Este trabalho trata do estudo para adaptação de um método de classificação de estradas não pavimentadas às condições encontradas em campo no município de São Carlos-SP. O trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de avaliações subjetivas e objetivas levadas a efeito por um painel de avaliadores que executou levantamento de campo planejado, com base nas informações contidas nos relatórios técnicos sobre o desenvolvimento de dois métodos de classificação das condições de estradas - método do Pavement Condition Index e método do Unsurfaced Road Condition Index. O painel de avaliadores atribuiu notas a 140 unidades amostrais de 30 metros de comprimento, a cada defeito presente na unidade amostral e aos 14 trechos estudados. Paralelamente, cada unidade amostral e cada trecho receberam uma classificação de acordo com o método do Unsufaced Road Condition Index. Concluiu-se que, para o presente estudo, não há correlação entre os resultados da avaliação subjetiva executada apenas com o emprego de uma escala de notas e da objetiva, calculada segundo o método do Unsurfaced Road Condition Index. Conclui-se também que a avaliação subjetiva global do trecho tem uma boa correlação com a avaliação subjetiva do conjunto das unidades amostrais que compõem o referido trecho, indicando ser coerente a avaliação do painel de avaliadores. / This work deals with a study for adapting an unpaved road rating method to the field condition prevailing in São Carlos County. The research was carried out through subjective and objective evaluations performed by a panel of raters during field inspections. The experiment was planned accordingly to the technical reports information about the development of two roads condition rating methods - the Pavement Condition lndex and the Unsurfaced Road Condition lndex. The panel rated 140 sample unities of 30 m long attributing a value for the unity, for each defect they have and for 14 road sections studied. The ranks were also calculated accordingly to Unsurfaced Road Condition lndex method. It was concluded that, for the present research, there is no correlation between the subjective evaluation executed with a simple scale and the objective rating calculated following the Unsurfaced Road Condition lndex method. It was also concluded that the global subjective rank of the road section has a good correlation with the subjective rank of the set of sample unities that composes this section, indicating the coherence of the rating panel evaluation.

As estradas rurais não-pavimentadas constituem significativa parcela da rede rodoviária do Brasil, e a responsabilidade pela manutenção de grande parte delas está nas mãos das administrações municipais. Por outro lado, a tecnologia dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SlGs) apresenta-se como ferramenta promissora em atividades que envolvem manuseio e análise de informações, sendo uma ferramenta destinada especialmente para atividades que envolvem planejamento e gerência, podendo servir como poderoso auxílio na tomada de decisões. Assim, procurou-se analisar o potencial de utilização de um SIG como meio de se armazenar e manipular informações referentes às vias não-pavimentadas, conduzindo diferentes análises com as bases de dados, com vistas a um futuro auxílio a um sistema de gerência de manutenção. Fazendo-se uso das ferramentas do SIG, para cada segmento de estrada inspecionada no campo, foi possível atribuir, graficamente, características distintas em função de suas classificações. Também, trechos considerados críticos foram facilmente identificados através do procedimento de consulta condicionada. Um modelo digital do terreno foi usado para avaliar o relevo da área de estudo, e sua possível influência na classificação da via. Os tipos de solos também foram utilizados para análise. Quanto à inspeção de campo, foi adotado um método para o cálculo da condição da via. Apesar das dificuldades com a aquisição de dados básicos e com a não completa adequação do método de avaliação das vias às condições locais, pôde-se constatar que a utilização da tecnologia dos SIGs é muito útil, podendo vir a ser uma grande ferramenta de auxílio à gerência de manutenção de estradas rurais não-pavimentadas. / Unpaved roads constitute a large portion of the total road network in Brazil and the responsibility of maintaining a significant share of them is in the hands of local governments. On the other hand, Geographic Information Systems (GISs) technology presents itself as a promising tool in activities involving information handling and analysis, being particularly suited to planning and management related activities, where it serves as a powerful aid in decision making. This study analyzes the potential use of a GIS as a means to store and manipulate information on unpaved roads. Several analyses are made using data stored in the database with the objective of providing future support for a maintenance management system. Different characteristics were attributed graphically for each segment of road inspected in the field based on GIS tool classifications. Furthermore, stretches of road considered critical were easily identified by means of the conditional querying procedure. A digital terrain model was used to evaluate the relief of the area under study and its possible influence on the road\'s classification. The soil types were also used in the analysis. With regard to the field inspection, a method was adopted to calculate the road\'s conditions. Despite the difficulties involved in acquiring the basic data and the fact that the road evaluation method was not entirely suitable for the local conditions, it was possible to acertain that the GIS technology is very useful and that it can become a great tool to aid in the maintenance management of rural unpaved roads.

As estradas rurais não-pavimentadas constituem significativa parcela da rede rodoviária do Brasil, e a responsabilidade pela manutenção de grande parte delas está nas mãos das administrações municipais. Por outro lado, a tecnologia dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SlGs) apresenta-se como ferramenta promissora em atividades que envolvem manuseio e análise de informações, sendo uma ferramenta destinada especialmente para atividades que envolvem planejamento e gerência, podendo servir como poderoso auxílio na tomada de decisões. Assim, procurou-se analisar o potencial de utilização de um SIG como meio de se armazenar e manipular informações referentes às vias não-pavimentadas, conduzindo diferentes análises com as bases de dados, com vistas a um futuro auxílio a um sistema de gerência de manutenção. Fazendo-se uso das ferramentas do SIG, para cada segmento de estrada inspecionada no campo, foi possível atribuir, graficamente, características distintas em função de suas classificações. Também, trechos considerados críticos foram facilmente identificados através do procedimento de consulta condicionada. Um modelo digital do terreno foi usado para avaliar o relevo da área de estudo, e sua possível influência na classificação da via. Os tipos de solos também foram utilizados para análise. Quanto à inspeção de campo, foi adotado um método para o cálculo da condição da via. Apesar das dificuldades com a aquisição de dados básicos e com a não completa adequação do método de avaliação das vias às condições locais, pôde-se constatar que a utilização da tecnologia dos SIGs é muito útil, podendo vir a ser uma grande ferramenta de auxílio à gerência de manutenção de estradas rurais não-pavimentadas. / Unpaved roads constitute a large portion of the total road network in Brazil and the responsibility of maintaining a significant share of them is in the hands of local governments. On the other hand, Geographic Information Systems (GISs) technology presents itself as a promising tool in activities involving information handling and analysis, being particularly suited to planning and management related activities, where it serves as a powerful aid in decision making. This study analyzes the potential use of a GIS as a means to store and manipulate information on unpaved roads. Several analyses are made using data stored in the database with the objective of providing future support for a maintenance management system. Different characteristics were attributed graphically for each segment of road inspected in the field based on GIS tool classifications. Furthermore, stretches of road considered critical were easily identified by means of the conditional querying procedure. A digital terrain model was used to evaluate the relief of the area under study and its possible influence on the road\'s classification. The soil types were also used in the analysis. With regard to the field inspection, a method was adopted to calculate the road\'s conditions. Despite the difficulties involved in acquiring the basic data and the fact that the road evaluation method was not entirely suitable for the local conditions, it was possible to acertain that the GIS technology is very useful and that it can become a great tool to aid in the maintenance management of rural unpaved roads.

Este trabalho trata do estudo para adaptação de um método de classificação de estradas não pavimentadas às condições encontradas em campo no município de São Carlos-SP. O trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de avaliações subjetivas e objetivas levadas a efeito por um painel de avaliadores que executou levantamento de campo planejado, com base nas informações contidas nos relatórios técnicos sobre o desenvolvimento de dois métodos de classificação das condições de estradas - método do Pavement Condition Index e método do Unsurfaced Road Condition Index. O painel de avaliadores atribuiu notas a 140 unidades amostrais de 30 metros de comprimento, a cada defeito presente na unidade amostral e aos 14 trechos estudados. Paralelamente, cada unidade amostral e cada trecho receberam uma classificação de acordo com o método do Unsufaced Road Condition Index. Concluiu-se que, para o presente estudo, não há correlação entre os resultados da avaliação subjetiva executada apenas com o emprego de uma escala de notas e da objetiva, calculada segundo o método do Unsurfaced Road Condition Index. Conclui-se também que a avaliação subjetiva global do trecho tem uma boa correlação com a avaliação subjetiva do conjunto das unidades amostrais que compõem o referido trecho, indicando ser coerente a avaliação do painel de avaliadores. / This work deals with a study for adapting an unpaved road rating method to the field condition prevailing in São Carlos County. The research was carried out through subjective and objective evaluations performed by a panel of raters during field inspections. The experiment was planned accordingly to the technical reports information about the development of two roads condition rating methods - the Pavement Condition lndex and the Unsurfaced Road Condition lndex. The panel rated 140 sample unities of 30 m long attributing a value for the unity, for each defect they have and for 14 road sections studied. The ranks were also calculated accordingly to Unsurfaced Road Condition lndex method. It was concluded that, for the present research, there is no correlation between the subjective evaluation executed with a simple scale and the objective rating calculated following the Unsurfaced Road Condition lndex method. It was also concluded that the global subjective rank of the road section has a good correlation with the subjective rank of the set of sample unities that composes this section, indicating the coherence of the rating panel evaluation.

Långvarig smärta innebär ofta stora påfrestningar för individen med konsekvenser på många livsområden vilket utgör en utmaning för hälso- och sjukvården gällande bemötande utifrån ett helhetsperspektiv. En central aspekt av att leva med långvarig smärta är hur stress och påfrestningar hanteras exempelvis genom användning av psykologiska försvar. Syftet med denna studie var att bidra till ökad kunskap om psykologiska försvar hos personer med långvarig smärta utifrån frågeställningen:  vilka psykologiska försvar och psykologiska försvarsstrukturer framkommer när vuxna personer med långvarig smärta intervjuas om personligt relevanta områden. Datainsamlingen bestod av tio telefonintervjuer som transkriberades och analyserades med Defense Mechanism Rating Scales (DMRS). Resultaten visade på en varians av psykologiska försvar i deltagargruppen. Mest förekommande var högadaptiva försvar, särskilt humor och anknytning.  Utmärkande var även förekomsten av flertalet medeladaptiva försvar såsom annullering, samt det lågadaptiva försvaret nedvärdering av sig själv. Resultaten kan bidra till ökad förståelse om omedvetna hanteringsstrategier som kan påverka upplevelsen av smärta och även vara av vikt för hälso- och sjukvårdens bemötande av patienter med långvarig smärta. Vidare forskning inom området behövs för att undersöka samband mellan psykologiska försvar och andra relevanta faktorer såsom smärtdiagnos, smärtsymtom och behandlingsutfall. / Chronic pain is associated with extensive distress for the individual with consequences on several areas of life and constitutes a challenge for the healthcare system in approaching chronic pain from a holistic perspective. How individuals cope with distresses for example by using psychological defences is of significance for the chronic pain condition. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the body of knowledge regarding psychological defences that are used by individuals with chronic pain. The research question was: what psychological defences and structures of psychological defences appear when adults with chronic pain are being interviewed on personally relevant topics.  Ten telephone interviews were conducted, the material from interviews was transcripted and analysed using Defense Mechanism Rating Scales (DMRS). The results showed a variety of different psychological defences used by participants. High adaptive defences such as humour and affiliation were the most appearing. Furthermore, the occurrence of middle adaptive defences such as undoing was also detected in the material. Among the low adaptive defences devaluation of self stood out the most. The results contribute to the understanding of involuntary coping-strategies that may influence the experience of chronic pain. In addition, the results are important for the treatment of chronic pain patients within the healthcare. Further research in this field is needed to study links between defence mechanisms and other relevant aspects such as pain diagnosis, pain symptoms and treatment outcome.

No description available.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka och analysera föräldrars emotionella upplevelser som anhöriga till ett barn med ätstörning. Uppsatsens frågeställning centrerar sig kring ett utforskande av föräldrarnas emotionella upplevelser. Genom ett teoretiskt ramverk utifrån systemteori samt emotionssociologi undersöks och analyseras föräldrarnas emotionella upplevelser under barnets sjukdomstid. Detta genomförs genom en tematisk analys, där det empiriska materialet inhämtats av självbiografiska böcker skrivna av föräldrar till barn med ätstörning. Föräldrarnas emotionella upplevelser har genom studiens resultat och analys visat på ett brett spektrum där de känslomässiga aspekterna är mångfacetterade och nyanserade till sin karaktär. Genom studien blir det tydligt hur ätstörningen som initialt drabbat det enskilda barnet, utgör känslomässiga påfrestningar även för föräldrarna och eventuella syskon i familjen. I navigeringen av sjukdomens omfattande och mångdimensionella labyrint upplever föräldrarna ett flertal känslomässiga utmaningar vilka relaterar till barnets sjukdomstillstånd. Studien lyfter ett anhörigperspektiv där föräldrarnas självbiografier ger tillgång till olika tankar, känslor och upplevelser som existerar, skiftar och förändras i deras värld under barnets sjukdomstid. Sammantaget visar uppsatsens resultat en komplexitet av de känslomässiga påfrestningar och emotionella upplevelser som föräldrar till ett barn med ätstörning genomgår. En komplexitet som är av betydande vikt för det sociala arbetet att förstå och inkludera i det professionella arbetet. / The purpose of the following study is to examine and analyze the emotional experiences of parents as relatives of a child with an eating disorder. The research question of the paper focuses on exploring the emotional experiences of parents. Through a theoretical framework based on systems theory and emotion sociology, the emotional experiences of parents during the child's illness are examined and analyzed. This is done through a thematic analysis, where the empirical material is gathered from autobiographical books written by parents of children with eating disorders. The parents' emotional experiences, as revealed by the study's results and analysis, demonstrate a wide spectrum where the emotional aspects are multifaceted and nuanced in nature. The study highlights a relative perspective where the parents' autobiographies provide access to various thoughts, feelings, and experiences that exist, shift, and change in their world during the child's illness. Overall, the results of the paper illustrate the complexity of the emotional strains and experiences that parents of a child with an eating disorder undergo. This complexity is of significant importance for social work to understand and incorporate into practice.

The need for modern transportation systems together with the high demand for sustainable pavements under applied loads have led to a great deal of research on concrete pavements worldwide. Development of finite element techniques enabled researchers to analyse the concrete pavement under a combination of axle group loadings and environmental effects. Consequently, mechanistic approaches for designing of concrete pavements were developed based on results of finite element analyses. However, unpredictable failure modes of concrete pavements associated with expensive maintenance and rehabilitation costs have led to the use of empiricalmechanistic approach in concrete pavement design. Despite progressive knowledge of concrete pavement behaviour under applied loads, concrete pavements still suffer from deterioration due to crack initiation and propagation, indicating the need for further research. Cracks can be related to fatigue of the concrete and/or erosion of materials in sub-layers. Although longitudinal, midedge and corner cracks are the most common damage modes in concrete pavements, Austroads method for concrete pavement design was developed based on traditional mid-edge bottom-up transverse cracking introduced by Packard and Tayabji (1985). Research presented in this thesis aims to address the most common fatigue related distresses in concrete pavements. It uses comprehensive finite element models and analyses to determine the structural behaviour of concrete pavements under vehicular loads and environmental effects. Results of this research are supported by laboratory tests and an experimental field test. Results of this research indicate that the induced tensile stresses within the concrete pavement are significantly affected by vehicle speed, differential temperature gradient and loss of moisture content. Subsequently, the interaction between the above mentioned factors and concrete damage modes are discussed. Typical dynamic amplifications of different axle groups are presented. A new fatigue test setup is also developed to take into consideration effects of pavement curvature on fatigue life of the concrete. Ultimately, results of the research presented in this thesis are employed to develop a new guide for designing concrete pavements with zero maintenance of fatigue damage.