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The Effect of the Rater's Implicit Person Theory on the Performance Evaluations of Male and Female ManagersBendapudi, Namrita 06 March 2013 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Previous research has found that the clarity of information provided to raters about women managers’ performance affects ratings of their competence, likeability, and overall evaluation. The current study sought to contribute to this literature by examining whether individual differences of raters can explain the reason for differential performance evaluations of male and female managers, despite them both performing equally. For this purpose, the current research extended the findings of Heilman and colleagues by replicating their methodology while introducing a moderator variable, the rater’s Implicit Person Theory (IPT). The IPT differentiates people into either entity theorists (that is, those who believe that behavior is trait-based and therefore fixed and stable) and incremental theorists (those who believe that behavior is situationally mediated and hence, changeable). Specifically, it was proposed that the effects found in the previous study would be stronger when the rater possessed an entity theory as opposed to an incremental theory. In doing so, this research attempted to provide an understanding of why male and female managers might be given different ratings, all other things being equal. Analyses revealed results that were consistent with, as well as some that were quite inconsistent with, previous findings. Rater IPT was found to have a significant effect on ratings provided by male participants but not those of female participants. Other findings and implications are discussed and limitations and future research directions are stated.
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Des IA, des femmes et des droitsSandoval, Karen 12 1900 (has links)
Si l’intelligence artificielle subvertit nos sociétés à travers le monde, il est un élément qui reste inchangé : l’absence des femmes. Cette technologie, entendue d’ores et déjà comme la 4e révolution industrielle, prévaut à mesure que le technolibéralisme fît de cette innovation un fait social total. Ce continuum engendre un assentiment qui s’est imposé comme allant de soi, formalisé par une nécessité d’adaptation, malgré les conséquences philosophiques, anthropologiques, sociales et économiques que cette technologie induit. Il existe un autre domaine dont les effets sont tout aussi déterminants, la sphère juridique et le droit international en particulier.
Les incidences du déploiement de l’intelligence artificielle à l’égard des droits fondamentaux des femmes seront donc appréhendées dans la perspective du droit international public en vertu des compétences attribuées aux Nations Unies. L’effacement des femmes et leur mise sous silence ont pour conséquence la violation du droit à la non-discrimination et du droit à l’égalité. Ces violations ont été étudiées dans trois domaines que sont l’éducation, le travail et la santé. Tout en considérant les instruments juridiques internationaux des droits des femmes, les risques impérieux que pose l’intelligence artificielle enjoignent à sortir des sentiers battus afin de proposer un cadre juridique international contraignant.
Notre proposition prend en considération les incidences de l’intelligence artificielle, par l’entremise de deux leviers juridiques concomitants ex ante et ex post. La première sera la création d’une institution par les Nations Unies, qui travaillera en étroite collaboration avec une fondation portant sur l’intelligence artificielle, à l’instar de la Cloud Native Computing Foundation, privilégiant l’open source et l’open data afin d’atténuer les risques ex ante. La seconde théorise la création d’une convention-cadre internationale relative aux entreprises privées transnationales, suggérant la formalisation de protocoles contraignants à l’égard de l’industrie de l’intelligence artificielle afin de considérer les violations ex post. / As Artificial Intelligence subverts societies around the world, there is one element that remains unchanged: the absence of women. This technology, already perceived as the fourth Industrial Revolution, prevails as technoliberalism makes this innovation a “total social fact”. This continuum generates an assent that has become self-evident, formalized by a need for adaptation, despite the philosophical, anthropological, social, and economic consequences that this technology induces. There is another area whose effects are just as decisive for women's rights, the legal sphere and specifically international law.
Consequently, we wanted to understand the impacts on the fundamental rights of women caused by Artificial Intelligence from the perspective of public international law. The erasure and silencing of women have resulted in the violation of their rights to non-discrimination and equality. We studied those violations in education, work, and health. While considering international legal instruments for women’s rights, the compelling risks posed by Artificial Intelligence pushed us to innovative thinking by proposing an international hard-law regulatory framework.
Our proposal considers the impacts of Artificial Intelligence through two concomitant legal levers: ex-ante and ex-post. The first theorizes the creation of an organization by the United Nations which will collaborate closely with an AI foundation (similar to the Cloud Native Computing Foundation), preferring Open Source and Open Data to mitigate ex-ante risks. The second theorizes the creation of an international framework convention relating to transnational private companies, suggesting formalized binding protocols around the Artificial Intelligence industry to consider violations ex-post.
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A sociolinguistic investigation of gender stereotypes in AIDS discourseVan de Wouwer, Pascale Martine 30 November 2003 (has links)
This research investigates how the speech community living in Maputo city uses language in relation to HIV/AIDS and studies related stigmas which impede women's access to HIV/AIDS counselling services. My hypothesis is that frequent use of gender stereotypes in AIDS discourse aims at stigmatising women as AIDS propagators, while minimizing male sexual transgressions in the AIDS crisis. Interpretation of primary data collected via focus group discussions and interviews is done with five different approaches that study respectively: social meanings and representations of AIDS embedded in context, the stigmatising process correlating gender stereotypes and discrimination against women, stereotypical speech attitudes and speech mechanism as well as the functions and effects of stereotyping. My conclusion is that deeply rooted gender barriers are to be removed in order to combat the social plague of AIDS and that ethnography of communication offers interesting models for development projects that can initiate behavioural changes through speech. / Linguistics / M.A. (Sociolinguistics)
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An investigation into the extent to which the Zimbabwean Government and civil society have implemented Millennium Development Goal Number 3 (gender equality and empowerment to women) : the case of Ward 33 of Mt Darwin District in ZimbabweDekete, Winnie 14 July 2014 (has links)
Girls in rural areas face a number of challenges in their pursuit of basic education,
empowerment and gender equality. This thesis explores the extent to which gender
equality and empowerment of women have been achieved in education in ward 33 of
Mt Darwin. At the centre is what Zimbabwean government and civil society
organisations such as Campaign for female education (Camfed) have done to
implement strategies addressing challenges affecting implementation and
achievement of MDG 3. A multi-method research strategy, including focus group
discussions, questionnaires administration and interviews, was used in the data
collection process. The findings of the study show reciprocal linkage between
education, empowerment and gender equality. Ward 33 requires integration in
approach from assisting agencies and the general populace if Millennium
Development Goal 3 is to be achieved. Results showed the multiple barriers girls
face in the process of accessing education within the homes, along the way to
school and within the school system itself. Camfed and government’s interventions
have been pointed out to contributing to the achievement of MDG 3 in the ward.
Women’s quest for equality is evident. Specific actions recommended after this
research include the need for MOESAC to strategically post qualified teachers in
rural areas, sensitization and empowerment programmes targeting men, civil society
organisations and government ministries working with women to intensify advocacy,
capacity building and leadership trainings for women.
Overall recommendation is that there is need to implement MDG 3 beyond 2015 if
rural women are to be integrated into the MDG 3 empowerment and gender equality
agenda. / Development Studies / M. Admin. (Development Studies)
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An investigation into the extent to which the Zimbabwean Government and civil society have implemented Millennium Development Goal Number 3 (gender equality and empowerment to women) : the case of Ward 33 of Mt Darwin District in ZimbabweDekete, Winnie 14 July 2014 (has links)
Girls in rural areas face a number of challenges in their pursuit of basic education,
empowerment and gender equality. This thesis explores the extent to which gender
equality and empowerment of women have been achieved in education in ward 33 of
Mt Darwin. At the centre is what Zimbabwean government and civil society
organisations such as Campaign for female education (Camfed) have done to
implement strategies addressing challenges affecting implementation and
achievement of MDG 3. A multi-method research strategy, including focus group
discussions, questionnaires administration and interviews, was used in the data
collection process. The findings of the study show reciprocal linkage between
education, empowerment and gender equality. Ward 33 requires integration in
approach from assisting agencies and the general populace if Millennium
Development Goal 3 is to be achieved. Results showed the multiple barriers girls
face in the process of accessing education within the homes, along the way to
school and within the school system itself. Camfed and government’s interventions
have been pointed out to contributing to the achievement of MDG 3 in the ward.
Women’s quest for equality is evident. Specific actions recommended after this
research include the need for MOESAC to strategically post qualified teachers in
rural areas, sensitization and empowerment programmes targeting men, civil society
organisations and government ministries working with women to intensify advocacy,
capacity building and leadership trainings for women.
Overall recommendation is that there is need to implement MDG 3 beyond 2015 if
rural women are to be integrated into the MDG 3 empowerment and gender equality
agenda. / Development Studies / M. Admin. (Development Studies)
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Obstacles to gender equality in East Champaran district of Bihar, North India : exploration of the right to healthcare for children under fiveKunze, Claudia 11 1900 (has links)
Child rights, especially the right to health for children, is a concept of human development. The aim of this qualitative study is to explore the obstacles to gender equality in the right to healthcare for children under five years in East Champaran, Bihar, North India. Ten key informant interviews and nine focus group discussions with mothers, fathers, grandmothers and grandfathers were conducted to research the barriers of guardians to accessing healthcare for their children, including their root beliefs and choices, which causes health inequalities. It was found that a strong patriarchal tradition predominates in these communities in North India, which favour sons and disadvantages daughters in healthcare provision. Despite the existing child rights and human rights policies that have been legislated, in India traditional practices that discriminate against female children remain dominant in the society, and limit development in East Champaran, Bihar, North India. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)
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Woman vulnerability to HIV/AIDS : an investigation into women's conceptions and experiences in negotiating sex and safe sex in Okalongo constituency, Omusati Region, NamibiaHaipinge, Rauha January 2013 (has links)
This study emerged from the high prevalence rate of HIV and AIDS infection among women in Sub-Saharan Africa, which has no exception to Namibia. Women have been vulnerable to HIV and AIDS let alone on sex related issues since the epidemic emerged, but not research has been done specifically to Okalongo women. The way in which women vulnerable to HIV and AIDS infection were explored by examined social and cultural identities that affect women’s sexual relations in negotiating sex and safe sex. Qualitative study on a sample of fifteen women was conducted in Okalongo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the conceptions and experiences of women in negotiating sex and safe sex with their husband and partners. Feminist theory guided the methodology and analysis of data. I assumed that gender roles andsexuality are socially constructed, shaped by religion, social, political, and economic influences and modified throughout life. Feminist theory assisted in documentary the ways in which the female’s gender and sexuality in Okalongo is shaped by cultural influences and by institutions that disadvantage female and other oppressed groups by silencing their voices. The feminist further guided the discussion of the contradicting messages about women’s sexuality and their experiences, as women complied, conformed and even colluded with their oppression. To address the issue under study, the primary analysis of data from the focus group discussion and individual interview were utilised. The following themes were the heart of analysis: Women Positionality, Normalisation and Compliance, Women Agency and Male Dominance Power, Women Perceptions of Risk, Sex Education in and out of school among Women.In this study the data suggested that women in Okalongo are more vulnerable to their lack of assertiveness, as they have difficult in developing an authoritative voice, they tend to be humble about their achievements and knowledge and to only assertively when concerned about others. The findings supported the literature that women’s vulnerability is strongly influenced and tied by broader forces present in the society. Women’s vulnerability is real and needs to be tackled for any progress to occur in the fight against AIDS. Until factors that constraints and enabling women agency to negotiate sex and safe sex acknowledged and addressed, women will continue to succumb to the HIV pandemic.
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A sociolinguistic investigation of gender stereotypes in AIDS discourseVan de Wouwer, Pascale Martine 30 November 2003 (has links)
This research investigates how the speech community living in Maputo city uses language in relation to HIV/AIDS and studies related stigmas which impede women's access to HIV/AIDS counselling services. My hypothesis is that frequent use of gender stereotypes in AIDS discourse aims at stigmatising women as AIDS propagators, while minimizing male sexual transgressions in the AIDS crisis. Interpretation of primary data collected via focus group discussions and interviews is done with five different approaches that study respectively: social meanings and representations of AIDS embedded in context, the stigmatising process correlating gender stereotypes and discrimination against women, stereotypical speech attitudes and speech mechanism as well as the functions and effects of stereotyping. My conclusion is that deeply rooted gender barriers are to be removed in order to combat the social plague of AIDS and that ethnography of communication offers interesting models for development projects that can initiate behavioural changes through speech. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Sociolinguistics)
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An African feminist study of talent management practices applied to improve gender equality in JSE-listed South African mining boards : a multiple case analysisMoraka, Nthabiseng Violet 05 1900 (has links)
Mining as a historical male-dominated space is confronted by various transformational
structural changes. While the racial composition of mining boards has improved,
gender representation of women in boards is problematic. Owing to our historical
legacy of apartheid and decades of colonialism, South Africa became a victim of an
unequal society. The new political dispensation under the leadership of Nelson
Mandela sought to redress those inequalities after the fall of apartheid in 1994.
However, gender inequalities and the gender subject remain contentious issues,
particularly in historically male-dominated sectors such as mining. With legislation
enforcement, only a few mining companies have improved the representation of
women on boards (WoB), while some companies remain with no women or only one
woman on board. However, despite the atrocities of apartheid, South African mining
sector is relatively performing better in terms of WoB than countries that were not
exposed to such a discriminatory dispensation. Yet still, mining lags far behind
compared to other industries in South Africa.
This outlook led me to conduct a multiple cross-case analysis research study to explore
how women were integrated into mining by reviewing talent management practices
used to appoint women (and men) by exploring recruitment, development and retention
practices. I adopted an emancipatory critical research approach, a feminist
epistemological paradigm, and I considered African feminism a suitable research
approach given the unique context of South African mining history.
The results showed that the industry still faces gender structural inequalities guided by
an indoctrinated mindset of the sector, and that it is still to a great extent racially biased.
While most focus of talent management is directed at recruiting more women, men still
control recruitment, which is biased and informal, and different or stringent recruitment
criteria are applied for women. Even though women occupy a few board seats and
exceed the critical mass in some boards, they still face change-resistant attitudes and
stereotypes and a double glass ceiling in terms of who has a right of voice, which
disregarded their talent. All women regardless of race, were subject to stereotypes, but
dealt with them differently. I found that black women are more affected than any other
racial group due to their social identities, facing triple oppression due to their gender
and race, but also class, which affects their confidence and their talent offering to board
responsibilities. In fear of marginalisation, the black women in my study felt that they
needed to earn the trust of men, especially those of white men. White, Indian and
1coloured women who were affected by gender stereotypes were silent about those
prejudices, but were also still discriminated against with fewer board opportunities. The
effectiveness of training and development of directors and retention was hindered by
the culture in mining, individual constructed identities and societal gender
constructions of roles and responsibilities. These constructions undermined the talent
of women in boards and constructed the talent of men as superior. / Thesisi ye e fa tlhahlobo ye e tseneletšego ya ditirišo tša taolo ya talente ka
dikhamphaning tše tshela tša meepo tša go ngwadišwa le JSE ka Afrika Borwa. E
nyakišiša gobaneng talente ya mosadi e hlokomologilwe, le gore gobaneng basadi ba
tšwela pele go ba palo ye nnyane mo dibotong le ge e le gore molao wa Afrika Borwa o
thekga tekatekano ya bong le gore tokafatšo ya taba (business case) e hlatsetšwe go
ya ka tirišo. Mokgwatlwaelo wa basadi wa Afrika o šomišwa ka go kopantšha mokgwa
wa maemo a magareng woo o lebantšhago go kopano ya morafe le bong. Tšhomišo ya
mokgwatlwaelo wa basadi wa Afrika gape e dira teori seemo sa go ithuta bong go ya ka
mabaka a moswananoši gomme mo tabeng ye, intasteri ye e tletšego ka banna ka
nageng ya morago ga kgatelelo le morago ga kgethollo. Dipoelo di bontšhitše gore
intasteri e lebana le diphapano tša sebopego tša bong tše di hlahlwago ke maikutlo ao
a tsentšwego a lekala, le le sa ntšego le tšea lehlakore go ya ka morafe. Komiti ya
ditšhišinyo e tletše ka thwalo ya taolo ya banna, yeo e tšeago lehlakore ebile e se ya
semmušo, gomme dikriteria tša go fapana tša thwalo di a šomišwa go basadi. Basadi
ka moka go sa šetšwe morafe, ba be ba lebana le ditlwaedi, eupša ba be ba šogana le
tšona ka go fapana. Basadi ba bathobaso ba sa ntše ba lebana le kgatelelo ya go
menagana gararo ya go amana le bong bja bona, morafe, le boemo. Ka go tšhoga
nyenyefatšo, basadi ba Bathobaso ba be ba nyaka tumelelo go banna, kudu ya banna
ba Bathobašweu. Basadi ba Bathobašweu, Bathobaso, Maindia le Bammala ba be ba
sa bolele ka dikgethollo, eupša gape ba be ba sa ntše ba gatelelwa kgahlanong le
menyetla e se mekae ya boto. Katlego ya tlhahlo le tlhabollo ya balaodibagolo le
kganetšo di šitišitšwe ke setšo sa meepo, maitšhupo ao a bopilwego a go ikgetha le
dibopego tša bong tša setšhaba tša dikarolo le maikarabelo. Dibopego tše di nyaditše
talente ya basadi ka dibotong gomme di bopile talente ya banna go ba ya maemo a
godimo. Nyakišišo ye e kgatha tema go dingwalo tša tirišo tša basadi mo dibotong ka
go nyakišiša mašomelo a taolo ya talente – a selo se se hlokomologilwego basading mo
dinyakišišong tša diboto. E hlaloša ka fao basadi ba thwalwago, hlahlelwago maemo a
boto le go hlaloša hlokomologo ya go tsenela taolo ya talente. / Business Management / Ph. D. (Management Studies)
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Religion, culture and gender : a study of women's search for gender equality in SwazilandZigira, Christopher Amherst Byuma 11 1900 (has links)
Although Swazi women's contribution to national development has been phenomenal, they like
any other women in patriarchal societies confront an overbearing situation in which they have
been regarded and treated as minors, both in the family and most spheres of public life. This has
largely been due to the social construction of gender. Traditional gender-based attitudes, deeply
ingrained in the people's mind set, not infrequently, have limited women's access to and control
of various aspects of public life, and impinge on their rights, most especially the rights to selfdetermination
and equal participation in the decision making process. Coupled with religion
which influences "the deepest level of what it means to be human" (King, 1994:4) and zealous
cultural conservatism, the Swazi women, with a few notable exceptions, experience an asymmetry
of power due to the pervasive nature of gender. Nonetheless, the history of Swaziland bears testimony, however muted, to a legacy ofwomen's struggles to overcome gendered conditions
imposed upon them either by taking full advantage of their spiritual endowment and charisma to
overcome attitudinal barriers or by organising themselves into groups to work for the social
transformation of their conditions and status.
This study examines the Swazi women's search for gender equality. It discusses the social and
cultural context of gender in Swaziland, the various moments in the Swazi women's quest for
equality and its manifestations, and the push and pull effect of religion and culture. Particular
attention is given to four organisations, namely Lutsango lwakaNgwane (loosely referred to as
women's regiments), the Council of Swaziland Churches, the Women's Resource Centre (Umtapo
waBomake) and Swaziland Action Group Against Abuse (SWAGAA). The study shows that
Swazi women have, across a passage of time, adopted different strategies, including ritual,
economic empowerment and creation of new knowledge through promotion of gender awareness
and social advocacy either in a womanist approach that accepts women's embeddedness in Swazi
culture or in the liberal feminist tradition that espouses women's individual rights. However, the
study shows that the women's movement has yet to reach the critical mass level so as to influence
public policy and come to terms with the deconstruction of the dominant gender ideology. / Religious Studies and Arabic / D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)
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