This dissertation has examined the conditions for teachers who teach Physical Education and Health (PEH) in elementary school (age 11-12) and their opportunities to pursue inclusive teaching with the aim of reaching all pupils. The compilation thesis consists of four different articles and provides knowledge from the perspectives of pupils and teachers, but it also includes teaching and learning processes that were studied in situ. The first article contributes to knowledge on how different related variables affect learning motivation and how cultural aspects influence and affect shaping patterns of attitudes, beliefs, and values shared by pupils. Based on and selected from the sample of the first study, the second article examines low-motivated pupils’ perceptions about learning in the subject and their representations of teaching, learning and participating in PEH. The third article takes the teacher’s perspective into account and examines teachers’ discursive representations of low motivated pupils and related beliefs regarding inclusive teaching and strategies for reaching all pupils. The last article presents a case study examining teaching and learning in PEH in situ and demonstrating how a teacher’s assumptions about the purpose of PEH and consequent interactions with a student assumed to be “low motivated” had effects that were detrimental to the student’s confidence and capacity to engage and learn in PEH. The general major findings and the suggested implications of the results have been discussed and organized from the two major dichotomies involved in the two fundamental inclusive perspectives: a categorical perspective (problems are sited within individuals) and a relational perspective (perceived problems occur in the interaction between an individual and the surrounding environment). Applying a categorical perspective, pupils categorized as “low motivated” toward learning in PEH experienced little opportunity to influence either content or form and also had difficulties in verbalizing the aim and purpose of the subject. Despite long-term health-related goals, they had difficulties understanding and connecting to PEH. The pupils also had difficulties connecting with their teachers, who were described as being insensitive, uncaring, or inflexible and forcing “unrealistic” goals on them when they did not feel competent at mastering the content relative to their peers. The studies confirm that learning motivation is strongly related to perceived competence, and low learning motivation is related to feelings of anxiety, especially for girls. Teachers, on the other hand, attributed motivation problems to the individual (the pupil) or the context (social background, parents, etc.) rather than the situation, their own teaching in class. Teachers had various strategies for teaching inclusively. Cooperative and collaborative methods, such as using skilled pupils or pupils with the “right” attitude as role models for behavioral transfer or “strategic grouping,” were mentioned as inclusive teaching strategies. Adapting the rules of games or traditional sports so that everyone started on the same level was another strategy. By presenting a multi-activity approach to teaching with many different sports, pupils were assumed to be able to find “their” particular sports. Results also showed that the stereotyping of “low motivated” pupils often is related to the teacher’s own perception of what is experienced as essential learning in the subject. Applying a relational perspective, focus is on the system beyond the individual. Based on the results of these studies, the subject seems to be influenced and guided by two logics or discourses: fostering to sports and related values, and health and fitness. Both logics also highlight the importance of content and form in teaching. The sport discourse seems to create a situation where normative performance-oriented components have negative consequences for certain pupils. A general use of a multi-activity approach for structuring the content with short-term units, using primarily team sports and ball games, can be argued counterproductive for pupils, especially for those pupils who start at lower skill levels. This approach with fragmentary or blurred learning objectives may then contribute to disservice in a long-term perspective. This, combined with the effect of high activity and unilateral focus on exercise risks blurring of other possible learning dimensions in the subject, and may also contribute to the alienation of pupils who lack skill, ability, or interest in the subject. With inclusive intentions abilities in the subject may need to be reconceived and alternative abilities recognized to challenge the established order and normalized ways of thinking in terms of content and form. Teaching efforts that give primary consideration to the individual needs of “marginalized” pupils may be necessary if inclusive intentions are to be met. It is therefore suggested that teachers need to look beyond the traditionally trodden paths and challenge the currently dominating discourses that influence PEH. Reinforcing other learning dimensions and reconceiving abilities to go beyond the emphasis on skill and performance may strengthen pupils in other areas they possess. Differentiated teaching must not lose sight of needs that are common to a group or a class as a whole, but rather, it must also consider the needs of each individual.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2006. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-02, Section: A, page: 0523. Adviser: James Halle. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-142) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.

In previous contact with secondary schools, we have noticed a dull setting for friluftsliv among teachers in Physical Education and Health. We suspected that both teaching and assessment are sometimes conducted in error. Under the provisions of Skolverket the teacher must involve all elements mentioned in the core content of the curriculum and the assessment of students' knowledge may be based only on what is expressed in the syllabus for each course. Research shows that the implementation of the curriculum have failed in the subjects investigated (Skolinspektionen, 2013:22). We have identified a gap of knowledge regarding the situation of friluftsliv in the course physical education 1. Our study aims at the basis of an implementation theory perspective, analyzing the conditions for an implementation of the curriculum regarding friluftsliv in the course idrott och hälsa 1 in upper secondary school in Halland. Surveys were used to collect data. Our results indicate that the majority of the teachers do not understand what to do, while most of them both are willing and able to fulfill their mission.

In Sweden athlete schools, where students are attending in terms of optimizing their athletic careers in correlation with their studies, are a widely spread phenomena over the country and the system is included within the ordinary school system. This study aims to examine how the subject Physical Education and Health (PEH) is taught at athlete schools in comparison to how it is taught in classes with ordinary upper secondary school students. This study is based on interviews with eight teachers from two different Swedish schools. The results show that teachers do adjust their teaching in order to achieve quality teaching to give the athletic students optimized possibilities to improve. The results show different teacher perspectives about what knowledge that is prioritized. Admittedly, the teachers confess having problems with whether they assess these students on their previous skills or if they actually learn new skills during their PEH. Hence, this study serves the purpose of revealing the importance of developing new and individualized strategies on how to form an optimized educational environment and quality teaching for those students.

This essay focuses on pupils' comprehension about assessment. More specifically, complex movement skills in the curriculum. Two questions were formulated to answer the aim, one of which describes the pupils perceptions of the concept complex movement skills. The other question discusses what the pupils consider crucial to get a good grade in complex movement skills. This was examined during the autumn 2016 with a qualitative method. Six focus groups performed with 24 pupils in the ninth grade, from one secondary school. The interview results were directly related to Bourdieu's concept of capital, habitus, field and doxa together with Engström’s logics, which helped us interpret and try to understand the students’ perceptions. The pupils in our study seem to be of the understanding that the assessment of movements in activities that include a ball are less important compared to dance movements in physical education and health. Which leads to the conclusion that the value of complex movements differs regarding the grade. Initially, the students had a hard time trying to describe the concept of complex movement skills. The pupils gradually improved their description of the concept as the discussions proceeded. The description in dance originated from their teacher’s explanation and the understanding in the ball games came from their background in ball sports.

A Educação Física (EF) é uma disciplina curricular obrigatória no sistema educacional e uma das aulas mais almejadas e prazerosas na perspectiva dos alunos. Ao longo dos anos, a EF sofreu diversas transformações, de disciplina com caráter higienista, voltado aos cuidados do corpo e ao militarismo, passou por uma fase tecnicista, na qual o foco era o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento das técnicas e do físico para competições. Porém, atualmente, além das práticas esportivas, a EF possui seu enfoque para o lazer, a saúde e a formação de um cidadão autônomo e reflexivo. Devido a sua relação com a saúde, é função da EF escolar promover programas e aulas que demonstrem ao aluno a importância da prática de atividade física/esporte relacionada aos hábitos de vida saudáveis, de modo que conheçam seu próprio corpo, executem atividades diárias com facilidade e evitem complicações gerais para a saúde futuramente. Ao longo dos anos, percebe-se a perda de interesse dos alunos em praticar as aulas com a mesma veemência dos anos iniciais, fato que se observa principalmente a partir do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental, quando os alunos se entretêm com outras atividades que não seja a prática de exercício físico/esporte. Devido à relevância desse fato, é importante investigar sobre a motivação desses alunos e compreender a falta de entusiasmo para as aulas de EF. A motivação caracteriza-se por estar movido a fazer algo, que pode ser caracterizada como intrínseca, isto é, inerente à prática (por prazer), ou extrínseca ligada a fatores externos. Nesse contexto de desmotivação dos alunos para com a EF, e sendo ela de potencial impacto à saúde, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a motivação dos alunos do Ensino Fundamental para as aulas de EF. Além disso, compreender a significância da disciplina para os alunos e como ela é percebida em sua relação com a promoção da saúde e qualidade de vida. A pesquisa se fez importante para conhecer a perspectiva dos alunos e trazer reflexões para melhoria do cenário que se encontra a EF escolar. O estudo utilizou a abordagem qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturadas, das quais participaram alunos do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola municipal de Ribeirão Preto/SP. Para análise dos dados foi utilizada a análise temática. Foi possível compreender diversos fatores que impactam na motivação dos alunos, como: conteúdos, ações do professor, experiências ligadas ao contexto social (família e práticas esportivas) e aspectos voltados para a saúde. Identificou-se que o cenário das aulas de EF dessa instituição não se configura motivador e, para os alunos, o significado da disciplina se resume às práticas esportivas e a um tempo livre. O professor foi muito citado como agente responsável por promover ou não uma aula diferenciada e motivadora, e a saúde reconhecida pelos entrevistados como fator importante e interligado às aulas. A motivação apresentou-se como um desafio para a EF, com a responsabilidade de diversos agentes que compõem o campo educacional, a fim de formar um cidadão transformador dessa prática perante a sociedade / Physical Education (EF) is a compulsory curricular discipline in the educational system and one of the most desired and pleasurable classes in the students\' perspective. Over the years, EF underwent several transformations, from discipline with a hygienist character, focused on the care of the body and militarism, went through a technical phase, in which the focus was the development and improvement of the techniques and the physique for competitions. However, nowadays, in addition to sporting practices, EF has its focus for leisure, health and the formation of an autonomous and reflective citizen. Due to its relation to health, it is the function of the school EF to promote programs and classes that demonstrate to the student the importance of practicing physical activity / sport related to healthy living habits, so that they know their own body, perform daily activities with ease and avoid general health complications in the future. Over the years, students have lost interest in practicing classes with the same vehemence of the initial years, a fact that is observed mainly from the 6th year of elementary school, when students entertain themselves with other activities that do not be it the practice of physical exercise / sport. Because of the relevance of this fact, it is important to investigate the motivation of these students and understand the lack of enthusiasm for EF classes. Motivation is characterized by being moved to do something, which can be characterized as intrinsic, that is, inherent in practice (for pleasure), or extrinsic linked to external factors. In this context of students\' lack of motivation towards EF, and being of potential impact on health, the objective of this study was to analyze the motivation of Elementary School students for EF classes. In addition, understand the significance of the discipline for students and how it is perceived in its relationship with health promotion and quality of life. The research became important to know the perspective of the students and to bring reflections to improve the scenario that is the school EF. The study used the qualitative approach, with semi-structured interviews, in which students from the 9th grade of elementary school from a municipal school in Ribeirão Preto / SP participated. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. It was possible to understand several factors that impact students\' motivation, such as content, teacher actions, experiences related to the social context (family and sports practices) and aspects related to health. It was identified that the scenario of EF classes of this institution is not motivating and, for the students, the meaning of the discipline is reduced to sports practices and a \"free time\". The teacher was highly cited as the agent responsible for promoting or not a differentiated and motivating class, and the health recognized by the interviewees as an important factor and interconnected to the classes. The motivation presented itself as a challenge for the EF, with the responsibility of several agents that compose the educational field, in order to form a citizen transforming this practice before the society

A Educação Física (EF) é uma disciplina curricular obrigatória no sistema educacional e uma das aulas mais almejadas e prazerosas na perspectiva dos alunos. Ao longo dos anos, a EF sofreu diversas transformações, de disciplina com caráter higienista, voltado aos cuidados do corpo e ao militarismo, passou por uma fase tecnicista, na qual o foco era o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento das técnicas e do físico para competições. Porém, atualmente, além das práticas esportivas, a EF possui seu enfoque para o lazer, a saúde e a formação de um cidadão autônomo e reflexivo. Devido a sua relação com a saúde, é função da EF escolar promover programas e aulas que demonstrem ao aluno a importância da prática de atividade física/esporte relacionada aos hábitos de vida saudáveis, de modo que conheçam seu próprio corpo, executem atividades diárias com facilidade e evitem complicações gerais para a saúde futuramente. Ao longo dos anos, percebe-se a perda de interesse dos alunos em praticar as aulas com a mesma veemência dos anos iniciais, fato que se observa principalmente a partir do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental, quando os alunos se entretêm com outras atividades que não seja a prática de exercício físico/esporte. Devido à relevância desse fato, é importante investigar sobre a motivação desses alunos e compreender a falta de entusiasmo para as aulas de EF. A motivação caracteriza-se por estar movido a fazer algo, que pode ser caracterizada como intrínseca, isto é, inerente à prática (por prazer), ou extrínseca ligada a fatores externos. Nesse contexto de desmotivação dos alunos para com a EF, e sendo ela de potencial impacto à saúde, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a motivação dos alunos do Ensino Fundamental para as aulas de EF. Além disso, compreender a significância da disciplina para os alunos e como ela é percebida em sua relação com a promoção da saúde e qualidade de vida. A pesquisa se fez importante para conhecer a perspectiva dos alunos e trazer reflexões para melhoria do cenário que se encontra a EF escolar. O estudo utilizou a abordagem qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturadas, das quais participaram alunos do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola municipal de Ribeirão Preto/SP. Para análise dos dados foi utilizada a análise temática. Foi possível compreender diversos fatores que impactam na motivação dos alunos, como: conteúdos, ações do professor, experiências ligadas ao contexto social (família e práticas esportivas) e aspectos voltados para a saúde. Identificou-se que o cenário das aulas de EF dessa instituição não se configura motivador e, para os alunos, o significado da disciplina se resume às práticas esportivas e a um tempo livre. O professor foi muito citado como agente responsável por promover ou não uma aula diferenciada e motivadora, e a saúde reconhecida pelos entrevistados como fator importante e interligado às aulas. A motivação apresentou-se como um desafio para a EF, com a responsabilidade de diversos agentes que compõem o campo educacional, a fim de formar um cidadão transformador dessa prática perante a sociedade / Physical Education (EF) is a compulsory curricular discipline in the educational system and one of the most desired and pleasurable classes in the students\' perspective. Over the years, EF underwent several transformations, from discipline with a hygienist character, focused on the care of the body and militarism, went through a technical phase, in which the focus was the development and improvement of the techniques and the physique for competitions. However, nowadays, in addition to sporting practices, EF has its focus for leisure, health and the formation of an autonomous and reflective citizen. Due to its relation to health, it is the function of the school EF to promote programs and classes that demonstrate to the student the importance of practicing physical activity / sport related to healthy living habits, so that they know their own body, perform daily activities with ease and avoid general health complications in the future. Over the years, students have lost interest in practicing classes with the same vehemence of the initial years, a fact that is observed mainly from the 6th year of elementary school, when students entertain themselves with other activities that do not be it the practice of physical exercise / sport. Because of the relevance of this fact, it is important to investigate the motivation of these students and understand the lack of enthusiasm for EF classes. Motivation is characterized by being moved to do something, which can be characterized as intrinsic, that is, inherent in practice (for pleasure), or extrinsic linked to external factors. In this context of students\' lack of motivation towards EF, and being of potential impact on health, the objective of this study was to analyze the motivation of Elementary School students for EF classes. In addition, understand the significance of the discipline for students and how it is perceived in its relationship with health promotion and quality of life. The research became important to know the perspective of the students and to bring reflections to improve the scenario that is the school EF. The study used the qualitative approach, with semi-structured interviews, in which students from the 9th grade of elementary school from a municipal school in Ribeirão Preto / SP participated. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. It was possible to understand several factors that impact students\' motivation, such as content, teacher actions, experiences related to the social context (family and sports practices) and aspects related to health. It was identified that the scenario of EF classes of this institution is not motivating and, for the students, the meaning of the discipline is reduced to sports practices and a \"free time\". The teacher was highly cited as the agent responsible for promoting or not a differentiated and motivating class, and the health recognized by the interviewees as an important factor and interconnected to the classes. The motivation presented itself as a challenge for the EF, with the responsibility of several agents that compose the educational field, in order to form a citizen transforming this practice before the society

<p>Bullying is a serious problem for many children and youths in today’s society. Surveys have shown that more than 145 000 children and youths are concerned by the problem as a victim or as bullies. The purpose with this survey is to obtain a clear picture of the students’ views of bullying in physical education and health.</p><p>The main questions in this study are:</p><p>·         Does bullying occur in a bigger extent within the subject physical education and health than within other subjects?</p><p>·         In which elements during physical education lessons is the risk highest to be exposed to bullying?</p><p>·         Are there any differences concerning the students’ views of physical education in relation to what age they are. </p><p>To acquire an understandable picture of bullying I have chosen to do a literature study where different kinds of definitions are presented. There are also different varieties of bullying such as physical or social.  Further, to answer my research questions, I have done interviews with students in secondary school.</p><p>Physical education and health is a subject where bullying is more common than in other school subjects according to my results. Further the survey shows that lessons in swimming is an element where the risk to be exposed to bullying is highest.</p><p>Since bullying is a big problem in today`s school I think that it`s important that the staff has good knowledge when it comes to bullying. With open eyes and a big commitment I think that we can go far when it comes to the problems with bullying.</p> / <p>Mobbning är i dagens samhälle ett allvarligt problem för många barn och ungdomar, och då framförallt i skolan men även på fritiden. Undersökningar har visat att mer än 145 000 barn och ungdomar är berörda av problemet som offer eller som mobbare. Syftet med den här undersökningen är att få en inblick i elevers uppfattningar angående mobbning inom ämnet idrott och hälsa.</p><p>Frågeställningarna jag använt mig av är:</p><p>·         Förekommer mobbning i större utsträckning inom ämnet idrott och hälsa än inom övriga ämnen?</p><p>·         Under vilket moment inom ramarna för idrott och hälsa är det störst risk att bli utsatt för mobbning?</p><p>·         Hur skiljer sig uppfattningarna i årskurserna 5-9 åt då det gäller mobbning under lektioner i idrott och hälsa?</p><p>Jag har genomfört en litteraturundersökning för att få en klarare bild av begreppet mobbning. I denna undersökning presenteras olika definitioner, liksom att det finns olika typer av mobbning såsom fysisk och social. För att få svar på mina frågeställningar har jag gjort en intervjuundersökning med elever i årskurserna 5-9.  Enligt mina resultat är ämnet idrott och hälsa ett ämne där mobbning förekommer i större utsträckning än inom övriga ämnen. Vidare visar också min undersökning på att bad är det moment inom ämnet där risken att bli utsatt för mobbning är som störst</p><p>Eftersom mobbning är ett stort problem i dagens skola anser jag att det är viktigt att all berörd personal har goda kunskaper om mobbning. Med öppna ögon och ett stort engagemang tror jag att det går att komma långt med mobbningsproblematiken.</p>

Bullying is a serious problem for many children and youths in today’s society. Surveys have shown that more than 145 000 children and youths are concerned by the problem as a victim or as bullies. The purpose with this survey is to obtain a clear picture of the students’ views of bullying in physical education and health. The main questions in this study are: ·         Does bullying occur in a bigger extent within the subject physical education and health than within other subjects? ·         In which elements during physical education lessons is the risk highest to be exposed to bullying? ·         Are there any differences concerning the students’ views of physical education in relation to what age they are.  To acquire an understandable picture of bullying I have chosen to do a literature study where different kinds of definitions are presented. There are also different varieties of bullying such as physical or social.  Further, to answer my research questions, I have done interviews with students in secondary school. Physical education and health is a subject where bullying is more common than in other school subjects according to my results. Further the survey shows that lessons in swimming is an element where the risk to be exposed to bullying is highest. Since bullying is a big problem in today`s school I think that it`s important that the staff has good knowledge when it comes to bullying. With open eyes and a big commitment I think that we can go far when it comes to the problems with bullying. / Mobbning är i dagens samhälle ett allvarligt problem för många barn och ungdomar, och då framförallt i skolan men även på fritiden. Undersökningar har visat att mer än 145 000 barn och ungdomar är berörda av problemet som offer eller som mobbare. Syftet med den här undersökningen är att få en inblick i elevers uppfattningar angående mobbning inom ämnet idrott och hälsa. Frågeställningarna jag använt mig av är: ·         Förekommer mobbning i större utsträckning inom ämnet idrott och hälsa än inom övriga ämnen? ·         Under vilket moment inom ramarna för idrott och hälsa är det störst risk att bli utsatt för mobbning? ·         Hur skiljer sig uppfattningarna i årskurserna 5-9 åt då det gäller mobbning under lektioner i idrott och hälsa? Jag har genomfört en litteraturundersökning för att få en klarare bild av begreppet mobbning. I denna undersökning presenteras olika definitioner, liksom att det finns olika typer av mobbning såsom fysisk och social. För att få svar på mina frågeställningar har jag gjort en intervjuundersökning med elever i årskurserna 5-9.  Enligt mina resultat är ämnet idrott och hälsa ett ämne där mobbning förekommer i större utsträckning än inom övriga ämnen. Vidare visar också min undersökning på att bad är det moment inom ämnet där risken att bli utsatt för mobbning är som störst Eftersom mobbning är ett stort problem i dagens skola anser jag att det är viktigt att all berörd personal har goda kunskaper om mobbning. Med öppna ögon och ett stort engagemang tror jag att det går att komma långt med mobbningsproblematiken.

This is an empirical study based on Physical Education and health (PE) teachers' experiences and builds on, for the study, significant literature. The study is about PE teachers’ consideration of gender in the assessment as well as in the selection of lesson content. Semi-structured interviews were employed as method for the data collecting process. Four teachers were interviewed, teachers of PE in elementary and upper secondary school with varied length of professional experience and ages. The interviews were analyzed by the means of content analysis. The results indicate that teachers are gender-aware in sense that they see the student or individual rather than a group of individuals, assesses students' progression rather than the immediate performance and offer a wide range of lesson content so that it will fit all students. Furthermore, the results indicate that gender-aware teachers reflect on their own gender awareness and on what they can do better. Without a gender thinking in school the teaching quality will suffer.   Keywords: Gender, Gender systems, Physical education and health, Sex, Pedagogy