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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第24062号 / 地環博第225号 / 新制||地環||43(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)講師 BAARS ROGER CLOUD, 教授 宇佐美 誠, 准教授 落合 知帆, 准教授 TRENCHER Gregory / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

In a more complex and interdependent world, nations face new challenges that threaten their national security. National security should not be understood exclusively in the way of military threats by adversarial states but in a broader way: how old and new sectoral threats affect not only a state and its institutions but a nation as a whole, physically and economically. This dissertation looks into how the nature of security threats and risks has evolved in recent years. This dissertation then explores how different nations have decided to publish national security strategy documents and analyzes the way in which they include this broadened understanding of security: it finds that there is evidence of international policy diffusion related to the publication of such security strategies and that nations are evolving towards a broader understanding of security that includes models like whole-of-government, and whole-of-society. In the second half, this dissertation analyzes the route through which Mexico has reformed its national security framework since the year 2000 through a policy streams approach. After looking at the path that led to the creation of Mexico’s modern national security institutions, it analyzes the way in which Mexico national interests can be determined and how these interests inform the way in which Mexico understands national security threats and risks in the 21st Century. / text

With increasing incidence of severe disasters, global policies and frameworks have been shifting towards an emphasis on collaboration and community resilience. The greater use of information systems to assist with disasters has prompted a need to examine how technology can support collaboration and resilience. Hence, this thesis aims to identify a set of requirements for a collaborative online asset mapping tool through a requirement engineering process. A multiple case study design was used with the objective of answering: (1) what are the functional, non-functional, and general system requirements of an online asset mapping tool for disaster preparedness; (2) is a standard “off-the-shelf” asset-mapping application feasible for community development and adaptive capacity building for disaster management; and (3) what are the potential designs that can address the requirements? The specific cases examined were The Region of Waterloo, Ontario and Truro, Nova Scotia. The data from the cases was used to perform qualitative content analysis combined with activity diagrams, to determine and analyze the requirements for an online asset mapping tool to aid in disaster preparedness. The findings of the research included shared requirements between the two communities that encompassed: system purpose, system functionalities, user characteristics, and system requirements. Furthermore, prototype user interface (UI) wireframes were developed using the requirements results to show a potential design of an online asset mapping application. This thesis research addressed the need to design a tool that facilitates all aspects of the asset mapping process. Ultimately, this research builds the foundation to which future research can examine the requirements to design and develop a citizen-oriented tool to enhance community disaster resilience.

Bakgrund: Antalet katastrofer i världen och Sverige ökar och därmed ökar även behovet av katastrofmedicinsk beredskap. Akutmottagningen utgör ofta den första kontakten med sjukvården och därför har akutsjuksköterskorna en mycket central roll vid en allvarlig händelse. Sjuksköterskor är den största arbetsstyrkan vid en katastrof och sjukvården är helt beroende av deras kompetens. Forskning visar att bristfällig omvårdnad, triagering eller oförmåga till att finna den kritiskt dåliga patienten i ett tidigt skede, ökar mortaliteten. Dock visar forskningen även att sjuksköterskor inte känner sig tillräckligt förberedda. Sjuksköterskor som har arbetat i samband med allvarliga händelser beskriver starka och motstridiga känslor. Utbildning, övning och tidigare erfarenheter inom katastrofmedicin har uppgetts förbättra sjuksköterskornas beredskap. Trots vetskapen om sjuksköterskornas nyckelroll är forskningen angående sjuksköterskors uppfattningar om den katastrofmedicinska beredskapen begränsad. Fler studier inom området vore av värde med tanke på att behovet av katastrofmedicinsk beredskap ökar. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors uppfattningar om den katastrofmedicinska beredskapen på akutmottagningar i Storstockholm. Metod: Studien utfördes med en kvalitativ metod och en induktiv ansats. Tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med sjuksköterskor från fyra akutmottagningar inom Storstockholm utfördes. Intervjuerna analyserades med hjälp av innehållsanalys. Resultat: Fyra teman kunde urskiljas: ”oro för organisationens begränsningar”, ”behov av struktur”, ”erfarenhet och övning skapar trygghet i nya situationer” samt ”motstridiga känslor och tankar om copingstrategier”. Inom det första temat beskrev deltagarna en stark oro för att akutsjukvården redan är högt belastad och att detta skulle äventyra patientsäkerheten ännu mer vid en allvarlig händelse. I ”behov av struktur” beskrev sjuksköterskorna att de uppfattade sin roll som central vid allvarliga händelser och att de hade behov av en tydlig struktur. Tema nummer tre, ”erfarenhet och övning”, förklarade sjuksköterskornas önskan om mer övning och att erfarenhet gynnar dem i deras arbete. Motstridiga känslor såsom skräck blandad med nyfikenhet inför arbete vid en allvarlig händelse belystes i tema fyra, liksom arbetsgruppens viktiga, stöttande funktion. Slutsats: Den katastrofmedicinska beredskapen behöver förankras bättre i akutsjukvårdens hektiska vardag. Sjuksköterskornas uppfattning var att en allvarlig händelse skulle kunna orsaka ett kaos som fordrar starka copingstrategier. Behov av ett nytt, strukturerat arbetssätt uppdagades. Realistiska övningar skulle kunna kompensera för bristen på erfarenhet från allvarliga händelser. Ett strukturerat arbetssätt och en stark arbetsgrupp är måsten för att kunna upprätthålla patientsäkerheten vid en allvarlig händelse. / Background: As the number of disasters increases in the world the need for an adequate disaster preparedness develops. Registered nurses in emergency departments have a significant role since they often constitute the first encounter with the healthcare after a disaster. Healthcare is dependent on the nurses' ability to effectively respond to an event of disaster. Studies have shown that a deficient triage, nursing and inability to identify a critically ill patient increase patient mortality. However, previous research reveal that nurses don’t feel properly prepared. Registered nurses with experience from disaster response describe strong and conflicting emotions. Experience, education and disaster-related training have been shown to improve registered nurses’ self-reported disaster preparedness. Despite the fact that there is knowledge about registered nurses’ key role in disaster response, research is limited regarding their perceptions of disaster preparedness. Since the need for disaster preparedness increases, more studies within the area would be worthwhile. Aim: The aim was to describe registered nurses’ perceptions of disaster preparedness in emergency departments. Methods: A qualitative interview study was carried out and ten interviews with registered nurses from four emergency departments were performed. During the interviews a semi structured method was used. The interviews were analyzed through content analysis. Results: Four themes emerged: “concern for organizational insufficiency”, “need for structure”, “experience and training create a feeling of security in new situations” and “conflicting emotions and thoughts about coping strategies”. Within the first theme the participants described a strong concern for the already existing high pressure in emergency care and that this could jeopardize patient safety in an event of a disaster. The second theme illustrates the registered nurse’s perception of having a central role and their need for a clear structure while working in an event of disaster. “Experience and training”, theme three, is about the registered nurses’ wish for more disaster-related training and the importance of experience in their work. The thought of disaster response generated conflicting emotions, such as fear mixed with curiosity, was highlighted in theme four, as well as the importance of a supportive work group. Conclusion: The disaster preparedness needs to be better anchored in reality’s crowded care situation within the emergency care. Registered nurses believed a disaster would result in a chaotic work environment with the need for coping strategies. A new and structured way of working was seen as necessary. Realistic disaster-related training might compensate for the lack of experience. To be able to withhold patient safety during a disaster structure and stability within the workforce is essential.

The aim of this dissertation is to explore how informal caregivers for people with dementia (PWD), who are community dwelling (i.e., not in nursing homes), prepare and plan for disasters. The research site is a particularly hurricane-prone region of Florida, second only to New Orleans in its vulnerability. An underlying assumption of this research is that caregivers for PWD have to plan and anticipate problems that are unique to their role. The rationale for the study described here is that disaster planning and mitigation save lives (Tengs et al. 1995), but there is little or no literature on disaster planning for the frail elderly and their caregivers. Mixed methods design which includes: 1) participant observation; 2) staff interviews (n=8);3) preliminary caregiver interviews (n=5); 4) baseline chart/disaster plan review (n=290);5) intervention (presentation to staff and administration) and form revision; 6) follow-up chart/ disaster plan review (n=259); 7) caregiver survey(n=253);8) final caregiver interviews (N=15- total number of caregiver interviews 20); 9) disaster literacy testing (n=20); 10) final group interview with ACC administration. This work documents the way that caregivers talk about disaster planning and say they will do if a hurricane strikes and reflects on their past hurricane experiences. Major findings include gaps in the county run Special Needs Shelter services available in Florida for people with dementia. The response and difficulty that caregivers might face can depend on the stage of the disease.

The aim of this masters thesis, based on discourse analysis and organization theory, is to study how individuals in different Swedish cultural organizations- and agencys are working with disaster preparedness. The purpose of this is to examine whether organizational structures affect different persons work, cooperation and practical application concerning disaster preparedness in collaboration with both external and internal organizations. The research shows that disaster preparedness are affected by priority issues as well as financial resources causing consequences for future work concerning this kind of issues. Another problem which is also examined and discussed in this thesis are the problematic approach to personal initiative which today is the leading operation for the organizations to deal with disaster preparedness instead of creating professional titles for the persons handles these complex issues.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / The occurrence of disasters around the world has in the past few decades increased at an alarming rate, which has necessitated an urgent need for mitigation strategies. As part of its planning and precautionary measures in responding to disasters, the City of Cape Town(CoCT) established a Disaster Risk Management Centre (DRMC) to co-ordinate such occurrences. This study is focused on investigating to what extent the CoCT’s DRMC has prepared individuals and communities to stay resilient.South Africa lies within a region of Southern Africa that has a semi-arid to arid climate,thereby making most parts of the country vulnerable to numerous disasters. Given the prevalence of the localised disasters in the country, they have the potential to overwhelm the capacity of any affected community. Furthermore, in 2011, the CoCT was approached by the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives(ICLEI) to sign up as a Role Model City for the “Making Cities Resilient--My City is Getting Ready’’ Campaign, in collaboration with UNISDR. It became the first in South African City to be granted “Role Model City’’ status, becoming the second African city to be designated as a ‘‘Role Model City’’.The findings of this study indicate that the CoCT, through its DRMC, has tried to heighten awareness in communities to prepare them against disasters. Another important finding is that there is inadequate involvement of communities in CoCT training programmes. Poorer communities, which are mostly affected by disasters, barely receive any form of capacity building, that is, through training. In addition, the language of communication used in brochures, leaflets and other forms of media is mostly in English and Afrikaans, while the majority of people living in informal settlements speak isiXhosa. The study provides an insight into the need to consolidate strategies to address disaster management

To increase disaster preparedness in immigrants, risk communication and management need to be tailored to their needs and concerns. To this end, research needs to uncover how immigrants construe natural disaster risks and issues in the context of the receiving community’s social environment, and how their experiences compared to the general population. The goal of this thesis was to understand how risk perception and the social environment relate to immigrants and Canadian-born individuals’ disaster preparedness. The relationship between risk perception and disaster preparedness was investigated in the first study. Analyses of the data from a national survey revealed that both groups shared three core risk perception dimensions: external responsibility for disaster management, self-preparedness responsibility, and illusiveness of preparedness. However, they differed in the salience of five risk perception beliefs. For both groups, external responsibility for disaster management and self-preparedness responsibility were positively associated with preparedness behaviours, whereas illusiveness of preparedness was negatively related to preparedness behaviours. In the second study, the relationship between community social capital and individuals’ preparedness behaviours was investigated. Analyses of two conceptually-linked national surveys revealed that neighbourhood contact and societal trust predicted during-disaster preparedness behaviours in both groups. Interestingly, societal trust positively predicted emergency planning in Canadian-born individuals but the reverse was true for immigrants. To provide a comprehensive social-ecological perspective, twenty-two individual interviews were conducted to explore immigrants and Canadian-born individuals’ lived experiences of natural disaster risks and issues. A unifying thread across five emergent themes showed that individuals did not perceive natural disaster risks as a valid threat and disaster preparedness as relevant to their daily lives because they believed that the positive social environment in Canada would mitigate the risks. For immigrants, the immigrant condition and culture shaped how they construed natural disaster risks and issues. Overall, findings suggest that risk communication and management need to focus on building human capital and social capital, use an all-of-society engagement approach, and reframe all-hazards preparedness as relevant for daily stressors. Specific for immigrants, disaster initiatives need to be tailored to the timeline of experience of being an immigrant within the context of their receiving communities.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / The problem question of this study is how the City of Cape Town, as a metro municipality went about implementing Disaster Risk Assessments. While the National Disaster Management Centre acknowledges that municipalities are battling to perform Disaster Risk Assessments. Understanding what was done, by whom and when will aid in the understanding of implementing Disaster Risk Assessments. Uncovering the prospects and challenges they faced and will help shed light on the guidance that is required by other municipalities, although this study’s inference is limited by the methodology. The relatively new Disaster Management Act requires a shift from old civil defence legislation to a proactive disaster risk reduction mode, with new institutional arrangements. The shift to a proactive disaster risk reduction approach required by the new legislation cannot be achieved without firstly implementing these new institutional and policy arrangements and secondly, implementing this first and vital step in the disaster risk reduction process namely, Disaster Risk Assessments. The study also seeks to understand in the community was involved. This is a qualitative study, i.e. it contains descriptive statistics and narratives. It used questionnaires to provide numerical and descriptive data to measure compliance to the Disaster Management Act in terms of the institutional arrangements implemented by the City of Cape Town. Secondly, qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews to provide data to understand the challenges and prospects encountered in performing Disaster Risk Assessments. A literature review was also undertaken to highlight the current debates in Disaster Risk Reduction. The stratified sample was from the officials employed at the City’s Disaster Management Centre, Area Managers, NGOs, Ward Councillors and Consultants. The data was collated and the analysed. The objective is to primarily understand what was done, by whom, when and secondly to understand the prospects and challenges faced. The findings, recommendations and areas of future study are captured in this research report.