Este trabalho pretende identificar as razões pelas quais as empresas de capital estrangeiro integram suas subsidiárias nas atividades de desenvolvimento de seus produtos globais (DPG). A análise foi realizada a partir de três estudos de caso em montadoras de veículos de passeio que possuem subsidiárias no Brasil; foram pesquisadas as unidades brasileiras e as matrizes dessas empresas. Os resultados apontam que a decisão sobre integrar ou não a engenharia brasileira nas atividades de DPG de uma transnacional relaciona-se à estratégia competitiva da corporação para os diferentes segmentos do mercado em que atua, aos atributos que as subsidiárias apresentam e que são considerados relevantes para a estratégia competitiva, ao relacionamento entre matriz e subsidiárias, que permite que tais atributos sejam reconhecidos e legitimados, e a ações de agentes externos à empresa que, se percebidas como contribuidoras para a estratégia competitiva, podem promover a descentralização das atividades de DPG ou, ao contrário, centralizá-las na matriz. O trabalho mostra também que a forma da divisão internacional do trabalho nas atividades de DPG está relacionada às fases do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos e à adoção de políticas de produto tais como o uso de plataformas e derivativos e o projeto modular. / This thesis aims to identify the reasons why transnational companies integrate their subsidiaries in their global product development (GPD) activities, a \"global product\" being defined as \"a product that is developed once to be produced and commercialized in different countries simultaneously\". The analysis has been conducted based on three case studies in car assemblers that have facilities in Brazil: Fiat, Volkswagen and Renault; their Brazilian units have been examined as well as their European headquarters. Literature about the explanations on the adoption of a decentralized GPD process - that is, a process that involves not only the headquarters but also the subsidiaries - affirms that, in general, decentralization occurs aiming to achieve a greater proximity with local markets and/or to search for local technologies which are not present in the headquarters (or the development center). After demonstrating that these reasons, although important ones, are not enough to explain the Brazilian automotive industry\'s case, some other, complementary rationales are proposed to justify the phenomenon of GPD decentralization towards subsidiaries. As a result, we present an explanatory model that affirms that the decision about whether to integrate or not Brazilian engineering in the GPD activities follows a rationale related to the competitive strategy of the corporation to the different market segments in which it competes; in the segments where products demand much adaptation in order to fit local market\'s requirements, decentralizing product development may signify lower costs and development time. Integration also depends on the attributes presented by the subsidiaries, as long as these attributes are considered as relevant ones to the firm\'s competitive strategy: the subsidiary\'s engineering experience, the subsidiary\'s market sensitiveness, the importance of market and the subsidiary\'s volume of production are the main attributes observed in this research. The decentralisation of engineering activities also depends on the relationship between the headquarters and the subsidiaries - which allows the attributes to be recognized and legitimized - and on the actions of external agents (as host and home governments, trade unions, universities and research centers), that may promote decentralization of GPD activities if they are perceived as contributing to the firms\' competitive strategy. Finally, the way labor is internationally divided in the GPD activities is related to the phases of the product development process and to the adoption of some product policies such as the usage of platforms and derivatives and the modular design, this one with a weaker influence.

This thesis examines the interplay between gender, family, and the Taiwanese public-sector labour market at national, local, and individual levels. It focuses on gendered occupational segregation, worker mobility in terms of job transfers and promotion, everyday work–life arrangements, and the influence of locality on workplace dynamics and individuals’ career moves. The public sector, especially that in East Asian countries, has long been regarded as a more women-friendly employer that promotes gender equality in the public sphere. Nonetheless, relevant research lacks a systematic investigation into the interplay of gender, social norms, and structured opportunities and constraints in this labour market. Therefore, I conducted this research by analysing governmental statistics and carrying out interviews. My research shows that gender segregation exists in the Taiwanese public sector and women are still underrepresented at senior levels, although the Taiwanese government has launched many measures to achieve gender equality in the public-sector labour market. It further scrutinises how the career trajectories of male and female civil servants differ because of gendered task assignment at work and gendered expectation after marriage, which restrain women’s mobility in spatial and career terms. Through the comparison of the experience of the civil servants working in three regions, I point out that locality influences the formation and function of social networks, work culture, and familial power relations. I also explain how local networking, work culture, and family relationships correlate with one another and thus implicitly influence the career development of male and female civil servants in the researched regions. In addition, my discussion looks at how extended family members influence household gender dynamics, which is seldom discussed in existing literature. There are three main findings in my research. First, prevalent gender norms in the wider societal context play an important role in the gendering process of civil servants’ career trajectories. Gendered investment in human capital contributes to gendered occupational choices and the tendency of men to start their civil service career at higher entry levels. Second, gender segregation exists in the assignment allocation, which is the result of prevalent gender stereotyping at work and in return reinforces the existing gender stereotypes. Third, the career plans of married civil servants, especially those with children, are highly determined by the interplay of gender dynamics at home and at work. Mothers tend to have the most limited career choices. Different family structures and local work cultures constitute diverse local settings for these mothers. In general, women who live close to or with their husbands’ extended families tend to prioritise their family commitments, although their extended family members provide them with resources and support, such as childcare. My research theorises back from the East Asian context to the literature on gender and families by unveiling multiple forms of patriarchy in different family structures, whereas previous Western-focused research has often focused on nuclear families. My research also suggests that the interlocking relationship between home and workplace gender relations and the influence of locality on these relations should be carefully considered during policy making and implementation.

<p>The overall aim of the study is to describe and explain the formation and organisation of interactive media production in Sweden from the 1990s to the end of 2003, the period of the so-called IT boom and crash, through the development of a theoretical model and gathering of empirical material.</p><p>In the theory, interactive media production is conceptualised as a practice in part taking place on a social field structured according to the division and integration of labour within and between firms, and logics and status. It is argued that social fields are formed through the entrepreneurial realisation of opportunity structures resting in pre-existing structural configurations, and through the allocation of resources. The organisational outcome is explained by the structural preconditions, aspects of formation (what, who, how) and firms’ demands for stability and flexibility, creating a set of interrelated positions that firms might occupy.</p><p>Empirical data has been collected from four firm and one individual level survey aimed at interactive media producers in Sweden, conducted between 1997 and 2003. A second data source consists of 8,000 news articles and items focussed on IT and interactive media in Sweden. Third, visual analyses of web sites of firms producing interactive media solutions have been conducted. Finally, interviews with people active within the field have been made.</p><p>The results show that the formation of interactive media production in Sweden should be understood in relation to the Swedish economic crisis of the early 1990s, visions of IT, and beliefs in a societal transition to a new economy and knowledge society. These ideas contributed to allocating massive resources, e.g. state initiatives, increased demands and investment capital, to those producers of interactive media solutions that came to be symbols of the new economy. The abundance of resources caused a rapid growth of firms engaged in interactive media production and a financialisation that led to a speculative bubble and a stock market crash, eventually making the social field dissolve.</p><p>The majority of firms that produce interactive media solutions are small and reach flexibility and stability by having a large proportion of permanently employed skilled workers and extensively participating in collaborations with other firms, including customers. The division and integration of labour follows the logics and clusters of activities that structure the social field: techno¬logy, aesthetics and economy. A large proportion of Swedish organisations have further developed inhouse interactive media operations that taken together are larger than the more visible so-called Internet consultants.</p> / Avhandlingen är också publicerad på Arbetslivsinstitutets webbsida: http://ebib.arbetslivsinstitutet.se/aio/2005/aio2005_16.pdf

The overall aim of the study is to describe and explain the formation and organisation of interactive media production in Sweden from the 1990s to the end of 2003, the period of the so-called IT boom and crash, through the development of a theoretical model and gathering of empirical material. In the theory, interactive media production is conceptualised as a practice in part taking place on a social field structured according to the division and integration of labour within and between firms, and logics and status. It is argued that social fields are formed through the entrepreneurial realisation of opportunity structures resting in pre-existing structural configurations, and through the allocation of resources. The organisational outcome is explained by the structural preconditions, aspects of formation (what, who, how) and firms’ demands for stability and flexibility, creating a set of interrelated positions that firms might occupy. Empirical data has been collected from four firm and one individual level survey aimed at interactive media producers in Sweden, conducted between 1997 and 2003. A second data source consists of 8,000 news articles and items focussed on IT and interactive media in Sweden. Third, visual analyses of web sites of firms producing interactive media solutions have been conducted. Finally, interviews with people active within the field have been made. The results show that the formation of interactive media production in Sweden should be understood in relation to the Swedish economic crisis of the early 1990s, visions of IT, and beliefs in a societal transition to a new economy and knowledge society. These ideas contributed to allocating massive resources, e.g. state initiatives, increased demands and investment capital, to those producers of interactive media solutions that came to be symbols of the new economy. The abundance of resources caused a rapid growth of firms engaged in interactive media production and a financialisation that led to a speculative bubble and a stock market crash, eventually making the social field dissolve. The majority of firms that produce interactive media solutions are small and reach flexibility and stability by having a large proportion of permanently employed skilled workers and extensively participating in collaborations with other firms, including customers. The division and integration of labour follows the logics and clusters of activities that structure the social field: techno¬logy, aesthetics and economy. A large proportion of Swedish organisations have further developed inhouse interactive media operations that taken together are larger than the more visible so-called Internet consultants. / Avhandlingen är också publicerad på Arbetslivsinstitutets webbsida: http://ebib.arbetslivsinstitutet.se/aio/2005/aio2005_16.pdf

This thesis deals with questions of Marx’s concept of alienation in regards to the semi-aware state of it in contemporary society. In the fashion industry, one of the most globalised businesses, the supply chains are getting larger, tasks are being outsourced and labour is divided on several dozens of workers involved, relationships are socially and geographically dispersed. Hence, companies establish departments for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and by this “cleaning” the supply chain according to international laws and conventions. Division of labour fragments the supply chains and third parties are in charge to audit and inspect factory sites, reporting the findings to the company’s CSR manager and by this increasing transparency and authenticity. Meanwhile being unaware of the fact that alienation happens in a definitive state in the fashion industry, companies counteract not only by communication their endeavour which CSR is executing but also by publishing CSR agendas and policies online. This phenomenon is demonstrated on two Swedish fashion brands, Filippa K and Cheap Monday. After all, I argue, Marx might be challenged in various points of his theory, however, he appears not being completely wrong when it comes to alienation. Further, I claim, that the old-fashioned (and forgotten?) theory of alienation ought to be revived for the understanding of issues on the production side, branding narratives and storytelling marketing strategies as well as end-consumers increasing awareness and education in such realms.

There has been increasingly interest in parental leave policies as instruments for the implementation of gender equality in society. This review essay explores the link between parental leave policies and the gender division of labour - referring to both paid employment and unpaid family work. Against this backdrop the essay systematically reviews evidence from quantitative empirical research on the effects of parental leave policies on mothers' employment and fathers' involvement in family work. The article suggests that there are several aspects of parental leave that seem to be especially relevant for the gender division of labour, such as the duration of leave, the provision of payments, and an individual entitlement of non-transferable leave rights. In a concluding section the article summarizes the results, discusses doubts and questions raised by the material and identifies promising areas of future research that are crucial for a better understanding of the effects of parental leave on the gender division of labour. (author's abstract) / Series: Working Papers / Institut für Sozialpolitik

There has been increasingly interest in parental leave policies as instruments for the implementation of gender equality in society. This review essay explores the link between parental leave policies and the gender division of labour - referring to both paid employment and unpaid family work. Against this backdrop the essay systematically reviews evidence from quantitative empirical research on the effects of parental leave policies on mothers' employment and fathers' involvement in family work. The article suggests that there are several aspects of parental leave that seem to be especially relevant for the gender division of labour, such as the duration of leave, the provision of payments, and an individual entitlement of non-transferable leave rights. In a concluding section the article summarizes the results, discusses doubts and questions raised by the material and identifies promising areas of future research that are crucial for a better understanding of the effects of parental leave on the gender division of labour. (author's abstract) / Series: Working Papers / Institut für Sozialpolitik

Physiotherapy in Sweden has developed from a practical, hands-on, assistant job predominantly taught at college level to a university-based academic discipline emphasising evidence-based practice and research. Women are in majority although an increasing number of men have entered the profession. Women and men physiotherapists tend to undertake different career paths. The overall aim of the present thesis was to use a gender perspective to describe and analyse attitudes to the professional role, health care work and the development of the profession among actors engaged in physiotherapy education. A questionnaire was distributed in 1997 to all Swedish physiotherapy students in the second semester of the education (n=273). The same cohort was investigated in 1999 at the completion of the education. The response rate was 93 percent at both occasions. For an international comparison, the same questionnaire was distributed in 1997 and in 1999 to a group of Canadian physiotherapy students in their first and last semesters (n=60). Qualitative research interviews were conducted with 8 novices in physiotherapy and with 14 women educators in academia. Five focus group discussions with clinical supervisors were conducted (10 women and 5 men). Methods used were Grounded theory, factor analysis, logistic regression and path analysis. Feminist theories and Bourdieu's theory of culture constituted a theoretical framework Four ideal types were identified among the novices representing attitudes to the professional role. The Treater and The Supervisor were attitudes found among the women, whereas The Coach and The Entrepreneur were attitudes among the men. Type of health care facility was important for their positioning in the organisational hierarchy. Swedish students favour future employment in private practice. Sports medicine clinics and fitness centres are health care facilities highly endorsed, as is health promotion. Neither care of elderly nor hospital work are preferable fields of practice. Research is not favoured. Men students are more likely to have chosen the profession because of their interest in physical activity and sports. They are also more likely to prefer owning a private clinic and working with alternative approaches such as fitness training in sports medicine clinics. Women students are more likely to prefer an employment in private practice. The Canadian men students favour private practice whereas the women prefer the public sector of health care. The academic educators experience a gap between theory and practice which causes conflicting messages to students. Competing professions, emergent societal change and a conservative clinical practice constitute threats to the profession. The uniqueness of professional competency, theoretical development and new arenas such as home rehabilitation, consulting and research constitute a vision for future development of the profession. Masculinity is highly valued for status and power whereas femininity symbolises empathy and caring. The clinical supervisors update their theoretical knowledge base through supervision of students, but claim that students lack hands-on skills. Stress at work, unequal power relations in the hierarchy and restructuring of health care are factors that influence work satisfaction negatively. To conclude, gendered habitus, different symbolic capital and different attitudes towards health care work and development of the profession were found in the sub-fields of physiotherapy. / digitalisering@umu

This thesis aims to evaluate the Turkish Labour Law on the basis of a new approach to legal studies that follow the internal tendency of legal science to resolve its own problem, which is that of convincingly defining the point of contact between norm and fact (form and content), materially connecting the juridical organisation of power with the social structuring of power, while avoiding both formalist and positivist deviations. Against this background, the thesis aims to assess the correlation between the recent changes in the international division of labour and the structural forms, on the axis of which the Turkish legal system functions. This endeavour includes an attempt to view law in its location as a component to a general and persistent process of social regulation that secures general patterns of social domination. This study argues that the role of the collective labour law over the stabilisation of wage relations is increasingly deteriorated by the changing nature of the state and of work, including the new institutionality and the increasing influence of business over labour politics. After the &lsquo / discovery&rsquo / of the importance of the universal principle of the freedom of contract in labour law, the regulatory powers of individual labour law have extended to the realm of capital-labour relations having an impact over the social division of labour and have acquired a relative dominance.

The structure of the family unit in the United Kingdom has undergone monumental changes in recent decades. The legal definition of a family has evolved substantially to include a wider range of family forms, most recently same-sex marriage, which became legal in the United Kingdom (excluding Northern Ireland) in 2014. Legal changes in the family accompany a range of social changes - among the most common of these is an expansion in the number of different-sex non-marital co-residential unions (concisely called "cohabitation") (Ermisch and Francesconi, 2000; Beaujouan and Bhrolcháin, 2011). Since the 1970s, these types of relationships have become widely accepted (Coast, 2009) and increasingly common (Office for National Statistics, 2012a). However, despite its prevalence, cohabitation in the United Kingdom is seldom studied independently of marriage. My dissertation strives to fill this gap in the literature. Specifically, my dissertation adds to the understanding of the household division of labour during cohabitation. Instead of merely examining cohabitation as one homogenous relationship type, Chapter 2 profiles three groups of cohabitants: 1) pre-marital cohabitants; 2) non-marital short-term cohabitants; 3) long-term cohabitants who reside together for five years or longer. Subsequent chapters examine how each of these groups, in turn, addresses the household division of labour - pre-marital and early couple formation cohabitation in Chapter 3, couples transitioning from cohabitation to marriage in Chapter 4, and during long-term cohabitation in Chapter 5. This dissertation is a significant contribution to the field of economic sociology because the household division of labour has not yet been explored during cohabitation in this way.