L'action humanitaire des organisations intermédiaires, situées entre donateurs et donataires d'un don de plus en plus strictement financier, s'est peu à peu adaptée aux dispositifs de biopouvoir des gouvernements. Profession chargée de normes gestionnaires, orientée notamment par une exigence, non pas de profit, mais de rentabilité, elle s'est progressivement divisée et spécialisée. Une même organisation et certains de ses partenaires locaux sont ainsi observés depuis Lyon, Pékin et Bamako. Intégrée dans une écologie de professions , cette ONG a ainsi été analysée avec ses partenaires financiers et ses partenaires de mises en œuvre, dans l’objectif de toujours tenir ensemble les situations, contextes et processus de globalisation à l’œuvre. Cette thèse explore ainsi l’institutionnalisation d’un mode de gouvernance particulier, reposant de plus en plus sur les émotions individuelles des travailleurs et de leurs « bénéficiaires ». En effet, elles sont essentielles pour animer un travail permanent de négociations. Elles inscrivent ainsi ce gouvernement humanitaire dans un capitalisme des émotions, déployé au-delà des frontières extérieures entre pays et des frontières intérieures, entre privé et professionnel. / Intermediate organisations working for donors and receiving financial donations for beneficiaries of humanitarian help have been gradually adapted to biopower mechanisms of government. Guidelines, standards and objectives are now fully part of a profession willing to gain efficiency but not profit. Humanitarian action is more and more divided between organisations but also between workers in order to ensure this goal. One organisation and some of its local partners have been observed from Lyon, Beijing and Bamako. This NGO has been analyzed with its financial partners and implementing partners as all are integrated into an ecology of professions. This approach is essential to link together situations, contexts and globalization processes at work. This PhD explores the institutionalization of a particular mode of governance more and more based on individual emotions of workers and their "beneficiaries." Indeed, they are essential to foster negotiations within this division of labour. Therefore, humanitarian government is now part of a capitalism of emotions deployed across external borders of different countries and internal borders between the private and professional.

<p>The aim of this thesis was to study the strategies that Kamraterna (‘the Comrades’), an association for Stockholm’s policemen, and the Swedish Policemen’s Union employed in order to solve the issue of women in police service in the years 1957-1971. I have dealt with the attitudes they had to women in police service and the conceptions of gender that were expressed. The trade unions’ way of trying to solve the issue of women’s service and position in the organisation and Kamraterna’s actions vis-à-vis their female members have also been in focus. Finally, I have also studied the way in which the police profession was made masculine and feminine and how this could be used as a part of the strategies. </p><p>Women’s entrance into the police profession on the same terms as men created and made visible the gender structures in the police force. The male police officers saw their rights threatened, if the female labour could be judged differently and hence be promoted more rapidly. This conflict made conceptions of male and female qualities visible, and above all in Kamraterna, a struggle was started to maintain male police officers’ privileges and rights. </p><p>The unions emphasised that women would have to be employed on equal terms and that equal pay must imply equal work. Women were however considered to be best suited for social police work and work with women and children, while men were chiefly associated with the parts of the profession involving physical strength and violence. It was difficult to implement the principle of equal terms in practice, since there was a basic idea that women were different. Both Kamraterna and the Swedish Policemen’s Union used dual closure in order to solve this dilemma. Kamraterna’s usurpation was intended to influence the police commissioner and to unite the members, including the women, thereby creating a collective unity about the issue of the female police officers’ posts and work. They tried to remove the women from foot patrol work by having them relocated to other departments with civil duties. In this way they endeavoured to keep the patrol work as an exclusively male area by resorting to exclusion. When the National Police Board started experimental work in 1969 with female police officers being stationed in special units with civil duties, the Swedish Policemen’s Union supported this effort and tried to see to it that the instructions were followed. The Policemen’s Union thus employed exclusion. Excluding women from parts of the profession meant that the unions used a demarcationary strategy resulting in a gendered division of labour being created rather than the women being entirely excluded from the police profession. The patrol work was the part of the police profession that women ought not to have access to, and this was linked to masculine qualities and symbolism. Words like physical strength, strenuous service and violence were related to the patrol work. The uniforms and weapons underscored the masculine connotations of the patrol work. A hegemonic masculinity was created here, which could be used as a means for excluding female police officers. The women’s uniforms looked different and their weapons were not the same, which should have made it more difficult for them to be regarded as real police officers. </p>

The aim of this thesis was to study the strategies that Kamraterna (‘the Comrades’), an association for Stockholm’s policemen, and the Swedish Policemen’s Union employed in order to solve the issue of women in police service in the years 1957-1971. I have dealt with the attitudes they had to women in police service and the conceptions of gender that were expressed. The trade unions’ way of trying to solve the issue of women’s service and position in the organisation and Kamraterna’s actions vis-à-vis their female members have also been in focus. Finally, I have also studied the way in which the police profession was made masculine and feminine and how this could be used as a part of the strategies. Women’s entrance into the police profession on the same terms as men created and made visible the gender structures in the police force. The male police officers saw their rights threatened, if the female labour could be judged differently and hence be promoted more rapidly. This conflict made conceptions of male and female qualities visible, and above all in Kamraterna, a struggle was started to maintain male police officers’ privileges and rights. The unions emphasised that women would have to be employed on equal terms and that equal pay must imply equal work. Women were however considered to be best suited for social police work and work with women and children, while men were chiefly associated with the parts of the profession involving physical strength and violence. It was difficult to implement the principle of equal terms in practice, since there was a basic idea that women were different. Both Kamraterna and the Swedish Policemen’s Union used dual closure in order to solve this dilemma. Kamraterna’s usurpation was intended to influence the police commissioner and to unite the members, including the women, thereby creating a collective unity about the issue of the female police officers’ posts and work. They tried to remove the women from foot patrol work by having them relocated to other departments with civil duties. In this way they endeavoured to keep the patrol work as an exclusively male area by resorting to exclusion. When the National Police Board started experimental work in 1969 with female police officers being stationed in special units with civil duties, the Swedish Policemen’s Union supported this effort and tried to see to it that the instructions were followed. The Policemen’s Union thus employed exclusion. Excluding women from parts of the profession meant that the unions used a demarcationary strategy resulting in a gendered division of labour being created rather than the women being entirely excluded from the police profession. The patrol work was the part of the police profession that women ought not to have access to, and this was linked to masculine qualities and symbolism. Words like physical strength, strenuous service and violence were related to the patrol work. The uniforms and weapons underscored the masculine connotations of the patrol work. A hegemonic masculinity was created here, which could be used as a means for excluding female police officers. The women’s uniforms looked different and their weapons were not the same, which should have made it more difficult for them to be regarded as real police officers.

Computer usage today is predominantly based on graphical interaction, where the visual presentation of information is essential both for input (hand-eye coordination when using a computer mouse), and output (seeing the information on a computer screen). This can create difficulties for blind computer users, both at an individual level when interacting with a computer, and also when collaborating with other computer users. The work presented in this thesis has investigated interaction for blind computer users in three stages. First investigating access to information by making studies on an interactive audio-only game, drawing conclusions about auditory direct manipulation and auditory interface design. Second studying collaboration between blind and sighted computer users in two different contexts, leading to questioning of commonly expressed design principles regarding access to collaboration. Finally studying accessibility in a working environment, finding out how technology, the assistive device used by the blind person, communication with others and professional knowledge interplayed to create an accessible work environment. Based on these empirical studies, the main conclusion from this work is a proposal of a research perspective, Assistive interfaces as cooperative interfaces. Here, the context where the interface is going to be used is in focus, and cooperative and social dimensions of interaction are acknowledged and highlighted. The design and analysis of assistive devices should be highly sensitive to the socio-interactional environment, and not just focusing on the single individual using an assistive device. / QC 20100921

<p>The object of this essay is to discuss the relationship between the definition of the concept of gender equality and attitudes towards gender equality and their consequences for gender equality measures. The point of departure is feminist political theory and interviews about attitudes towards gender equality at a department at the University of Linköping. The conclusions of this study is that there are a wide range of definitions and attitudes, and these conceptions are not necessarily the same as those being pointed out in the official gender equality policy at the University of Linköping. In this study the opinions of measures for gender equality among the interviewed are widely spread. Some finding Swedish men and women already being equal and therefore there is no need for measures, since this would result in discrimination of men since women would gain advantages from being women. Others find measures for gender equality important since the society and the University is male-defined and therefore not equal. Following, there is a need for further discussions on the definition of, and measures for gender equality. The feminist perspective on the concept of gender equality highlights the need for consideration on how the measures are reproducing, reinforcing or reconceptualizing the signification of gender.</p>

In this dissertation, using the tool of a political economy of communication analysis gives us an important way to conceptualize the challenges confronting Chinese media workers, especially editors, due to media reform and social transformation. I will accomplish this by examining three different but inter-related processes: commodification, structuration, and spatialization. First, I will analyze the ways in which the deepening of the media commodification process has forced Chinese media workers to serve the political interests of the state, and at the same time, to generate profit for their companies and promote political and social reforms. Second, I will explore the structuration process by analyzing how fundamental social, technological, political, and economic changes—especially those in class relations and power dynamics—have produced five critical problems for the Chinese media workers. Third, I will explore the media spatialization process by addressing its three indispensable components: globalization, neoliberalism, and the global division of labour. When China is increasingly integrated into the global political economy, most Chinese media workers have faced great changes in their value systems and their daily work processes. As a result, the privileged existence of workers as the “masters” of the Communist society has been transformed in many ways (Rocca 2003). In the last chapter, I will suggest plausible solutions to the problems of Chinese media workers, addressing the benefits of labour convergence, the basic functions and major limitations of worker organizations and trade unions, and how they can further help Chinese media workers better deal with the challenges associated with current media reform when labour unrest is on the rise. To conclude, this dissertation concentrates on the trajectories of the labour process transformation of Chinese media workers; their changing social, economic, and political roles; and their dilemma, challenges, and opportunities associated with current social reform and China’s more integration into the global political economy. Through the political economic analysis of Chinese media workers, I aim to better understand the broader social and economic transformations, particularly the network of power relations and institutional contexts in which Chinese media workers are situated, that have been taking place in China since the late 1970s. / Thesis (Ph.D, Sociology) -- Queen's University, 2012-06-18 17:01:26.92

This thesis explores variations and shifts in gender roles in housing delivery and the construction. Although presently excluded from construction activities, women have in the past constituted substantial proportions of builders in many countries worldwide. In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, for example, women have traditionally been responsible for building house. However, recent studies and reports indicate that women in Botswana and other countries in the region are grossly underrepresented in construction activities. The few women currently employed in the construction industry work mostly as labourers. Boserup and other scholars have attributed the gendered division of labour to economic development, technological changes, patriarchy, capitalism colonialism or modernisation Based on qualitative and quantitative studies undertaken in the township of Lobatse, Botswana, and adopting a pluralistic and holistic approach, I however posit that gender roles and relations are outcomes of negotiation and normalisation processes through which men and women (as individuals or in groups) use their power and positions in society to access and control resources and services. The outcomes and negotiation processes are themselves conditioned by a web of interacting and intersecting historical, social, economic, political and environmental factors. I further argue that in the context of Botswana, traditional gender roles were shaped by prevailing patriarchal ideologies and institutions, the country's fragile environment, subsistence modes of production, and frequent intertribal wars that characterised the region. However, men's takeover of housing and construction activities that emerged during the colonial period was due to the intersection of Western influences, men's temporary migrations to South Africa, commoditisation of labour and the introduction of the market economy. Women's exclusion from the construction industry has since been entrenched through the atrophication of women's traditional building skills caused by widespread preferences for exogenous building materials and Western style houses. Due to lack of non-traditional building skills, women have been forced to work as labourers in the waged construction industry or as unpaid managers, supervisors and caterers in self-help housing. Robbed of their ability to build houses, women have been obliged to negotiate new gender relationships and strategies for accessing and owning houses. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.

This thesis focuses on the experiences of former UK military personnel from all three armed services re-entering the civilian workplace. There is a distinct lack of research in this area with only limited studies carried out which tend to focus on the difficult transitions or the actual mechanics of engaging with the civilian labour market. This thesis provides a unique insight into the experiences of military personnel and their journey out of the military environment and into the civilian environment. This study uses a qualitative methodology based upon an interpretive approach to gain insights into the experiences of former military personnel who left the military for a variety of reasons. The study examined the stories of a main research cohorts of 16 individuals and a second cohort of 10 individuals were engaged to further challenge theoretical saturation. The research subjects were selected using a ‘snowball’ approach and selection filtered using a specific set of criteria. Their military experiences span a range of times since discharge and a range of civilian employment since leaving. Following a review of existing literature encompassing career theory, transition theory, narrative analysis and activity theory, open interviews were conducted with participants simply asked to “tell me your story”. The transcripts of the interviews were then analysed using three analytical frames: activity theory, storytelling and perceptions of the self. The participants mainly identified tensions in their relationships with new communities, mediated by the changed social rules and divisions of labour that they encountered in their transition. Those who identified the lowest levels of tension tended to tell their stories in a heroic mode and demonstrated multiple or mixed senses of the self, whilst those who identified the highest tensions tended to tell their stories in a tragic mode and privileged their military identity above their other identities. The data suggests that some of these experience may be connected to the concept of the unquestioned organisation that was expressed by all the research cohort and the unthinking transfer of agency that occurs on joining and leaving the military.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to synthesize the existing evidence of working time use and division of labour among nurses and healthcare workers in hospitals. In addition, the purpose was to describe and analyse the interface between registered nurses’ and practical nurses’ work in adult hospital wards and to determine challenges and barriers related to the development of division of labour. The systematic review data consisting of 16 articles was analysed narratively. The quantitative data consisted of practical nurses’ (n = 121), registered nurses’ (n = 472) and nurse managers’ (n = 67) perceptions of practical nurses’ work activities which were analysed statistically. The qualitative data consisted of the above-mentioned groups’ perceptions (n = 260) of the challenges and barriers regarding the development of division of labour. All working groups spent less than half of their working time in direct care duties. Registered nurses spent one-fifth of their working time on documentation. All nurses also had a lot of non-nursing tasks. The quantitative data results revealed that practical nurses performed a wide range of tasks, but the groups’ perceptions of the content of the work differed significantly. The qualitative data showed that challenges and barriers in developing the division of labour were related to individual experiences and know-how and organisational factors. Both practical nurses and registered nurses should concentrate on the tasks they have competence on based on their training. Full expertise is used to benefit nursing work while non-nursing tasks should be delegated to lower educated staff. The role of nurse managers is to help to develop the division of labour and to influence the various challenges and barriers of division of labour. Nurse managers, education planners and health educators may utilise the results. They provide an evidence-based tool for competence development, resource planning and development of education. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvailla ja analysoida työnjakoa välittömään potilashoitoon osallistuvan hoitohenkilökunnan välillä. Lisäksi tarkoituksena oli kuvailla ja analysoida nimikesuojattujen ammattihenkilöiden ja laillistettujen ammattihenkilöiden työnjaon rajapintaa sekä työnjaon kehittämisen haasteita ja esteitä. Työnjaolla tarkoitetaan sitä tapaa, jolla toiminta ja tehtävät järjestetään tarkoituksenmukaisella tavalla hoidon kokonaisuuden ja eri ammattiryhmien välisen osaamisen näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen ensimmäisessä vaiheessa tehtiin synteesi työnjakoon liittyvästä tutkimuksesta systemaattisen kirjallisuuskatsauksen avulla. Tutkimusartikkelit (n = 16) analysoitiin narratiivisesti. Toisen vaiheen tutkimusaineisto sisälsi kyselylomakkeen avulla saatuja nimikesuojattujen ammattihenkilöiden (n = 121), laillistettujen ammattihenkilöiden (n = 472) sekä esimiesten (n = 67) tuottamia vastauksia sekä saman lomakkeen avoimeen kysymykseen tuotettuja vastauksia (n = 260). Aineistot analysoitiin tilastollisesti ja sisällönanalyysillä. Nimikkeestä riippumatta kaikki hoitajat käyttivät välittömään potilashoitoon alle puolet työajasta. Kirjaamiseen kului noin viidennes työajasta ja lisäksi kaikilla ammattiryhmillä oli paljon ei-hoidollisia tehtäviä. Laillistettujen ammattihenkilöiden ryhmä arvioi lähes säännönmukaisesti nimikesuojattujen tekevän kyselylomakkeessa mainittuja tehtäviä useammin ja esimiehet harvemmin kuin nimikesuojatut itse arvioivat. Ryhmien väliset erot olivat merkitseviä yli puolessa tehtävistä. Työnjaon kehittämisen haasteet ja esteet liittyivät yksilön kokemuksiin, yksilön tieto-taitoon ja organisaatioon liittyviin tekijöihin. Tavoitteena on, että työntekijäryhmät keskittyvät niihin tehtäviin, joihin ovat saaneet koulutuksen perusteella osaamisen. Koko osaaminen käytetään hyödyksi ja ei-hoidolliset tehtävät siirretään pois hoitotyöntekijöiltä. Hoitotyön johdon tehtävänä on edesauttaa työnjaon kehittämistä ja vaikuttaa erilaisilla interventioilla työnjaon esteisiin ja haasteisiin. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voivat hyödyntää hoitotyön johtajat, koulutuksen suunnittelijat ja terveysalan opettajat resurssien kohdentamisessa, muutosten johtamisessa ja läpiviemisessä sekä koulutuksen ja osaamisen kehittämisessä.

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