Cette thèse porte sur le processus interprétatif associé au rêve et son ancrage culturel. Si l’interprétation des rêves est une des grandes voies d’accès à l’Inconscient, elle est également un trait propre à certaines cultures. Si les processus psychiques inconscients en eux-mêmes sont universels en tant qu’ils sont propres à tout sujet, propres à la dimension humaine, l’ancrage culturel du « rêveur » est, quant à lui, circonstanciel. L’exploration s’est faite à l’Ile Maurice à partir d’entretiens réalisés dans les différentes communautés religieuses de l’Ile. Cette recherche aborde « l’inscription culturelle du rêve » dans différentes théories et sur le terrain de recherche, « le rêve et son interprétation » dans une perspective psychanalytique et ethnologique pour délimiter la notion de « préalable interprétatif », les questions méthodologiques spécifiques à ce travail et elle procède au traitement et à l’analyse de 9 entretiens. Le processus du rêve, de son élaboration à son interprétation, se constitue à partir d’un préalable interprétatif dont le rêve est porteur lorsque pour le rêveur il existe un système d’interprétation possible du rêve, que celui-ci soit psychanalytique ou culturel. Ce préalable culturel et forcément partagé fait partie des éléments du rêve, tout aussi présents que les éléments diurnes, les souvenirs etc. dont parle Freud. Cette thèse ouvre sur la prise en compte du socle culturel dans un travail de psychologue clinicienne dans une culture autre que la sienne. / This thesis focuses on the interpretive process associated with the dream and its cultural roots. If the interpretation of dreams is one of the major access routes to the unconscious, it is also a specific characteristic to some cultures. If the unconscious psychic processes are universal because they are specific to a person, specific to the human dimension, the cultural anchoring of the “dreamer” is circumstantial. The exploration has been done in Mauritius from interviews in the different religious communities of the island. This research addresses the "cultural inscription of dreams” in different theories and the field search; "the dream and its interpretations" in psychoanalytic and ethnological perspective to establish a framework for the concept of "pre- interpretive"; the methodological issues regarding this research and the treatment and analysis of 9 interviews. The process of the dream, from its development to its interpretation, is formed from a pre-interpretive which is in the dream when for the dreamer there is a possible dream interpretation system, whether it is psychoanalytic or cultural. This cultural prior and necessarily shared is a part of the dream elements, as well as the diurnal items, souvenirs etc. mentioned by Freud. This thesis opens to the consideration of a cultural basis within the work of a clinical psychologist in another culture.

In this diploma thesis, the diurnal changes of initial and total Rubisco activity and Rubisco enzyme content in beech (Fagus sylvatica) were studied under conditions of ambient (A) CO2 concentration (350 µmol.mol-1) and elevated (E) CO2 concentration (700 µmol.mol-1) during the day. Samples were taken on July 8th (from 10:00 to 21:30), on July 9th (from 04:00 to 12:00) and then on July 22th (from 04:00 to 21:30). The initial and total activity were measured spectrophotometrically and the activation level was calculated from the ratio of initial and total activities. Rubisco enzyme content was determined by SDS-PAGE method and the initial and total specific activity were calculated from the ratio of initial or total activity and Rubisco enzyme content. In our experiment no statistically significant difference was found between Rubisco activities in beeches cultivated under conditions of ambient CO2 concentration and elevated CO2 concentration, so any down-regulation of Rubisco activity did not appear under the influence of ambient CO2 concentration. Diurnal changes of Rubisco activities showed only statistically nonsignificant fluctuation. After daylight no significant increase of total Rubisco activity was observed, which demonstrates the absence or the immaterial effect of CA1P night inhibitor in beech. Intensive fluctuation of the activation level (40–90 %) proves the regulation of photosynthesis during the day via Rubisco enzyme carbamylation. Rubisco enzyme content in beech cultivated under conditions of ambient CO2 concentration was lower than that one in beech cultivated under conditions of elevated CO2 concentration. Then down-regulation of Rubisco enzyme content is presented under conditions of ambient CO2 concentration. Before daylight Rubisco enzyme content showed an indistinctive minimum on the level of statistical significance, during the day only nonrelevant fluctuation was noticed.

MENVSC (Geography) / Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences / Rainfall is undoubtedly the most significant factor for life’s continuity. South Africa is prone to future climate uncertainties due to global climate change. The aim of this study is to investigate rainfall variability and change in South Africa on a present day (1976-2005), near-future (2006-2035) and far-future (2036-2065) climate. For the study, 3 RCMs (REMO2009, RCA4 and CCLM4-8-17), forming part of CORDEX-Africa project were nested within 5 different CIMP5_GCMs of low resolution. GPCC precipitation, NOAA GHCN_CAMS Land Temperature and other NCEP reanalysis products were useful in validating models in simulations of present-day climate. RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios from IPCC-AR5 were used for future climate projections. On the validation, each regional climate model displayed different signature on simulations, rainfall in particular because this is a variable that is affected most by sub-grid process. Simulations nested within MIROC5 simulated more precipitation than simulations forced with other GCMs, due to more large-scale moisture convergence into the nested domain. There were differences in projections of RCM nested within the same GCM, as well as with the same RCM nested within different GCMs, on the future. Models nested within MPI project wetter conditions over the eastern parts of Limpopo, while the other two projected drier conditions in the same area. REMO2009 forced on MPI uniquely projected drying of Western Cape throughout the seasons on both RCPs and futures. Simulations conducted with the RCP8.5 scenario forcing are generally found to be associated with either a larger increase in temperature, or an increase in area associated with higher temperature increases. CCLM4-8-17 forced on HadGEM2 projected below average temperatures over the northwest parts of the country under the RCP8.5 scenarios. MPI driving model projected a general reduction of evaporation values, with lowest over northeast, northwest parts and south coastal parts of South Africa, in contrary to adjacent oceans. In this study, we have sought to identify the sources of uncertainties amongst model simulations between either the RCMs or the driving GCMs. / NRF

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<p dir="ltr">Childhood depressive symptoms are transmitted through genetic and environmental pathways influenced by various factors, including prenatal distress, diurnal cortisol functioning (e.g., diurnal cortisol slope and variability), and negative affectivity. Further, the development of negative affectivity, diurnal cortisol functioning, and depressive symptoms are buffered by higher parental warmth. Using cohort I of the Early Growth and Development Study (N = 361), a US-based sample of children adopted into non-related families at birth, I tested 4 hypotheses. (1) Heritable risk for psychopathology and prenatal maternal distress would separately predict depressive symptoms at child age 8. (2) Diurnal cortisol variability at age 6 will moderate the relationship between diurnal cortisol slope at age 6 on depressive symptoms at age 8. (3) Negative affectivity at age 6 would mediate the relationship between heritable risk for psychopathology, heritable risk for negative affectivity and prenatal maternal distress on depressive symptoms at age 8. (4) Parental warmth at child age 27 months through age 4.5 years would buffer the risk heritable and prenatal factors have on the development of diurnal cortisol variability and negative affectivity at age 6. And, parental warmth at child age 7 will buffer the development of depressive symptoms at age 8. Because depressive symptoms at child age 8 were zero-inflated, I used a negative binomial hurdle model to predict any depressive symptoms as well as severity of depressive symptoms if any were endorsed. The results of the study did not support the specific hypotheses of the current study. However, higher parental warmth (<i>B</i> = -.012, <i>SE</i> = .005, <i>p</i> = .030) predicted fewer depressive symptoms among children who endorsed any depressive symptoms.</p>

In first part of the study we discuss impact of dynamical core in simulation of tropical rainfall. Over years many new dynamical cores have been developed for atmospheric models to increase efficiency and reduce numerical errors. CAM3.1 gives an opportunity to study the impact of the dynamical core on simulations with its three dynamical cores namely Eulerian spectral(EUL) , Semilagrangian dynamics(SLD) and Finite volume(FV) coupled to a single parametrization package. A past study has compared dynamical cores of CAM3 in terms on tracer transport and has showed advantages using FV in terms of tracer transport. In this study we compare the dynamical cores in climate simulations and at their optimal configuration, which is the intended use of the model. The model is forced with AMIP type SST and rainfall over seasonal, interannual scales is compared. The significant differences in simulation of seasonal mean exist over tropics and over monsoon regions with observations and among dynamical cores. The differences among EUL and SLD, which use spectral transform methods are lesser compared that of with FV clearly indicating role of numerics in differences. There exist major errors in simulation of seasonal cycle in all dynamical cores and errors in simulation of seasonal means over many regions are associated with errors in simulation of seasonal cycle such as over south china sea. Seasonal cycle in FV is weaker compared to SLD and EUL. The dynamical cores exhibit different interannual variability of rainfall over Indian monsoon region, the period of maximum power corresponding to a dynamical core differs substantially with another. From this study there seems no superiority associated with FV dynamical core over all climate scales as seen in tracer transport. The next part of the study deals with impact of diurnal ocean atmosphere coupling in an AGCM,CAM3.1. Due to relatively low magnitude of diurnal cycle of SST and lack of SST observations over diurnal scales current atmospheric models are forced with SSTs of periods grater than a day. CAM 3.1 standalone model is forced with monthly SSTs but the interpolation is linear to every time step between any two months and this linear interpolation implies a linear diurnal and intraseasonal variation of SST which is not true in nature. To test the sensitivity of CAM3.1 to coupling of SST on diurnal scales, we prescribed over tropics(20S20N) a diurnal cycle of SST over daily mean interpolated SST of different magnitudes and phase comparable to observations. This idea of using a diurnal cycle of SST retaining seasonal mean SST in an atmospheric model is novel and provides an interesting frame work to test sensitivity of model to interpolations used in coupling of boundary conditions. Our analysis shows a high impact of using diurnal cycle of SST on simulation of mean rainfall over tropics. The impact in a case where diurnal cycle of SST is fixed and retained to daily mean SST implies that changes associated with a coupled model are to some extent due to change in representation of diurnal cycle of SST. A decrease of excess rainfall over western coast of Bay of Bengal and an increase of rainfall over northern bay of Bengal in such case is similar to the improvement due to coupling atmospheric model to a slab ocean model. This also implies that problems with current AMIP models in simulation of seasonal mean Indian monsoon rainfall could be due to erroneous representation of diurnal cycle of SST in models over this region where the diurnal cycle of SST is high in observations. The high spatial variability of the impact in various cases over tropics implies that a similar spatial variation of diurnal cycle could be important for accurate simulation of rainfall over tropics. Preliminary analysis shows that impact on rainfall was due to changes in moisture convergence. We also hypothesized that diurnal cycle of SST could trigger convection over regions such as northern Bay of Bengal and rainfall convergence feedback sustains it. The impact was also found on simulation of internal interannual variability of rainfall

Weather radars are increasingly used for the study of clouds, understanding the precipitation systems and also for forecasting very short range weather (one hour to a few hours). Now, Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) data are available in India and it is possible to study cloud properties at fine temporal and spatial scales. Radar is a complex system and calibration of a radar is not an easy job. But derived cloud properties strongly depend on the absolute magnitude of the reflectivity. Therefore, there is a need to check how data from two or more radars compare if they measure a common volume. Chennai and SHAR radars are within 66 km from each other, and the data collected during their calibration and intercomparison experiment in 2006 enables the comparison of their reflectivity(Z) values. Individual reflectivity are compared after plotting SHAR versus Chennai in a scatter plot. Fitting a least square linear best fit line shows that the intercept has a value around 6 dBZ and the slope of the line is 1.06. Thus, there is a trend as well, and the difference between the two radars increase with Z, and for Z around 40 dBZ (for SHAR DWR), the difference between the two is around 8.5 dBZ. Visual intercomparison also validated the results. Data from the two radars are compared with Precipitation Radar (PR) data on board TRMM satellite. TRMM radar slightly overestimates compared to Chennai radar above the range of 30 dBZ. After standardized, SHAR data is used for understanding the evolution and propagation of cloud systems. The diurnal variation in convection is strong in the study region, with increase around local evening and morning and weakening around midnight except in December. Average liquid water content in the clouds is about 0.5 gm/m3. There is some seasonal dependence but no clear dependence on cloud size. Smaller systems of May have more liquid water content compared to larger ones. For nowcasting vertically projected maximum reflectivity is taken. A threshold of 30 dBZ is set to identify the cloud systems. Both center of gravity tracking (CG) and cross-correlation (CC) methods are used to track them. Frequent merging and splitting is common in the clouds which makes storm tracking difficult. Tracking by CC is giving better result than that by the CG method in the case of large systems (i.e., clusters). For smaller systems (individual cloud systems), CC method gives better result than CG method but not as good as cluster.

From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / A study was made to determine how the evaporation rate from a bare Adelanto loam soil in Phoenix changes with season and with time since the last irrigation. The evaporation rates were determined by precision lysimeters in a bare field, with measurements being taken in every month of the year for at least a week after irrigation. The data exhibited a cosine-shaped curve, with a maximum evaporation rate of about 5 mm/day in summer and a minimum rate of about 2 mm/day in winter. By the seventh day, seasonal effects virtually disappear, and the evaporation rate is the same in both summer and winter, being about 2 mm/day after the 7th day and about 0.75 mm/day after the 21st day. It is generally accepted that soil dries in 3 stages, and the transition between the 1st and 2nd stages occurs when atmospheric conditions are no longer critical. In previous laboratory studies of soil drying, with constant atmospheric conditions, stage 1 was easily distinguished from stage II, and these results correlated closely with the equations of Gardner and Hillel. The individual drying curves of this field study were qualitatively different from the laboratory studies and did not confirm the predictions of the equations, suggesting that diurnal variations in temperature and other meteorological parameters have caused the difference.