as the reasons for swearing between men and women. The result suggests that all the male and female characters use strong swear words frequently, however women tend to swear less than men. Furthermore, when it comes to the types of swearing, men tend to swear significantly more in the category of excretory (bodily functions) and sexual types of swearing are proportionally highly done by men than by women. On the other hand, women tend to use more swear words related to religious profanity and avoid swear words related to women’s body. Lastly, the reasons for swearing for male and female characters include all expressing emotions, verbal emphasis, and humour; however, women tend to use swear words for solidarity as well, which was not visible in men’s conversations.

Denna uppsats är ämnad att undersöka vilka ord som används som benämningar för manliga och kvinnliga könsorgan samt att identifiera eventuella likheter och skillnader mellan hur män och kvinnor benämner dessa. Avsikten är även att kartlägga vad metaforerna bland orden säger i relation till samhället i stort. Studiens forskningsfrågor är: Vilka är de mest förekommande orden för manliga och kvinnliga könsorgan? Vilka ord använder män respektive kvinnor och finns det några likheter eller skillnader mellan könen? Vilka metaforer går att kategorisera och vad säger de? Materialet som analyserats består av en digital enkät som besvarats av 81 vänner och bekanta från sociala medier samt 85 gymnasieelever från tre skolor i olika delar av Sverige. Den inhämtade datan analyserades sedan genom att grupperas i semantiska kategorier. De vanligaste orden för könsorganen identifieras och sätts i relation till tidigare forskning och uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkter. Resultatet visade på ett fortsatt språkligt tabu kring föreliggande ämne. Både de manliga och kvinnliga informanterna var överens om att de mest förekommande benämningarna för könsorganen var de stigmatiserade orden kuk och fitta. Det skilde sig heller inte mellan män och kvinnor vilka fem ord de angav som vanligast för kvinnliga och manliga könsorgan. Ordet snippa verkar även fått fäste i det svenska folkets ordförråd sen lanseringen 2006. Metaforerna bland könsorganens benämningar har inte bildats slumpmässigt utan metaforiska samband identifieras. Dessa bidrar till en upprätthållning av en könsskillnad mellan män och kvinnor där mannen är överordnad kvinnan genom de aktiva och hotfulla metaforerna medan kvinnan framställs passiv och hjälplös. Vårt tänkande är i grunden metaforiskt och används för att förstå den verklighet vi lever i.

English profanities (i.e. potentially offensive words, including swear words) have been in use for decades in the Nordic languages – Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish and Finnish – and offer a multitude of opportunities for linguistic expression, along with the domestic, heritage profanities in each language. The Nordic countries present an interesting context for studying the impact of English on languages in remote-contact settings, where many, especially young people, are bilingual but English has no official status. While previous studies have mostly focused on the function of such words and investigated their appearance in each Nordic language in isolation, this study utilizes social media data from the Nordic Tweet Stream (Laitinen et al., 2018) to compare the forms and frequencies of the English profanities fuck, shit, ass, damn, bitch and hell across the Nordic languages, shedding light on the factors which are conducive to their use. Surprisingly, the English profanities were many times more frequent in the Icelandic material compared to the other languages, although Iceland has a strong tradition of linguistic purism and frequencies were expected to be lower than in the other languages. Contrastingly, the profanities were found to be morphologically and orthographically adapted to a higher degree in Icelandic, reflecting the purist tradition in other ways. Frequencies in the other four languages did not quite match the findings of previous studies on loanwords in the Nordic languages, while degrees of adaptation were more similar to previous results. Comparing the frequencies of the English profanities in this study with the frequencies of heritage profanities on Twitter found by Coats (2021) showed that, although especially fuck and shit are on par with and sometimes more frequent than the most frequent heritage profanities, they do not seem to be replacing domestic equivalents. Finally, through exploiting the geo-location tags that accompany each tweet in the Nordic Tweet Stream, the frequencies of English profanities were found to be higher among users tweeting primarily from large cities in Denmark, Sweden and Finland, while in the Norwegian data no significant difference was found. Nevertheless, this supports Vaattovaara & Peterson’s (2019) claim that English borrowings carry social indices of globalism and urbanicity that promote their use among people in certain social groups. / Engelska fula ord (dvs. potentiellt stötande ord, inklusive svärord) har varit i bruk i årtionden i de nordiska språken – isländska, norska, danska, svenska och finska – och tillhandahåller en stor mängd språkliga uttrycksmöjligheter tillsammans med de inhemska fula orden i varje språk. De nordiska länderna utgör en intressant kontext för studier av engelskans inflytande över andra språk i distans-kontaktsituationer, där många, speciellt unga, är tvåspråkiga emedan engelska saknar officiell status. Då flertalet tidigare studier har fokuserat på denna typ av ords funktion, och undersökt deras förekomst i de nordiska språken var för sig, använder denna studie data från sociala medier, nämligen Nordic Tweet Stream (Laitinen et al., 2018) i en jämförelse av form och frekvens för de engelska fula orden fuck, shit, ass, damn, bitch och hell mellan de nordiska språken, för att därigenom synliggöra faktorer som gynnar deras bruk. Överraskande nog var de engelska fula orden långt mer frekventa i det isländska materialet jämfört med de övriga språken, trots att Island har en stark språkpuristisk tradition och frekvenserna därför förväntades vara lägre än i de andra språken. Däremot uppträdde de fula orden i högre grad i morfologiskt och ortografiskt anpassad form i isländska, vilket påvisar den puristiska traditionen på annat vis. Frekvenserna i de andra fyra språken skiljde sig något från resultaten av tidigare studier av lånord i de nordiska språken, medan anpassningsgraden var mer jämförbar med tidigare studier. En jämförelse av de engelska fula ordens frekvenser i denna studie med inhemska fula ords frekvenser på Twitter i en studie av Coats (2021) visade att medan fuck och shit mäter sig i frekvens med de vanligaste inhemska fula orden, och överträffar dem ibland, verkar de inte ersätta lokala motsvarigheter. Till sist påvisades, genom att utnyttja den geografiska platsdata som åtföljer varje tweet i Nordic Tweet Stream, att de engelska fula ordens frekvenser var högre bland användare som twittrar främst från stora städer i Danmark, Sverige och Finland, medan ingen signifikant skillnad kunde ses i den norska datan. Icke desto mindre styrker detta Vattovaara & Petersons (2019) tes gällande att lån från engelska bär med sig globala och urbana sociala indikationer som främjar deras bruk bland vissa sociala grupper.