This study provides a comparative analysis of pricing promotions, which create an incentive to buy in Russian and Swedish fashion e-shops. The aim of this work is to determine the national differences in sales promotions used in e-commerce in these countries. This work confirms the existence of modern marketing trend in the e-commerce, which uses discounts as a tool for communication with consumers and for retaining them in the shop as a regular customer, and not just for traditional use of discounts as a way to sell remaining goods. To conduct the study the collected data obtained through systematic observation of application of discounts and promotions as marketing tools in the e-shops in these countries. Following the comparative analysis of statistical data we were able to determine the difference in the periods of sales, the maximum and minimum level of price falls, to create a typology of discounts, typical for both countries and for each of them separately. The recommendations for online retailers who develop the markets of these countries with regard to national specifics in communication with the consumer and based on the most popular types of discounts and promotions are also the important part of this work. The results of this study refute the words of the expert Simonetta Carbonaro that the modern approach to pricing policy in the e-commerce is a "suicide of fashion retail."

Uppsatsnivå: D

Transportation plays a vital role in the movement of raw materials and finished goods from one place to another. Trucks play a vital role in the movement of materials and are indispensable part of almost every shipment, both domestic and international. On the average, thirty-nine percent of the total logistics cost is spent on transportation. Therefore reducing the transportation cost may significantly reduce the total logistics cost. The total annual logistics cost considered in this research includes ordering cost, material cost, transportation cost and inventory holding cost. The main objective of this research is to develop algorithms for finding the optimal ordering quantity that minimizes total annual logistics cost, when the suppliers offer No quantity discounts All-unit quantity discounts Incremental quantity discounts This research considers truckload transportation where two truck sizes are available. The algorithm developed in this research will identify the optimum ordering quantity and the optimum number of trucks required to ship the ordering quantity. MATLAB programming of the algorithm will analyze the factors that affect that the total annual logistics cost.

Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att klargöra skillnaden mellan olika sorters rabatterade erbjudanden som kampanj och rea i Ur&Penns butiker. Syftet är även att se hur konsumenter ser på rabatterade erbjudanden och hur deras lojalitet kan påverkas av detta. Metod: En kombination av kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder har använts med en abduktiv ansats. Insamling av data har skett via enkäter, intervju och observation. Uppsatsen riktar sig in på att undersöka Ur&Penns marknad. Teori: Teorier som använts i uppsatsen beskriver prisstrategier, rabatterade erbjudanden, lojalitet ur konsumentperspektiv samt tar upp utsnitt ur marknadsföringslagen. Empiri: Empirin består av tre delar: webbenkät, intervju och en observation. Webbenkäten är skapad ur ett konsumentperspektiv medan intervjun är ur ett företagsperspektiv. En direkt observation har utförts av författarna. Slutsats: Det finns både negativa och positiva aspekter för både konsumenter och företag när det gäller rabatterade erbjudanden. Skillnaden mellan kampanj och rea är uppenbart i fakta men inte lika tydlig när det kommer till att se skillnaden i butik. Rabattaktiviteter används i butiker för att locka kunder till att handla. En stor del av våra respondenter uppfattar nedsatta priser som någonting positivt.

本研究以2002年至2010年4底前辦理私募增資之上市（櫃）公司為研究對象，探討公司財務特性對私募折價幅度之影響。研究結果顯示， 私募金額占公司市值比例與無形資產價值愈高，象徵公司價值的衡量愈複雜，私募應募人在衡量私募公司價值時需付出的較高成本，折價幅度將較高。再者，當私募目的指出私募公司有新的投資機會時，私募之折價幅度將較小；另外，私募公司股東權益報酬率愈高，代表私募公司利用現有資源效率較高，折價幅度愈低；而私募公司負債對股東權益比愈大，其長期償債能力較差，營運風險也會提升，所以應募人會要求較高折價幅度以補償此風險；當私募公司有發生財務危機可能時，應募人也會要求較高折價補償其所承受之風險。因此，私募折價幅度與公司資訊成本、投資機會及營運風險程度有密切關聯。 / This study examines the effects of financial characteristics on price discounts in private placement. Based on the Market Observation Post System, the sample includes private placements of all listed and OTC firms in Taiwan during 2002 to April of 2010. The empirical evidence shows that discounts will be larger when private placement size is large relative to firm size. Intangible assets are difficult to value and therefore private placement investors will require larger discounts as compensation. If the issuer’s purposes of private placement indicate the availability of positive NPV investment opportunity to the firm then the discount will be smaller. In addition, the ROE variable has significant and negative association with discounts. This is consistent with the expectation that investors will assess the quality of the firm’s existing assets to form an opinion on risk and expected return of their private equity investment. On the other hand, high debt levels as measured by debt to equity result in higher discounts. Moreover, the existence of financial crisis is positively associated with discounts. In a word, the size of the discount to current market price is strongly related to proxies for the quality of the firm’s financial characteristics, future prospects and risk.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the impact of the discount politics of the chain store in connection with the current regulations, their interpretation and actual situation. The practical part is focused on the discounts analysis in the selected company. The introduction characterizes the enterprise, its organizational structure and general classification of discounts. In the following chapters there are described some more details about types of particular discounts and the purpose of its use. There are used some specific examples in order to explain the purpose of discounts as well as a description of discounts accounting and reflecting their impact on the assets of the company, financing and operating result. An important information source for this section are internal, operational and other policies. For further understanding of the discounts issue, especially in term of business policy, it was necessary to make an inquiry within the company. Due to these information, it was possible to implement the theory and make the accounting and tax implications analyse. The end of the practical part includes description of problematic situations, which are usual in general practice.

This paper examines the minority discount due to lack of control by looking at tender offer premiums on Swedish publicly traded firms from 2007 to 2018. We analyze how ownership structure, the acquired stake and distribution of shares affect the minority discount. Variables focusing on control of shares are tested individually but also included in models addressing additional impacts. Our findings suggest that a bidder’s ownership of the target firm prior to the announcement lowers the bidder’s valuation of the remaining shares. However, the relation between premium and ownership seem to depend on a threshold of having a toehold which justifies the argument of toeholds attaining control and influence of the target firm. Correspondingly, the premium per share increases with the partial interest acquired, suggesting a non pro-rata valuation. We find no evidence of additional premium for minority shareholders in squeeze out events. However, equally powerful blockholders in target firms tend to increase bid premiums, arguably due to increased competition which aligns bid premium valuation to the valuation of control between dual class shares.

Orientador: Orlando Fontes Lima Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T17:25:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sanches_LarsMeyer_D.pdf: 1568758 bytes, checksum: 9d13cb5e38dfe33f182a04e3cd058623 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O problema desta tese é a concentração da demanda logística no final do período de comercialização no segmento de bens de consumo não-durável. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar tanto as causas, quanto os impactos deste fenômeno nas diferentes organizações envolvidas na cadeia de valor. Para isto, será feito um estudo em uma empresa que possui esta concentração, de tal forma que se possa gerar elementos que ajudem as organizações a entenderem e lidarem com este fenômeno. O método adotado foi a modelagem matemática baseada na simulação de Dinâmicas de Sistema (System Dynamics). Esta abordagem permitiu estudar o problema de uma forma holística e integrada. Após a realização do estudo, pôde-se concluir que a concentração da demanda logística no final do mês pode ter sido provocada por uma série de fatores, sendo que a maioria absoluta deles são fatores endógenos aos agentes. A concentração da demanda provoca impacto negativo no resultado financeiro da indústria no longo prazo e impacto neutro no varejo. Foram testadas diversas políticas capazes de eliminar a concentração da demanda, sendo que algumas delas apresentaram resultados positivos no longo prazo. Entretanto, todas as políticas que foram eficazes na eliminação da concentração provocavam impactos negativos no curto prazo e afetavam um ou mais objetivos departamentais dos agentes. O estudo contribui para a análise dos efeitos sistêmicos da política de descontos temporários com freqüência e duração conhecida. Contribui também para o entendimento da importância de adotar uma abordagem interdisciplinar para lidar com os problemas da gestão da cadeia de suprimentos e a adequação do uso da Dinâmicas de Sistema como método para este tipo de problema. / Abstract: The problem of this thesis is the "peak" of logistics service demand which typically occurs at the end of the sales period in the consumer products goods segment known as hockey-stick demand. The objetive is to analyze the cause and impact of this phenomenon in the different companies involved through the value chain. To accomplish this goal, the study focused on a particular company where this business activity occurs on a regular basis in order identify and understand the underlying factors behind the end of the cycle peak, and how to avoid this behavior. The research methodology utilized in the thesis was based on the application of mathematical simulation modeling by using System Dynamics. This approach enabled to achieve a holistic and integrated view of the problem. From the results of the study it was possible to conclude that the end of the sales period demand peak could be caused by a series of factors, the absolute majority of them being endogenous to the agents. The results of the study show that in the long run, the demand peak has negative impacts in the financial results of the industry and is neutral for the retailers. Many alternative policies were identified and simulated to demonstrate the possibility of eliminating the deman peak. Some of the evaluated policies generated positive financial results in the long run; however, all of the evaluated policies caused negative impacts on the short term financial results and affected one or more of the functional objectives of the agents departments. The research also contributed insight into the holistic effects of temporary price discounts with known frequency and duration. Utilizing mathematical simulation modeling and System Dynamics in an interdisciplinary approach to analyzing supply chain management issues was shown to be beneficial to this thesis and the findings. / Doutorado / Transportes / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

El siguiente trabajo de investigación, se centra en la indagación y proyección de los efectos que traen las estrategias de trade marketing en el canal tradicional minorista del distrito de Villa el Salvador, específicamente en relación a la liquidez y a los efectos económicos que las mismas pueden traer a las bodegas de este distrito limeño. En primer término, se puede encontrar una definición de los aspectos más importantes del trade marketing, así como su división según sus objetivos de rentabilidad y publicitarios. Tras ello, podrá identificarse las estrategias más importantes a trabajar e investigar, las cuales se resumen a descuentos sobre precio de compra, bonificaciones de productos y rebates sobre el total de costo de abastecimiento. Finalmente, tras esta definición se procede a presentar los hallazgos dentro del campo de investigación por medio de encuestas y entevistas a profundidad a los mencionados puntos de venta. Dichos hallazgos, se contrastan con opiniones de renombrados expertos consultados en la materia; los cuales podrán orientar de forma impecable las aplicaciones de tendencias de Trade Marketing dentro del mercado tradicional peruano / The following investigation, focuses in finding and projecting the effects brought by the main strategies behind the Trade Marketing applications in the retail channel located in Villa El Salvador, district of the city of Lima. This strategies are meant to be applied in the buying process of the small retail shops located in the area, and the effects that they may bring in relation to economics. In first term, we can find the definition of the most important aspects of trade marketing, as well as their division in two clear aspects according to the main objectives of the market: Cost effectiveness and advertisement applications in the point of sales. After this, we will be able to find the most relevant strategies in order to investigate their application in the field, such as direct discounts, product bonuses and rebates over the total amount of buying. Finally, after this description and definition, the field investigation interviews and survey results are presented, the ones that will be contrasted with the opinions given by specialists in the field / Trabajo de investigación

The master´s thesis is prepared for the company TONDACH Czech Republic, Ltd. is focused on effective marketing communications at fairs. It contains information on the efficient use of company presentation at trade fairs. Options and proposals on how it could look like the structure of company presentations on various trade fairs. What should the company focus on what used to be fair for the company effectively.