This thesis compares the impact on disk performance in a GNU/Linux  environmentwith three encryption algorithms: AES,  Serpent and Twofish in three different implementations: DM-crypt, Loop-AES and Truecrypt. For all three algorithms a key length of 256 bits is used. The thesis shows that the least performance impact during data encryption, and thus file writing, is reached by using AES or Twofish encryption implemented in DM-crypt or TrueCrypt. The thesis shows that some data operations with a sufficiently low processor utilization barely affects disk performance at all if encrypted using the optimal implementation and algorithm. It is also discovered that the performance impact during data decryption, or file reading, can be minimized by using the most efficient implementation and algorithm. The best results are met with the AES or Twofish cipher, regardless of implementation. An important conclusion that  is  drawn is that it is hard to determine a superior encryption solution for all purposes. However, by reviewing and examining the collected data from all aspects of disk performance the AES implementation in TrueCrypt is, with small marginals, determined to be the most optimal. / Undersökningen jämför hur krypteringsalgoritmerna AES, Serpent och Twofish implementerade i DM-crypt, Loop-AES och TrueCrypt påverkar diskprestandan i en GNU/Linux-miljö. Samtliga krypteringsalgoritmer tillämpas med en nyckellängd på 256 bitar. Undersökningen visar att högst skrivhastighet och således krypteringshastighet uppnås med algoritmerna AES och Twofish i DM-crypt eller Truecrypt. Krypteringens påverkan på diskprestanda är beroende av vilka typer av operationer som utförs och hur hög processorsysselsättningsgraden är. Vid  simplare  I/O-operationer har  den mest optimala  krypteringslösningen knappt någon påverkan på diskprestandan överhuvudtaget. Undersökningen visar också att påverkan av prestanda vid dekryptering är minst vid tillämpning av AES eller Twofish oavsett implementering. En viktig slutsats som dras är att det inte finns en överlägsen krypteringslösning för samtliga användningsområden. Genom att sammanställa och granska insamlad data gällande samtliga aspekter beträffande diskprestanda fastställs TrueCrypts implementation av AES till att vara den mest optimala, trots små marginaler.

研究指出，在不同人類個體的DNA序列中，只有0.1%的基因組排列是相異的，而其餘的序列則是相同的。這些相異的基因組排列則被稱為單一核苷酸(SNP)。Affymetrix公司發展出一種DNA晶片技術稱之為Affymetrix GeneChip Mapping 100K SNP set，此晶片可用來決定單一核苷酸資料的基因類型(genotype)。Affymetrix公司採用預設「動態模型演算法」(DM)來決定基因型態。本論文的研究目的是探討與示範對於DM方法中預設的S值的四種修正方式。而這四種修正的方法分別是： (1) Standardized L value，(2) Median-polished L value，(3) Median-center L value，和(4) Median-standardized L value。為了比較S值與四種改進方法，本研究藉由SNP的模擬資料來進行比較。資料的模擬是基於利用改寫過的階層式之Bolstad模型（2004），而模擬模型的參數估計是利用華人細胞株及基因資料庫中95位台灣人的100K SNP資料。根據AA模型與AB模型模擬資料的基因型態正確率，Standardized L value是最好的判斷基因型態之方法。在另一方面，因為DM方法並不是設計來決定Null模型的基因型態，因此對於Null模型模擬資料的基因型態判斷會有問題。關於Null模型的基因型態判斷，本論文提供了一些簡短的討論與建議。然而，依然需要進一步的研究探討。 / It is known there is only 0.1% in the DNA sequences that is different among human beings, and the rest of them are the same. These differences in DNA sequences are defined as SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism). The Affymetrix, Inc. had developed a DNA chip technology called Affymetrix GeneChip Mapping 100K SNP set for SNP data used to determine the genotype call. The default algorithm applied by Affymetrix, Inc. to decide genotype calls is the Dynamic Model-based (DM) algorithm. This study aimed to investigate and demonstrate four different ways to modify the basic component used in DM algorithm, namely, the S value. These four modified methods include: (1) Standardized L value, (2) Median-polished L value, (3) Median-centered L value, and (4) Median-standardized L value. In order to compare the S value with the four modified L values, a simulation study was conducted. A hierarchical version of Bolstad’s model (2004) was adopted to simulate the SNP Data. The parameters for the simulation model were estimated based on 95 Taiwanese 100K SNPs data from Taiwan Han Chinese Cell and Genome bank. The Standardized L value was proven to be the best method based on the accuracy of the genotype calls determined according to the simulated data of AA model and AB model. On the other hand, the genotype call for simulated data under Null model is problematic since the DM approach is not designed to determine the Null model. We have given some brief discussion and remarks of the genotype call for Null model. However, further research is still needed. /

O melanoma maligno é a forma mais agressiva dos tumores cutâneos. Sendo o responsável por mais de 75% das mortes relativas á este tipo de câncer. O principal quimioterápico utilizado no tratamento do melanoma é a dacarbazina (DTIC), entretanto, as taxas de resposta são insatisfatórias. O composto DM-1 é um análogo estrutural da curcumina, e por esta razão possui propriedades biológicas semelhantes, como agente antiproliferativo e próapoptótico. A terapia de captura de nêutrons por boro (BNCT) atua por meio da deposição do isótopo 10Boro nas células tumorais e após a irradiação de nêutrons térmicos há produção de partículas alfa e lítio que destroem a célula. Neste trabalho estudou-se o mecanismo de ação destas três terapias, DTIC, DM-1 e BNCT no tratamento do melanoma e seus efeitos em células normais in vitro com a finalidade de obtenção de modalidades terapêuticas diferentes para o tratamento desta neoplasia. A IC50 foi obtida pela metodologia de MTT, além da análise da progressão do ciclo celular e marcadores de morte celular por citometria de fluxo. O composto DM-1 e a BNCT apresentaram efeito citotóxico seletivo para as linhagens de melanoma, com alta produção de radicais livres peroxidados. Nas mesmas condições, estes efeitos foram mínimos em células normais, diferente do tratamento com DTIC. Houve diminuição da proporção de matriz extracelular e colágeno solúvel sintetizado em células de melanoma tratadas com DM-1, BNCT e DTIC, entretanto, o quimioterápico ocasionou isoladamente diminuição também em células normais. O potencial elétrico mitocondrial das células de melanoma foi diminuído nos três protocolos de tratamento, assim como houve aumento na quantidade de DNA fragmentado. Este efeito não foi encontrado em células normais tratadas com DM-1 e BNCT. O composto DM-1 foi capaz de induzir apoptose via intrínseca e extrínseca, avaliado pela Anexina V e por marcadores de cinética e de morte celular. A terapia de BNCT induziu apoptose e necrose, indicando que esta terapia atua por diferentes vias em cada linhagem celular. BNCT e DM-1 induziram aumento na expressão dos marcados próapoptóticos, como Bax, citocromo c, caspase 3 e 8 clivadas, além de diminuir os valores na expressão de ciclina D1 e Ki-67, relacionados com a progressão do ciclo celular e proliferação. O quimioterápico DTIC apresentou alguns indícios de apoptose em células de melanoma, mas seus efeitos em células normais foram extensivos, ocasionando morte e parada do ciclo celular em melanócitos, células endoteliais e fibroblastos. O composto DM-1 apresentou formação de corpos apoptóticos, modificações no citoesqueleto e clivagem de caspase 9 e Parp em linhagens de melanoma humano. Desta forma, o composto DM-1 e a BNCT mostraram-se ferramentas terapêuticas mais eficazes no controle da progressão e no aumento da morte celular em células de melanoma. O poder efetivo da terapia de BNCT e do composto DM-1 faz com que a possibilidade de terapias combinatórias tenha resultados extremamente favoráveis na modulação da resposta proliferativa desses tumores. / Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer. It is responsible for more than 75% of deaths. The main and most active chemotherapy in the melanoma treatment is represented by dacarbazine (DTIC), however, response rates are disappointing. The DM-1 compound is a curcumin structural analogue and it has similar biological properties, such as an antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic agent. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) works through the deposition of the isotope 10Boron in tumor cells, with subsequent irradiation of thermal neutrons, which produce alpha particles and lithium that destroy the cell. In this study, the action mechanism of these three therapies, DTIC, DM-1 and BNCT in the melanoma treatment and its effects in vitro on normal cells were studied in order to obtain different therapeutic modalities for cancer treatment. The IC50 was obtained by MTT method, besides the analysis of cell cycle progression and cell death markers by flow cytometry. The DM-1 and BNCT showed selective cytotoxic in melanoma cell lines, with high of free radicals production. In the same conditions, these effects were minimal in normal cells, unlike the treatment with DTIC. There was a decrease in the proportion of extracellular matrix and soluble collagen synthesized in melanoma cells treated with DM-1, BNCT and DTIC, however, only DTIC also resulted in decreased in normal cells. The mitochondrial electrical potential of melanoma cells was decreased in the three treatment protocols, as there was an increase in the amount of fragmented DNA. This effect was not found in normal cells treated with DM-1 and BNCT. The compound DM-1 was able to induce apoptosis by the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, as assessed by Annexin V, cell death and kinetic markers. BNCT induced apoptosis and necrosis, indicating that this therapy acts through different pathways in each cell line. DM-1 and BNCT induced an increase of pro-apoptotic markers, such as Bax, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase 3 and 8 expression, and they reduced cyclin D1 and Ki-67, expression related to the progression of the cell cycle and proliferation. The DTIC has shown some signs of apoptosis in melanoma cells, but its effect on normal cells were extensive, causing death and cell cycle arrest in melanocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The DM-1 showed apoptotic bodies formation, cytoskeleton changes and caspase 9 and Parp cleavage in human melanoma cell lines. Thus, the DM-1 and BNCT showed as therapeutic tools more with high effectiveness in controlling the cell cycle progression and cell death increase in melanoma cells. The effectiveness of BNCT and DM-1 makes the possibility of combinatorial therapies, with extremely favorable results in the modulation of the proliferative response of these tumors.

Utilizou-se um modelo de escolha discreta (MED) para avaliar as preferências e disposição-a-pagar (DAP) dos pacientes por diferentes atributos de risco-benefício do tratamento insulínico, entre eles a via de administração da insulina. Através de uma revisão da literatura, consulta com especialistas, e do desenvolvimento de um estudo qualitativo utilizando as técnicas de entrevistas individuais e grupos focais, os atributos (e níveis) mais importantes do tratamento insulínico foram identificados, sob o ponto de vista dos pacientes. Os atributos incluídos no MED foram: controle da glicemia de jejum, número de episódios de hipoglicemia, ganho de peso, via de administração para as insulinas de ação longa e rápida, e custo do tratamento. Pares de opções de tratamentos insulínicos hipotéticos contendo diferentes níveis dos atributos foram apresentados aos pacientes com DM1 ou DM2, e lhes foi solicitado que, para cada cenário, eles escolhessem a alternativa de sua preferência. Dados demográficos, nível sócio-econômico (NSE) e informações relacionadas ao diabetes também foram coletados. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se um modelo logit condicional de regressão e modelos segmentados foram posteriormente utilizados para a análise das sub-populações. Um total de 274 questionários foram incluídos na análise final dos dados. A idade média (± DP) dos participantes foi de 56.7 ± 12.98 anos, e 53% eram homens. Quarenta e nove por cento dos participantes eram usuários de insulina e 47 eram portadores de DM1. O tratamento insulínico ideal, sob o ponto de vista dos pacientes, resultaria em um melhor controle glicêmico, menos reações adversas, menor custo, e seria administrado por via oral. Houve uma forte preferência e uma DAP mais elevada por um melhor controle glicêmico, seguido pelos atributos de risco ganho de peso e episódios de hipoglicemia. Surpreendentemente, a via de administração da insulina foi o atributo menos valorizado. A estratificação social revelou que pacientes com alta renda anual familiar apresentaram uma DAP mais elevada por um melhor controle glicêmico e por menos reações adversas em relação aos grupos com rendas inferiores. Ainda, quanto mais alto o nível de renda, maior o desejo por uma insulina oral, enquanto a via inalada torna-se menos importante para os pacientes. A estratificação da amostra pelo uso de insulina e tipo de diabetes revelaram uma forte aversão pela via subcutânea pelos não-usuários de insulina e pacientes com DM2. Tais resultados sugerem a existência de uma importante barreira psicológica em se iniciar uso da insulina; no entanto, os resultados também revelam que os pacientes tendem a se acomodar com a via subcutânea uma vez iniciado o tratamento insulínico. Este estudo demonstra a importância que os pacientes com DM atribuem ao atributo controle glicêmico, e como suas preferências e DAP pelo tratamento insulínico variam entre as sub-populações. Especificamente, esforços devem ser realizados no sentido de vencer a barreira psicológica em se iniciar o uso da insulina, o que contribuirá para que se alcance um melhor controle glicêmico, através da melhor aderência do paciente ao tratamento, resultando em uma redução dos custos do DM e melhora na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. / We used a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to evaluate patients preferences for various attributes of insulin treatment, including route of insulin delivery. Through a review of the literature, expert consultation, and a qualitative descriptive study using individual interviews and focus group techniques, the attributes (and levels) of diabetes treatment most important to patients were identified. The attributes included in the DCE were: glucose control, frequency of hypoglycaemic events, weight gain, route of administration for the long-acting and the short-acting insulin, and out-of-pocket cost. Patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes were presented with pairs of hypothetical insulin therapy profiles (i.e. choice sets) with different levels of the attributes and were asked to choose the treatment option they preferred. Sociodemographic data and diabetes medication were also collected. Data were analysed using conditional logit regression and segmented models were also developed for the analysis of subgroups. A Two hundred and seventy four questionnaires were completed. The mean age (±SD) of participants was 56.7 ± 12.98 years, and 53% were men. Forty-nine percent of participants were insulin users, and 47 had type 1 diabetes. Overall, patients ideal insulin treatment would provide better glucose control, result in fewer adverse reactions, have the lowest cost, and be administered orally. There was a strong preference and highest mean WTP for glucose control followed by the risk attributes weight gain and hypoglycaemic events. Surprisingly, route of insulin administration was the least valued attribute. Stratification of the sample revealed that patients with higher incomes had a significant higher WTP for better glucose control and less adverse reactions compared to lower income groups. Moreover, the highest the income, the stronger the preference for an oral insulin, while inhaled insulin becomes less important for patients. Segmented models by insulin use and type of diabetes indicated that insulin naïve and type 2 diabetics had a greater aversion to the subcutaneous route. These findings suggest that there may be an important mental barrier to initiating insulin therapy; however, patients tend to accommodate to subcutaneous administration once they initiate therapy. This study illustrates the importance that patients with diabetes place on glucose control and how preferences for insulin therapy vary between subgroups. Specifically, efforts need to be made to overcome the mental barrier to initiating insulin therapy, which may lead to improved control, through improved compliance and ultimately reduce the financial burden of the disease and improve patients quality of life.

The steps associated with the analytical question solving in terms of LISp-Miner system in ADAMEK medical data are the theme of this thesis. The operating sequence of using 4ft-Miner and SD4ft-Miner procedures in ADAMEK data together with the possibility of further use of formalized background knowledge and preparing routing for automatization of the downrighted steps are the objectiv of this thesis. The summary of the basic concepts and axioms of association rules and GUHA method is the content of the theoretical part of the thesis. Operativ part starts from CRISP-DM methodology. The operating sequence enabling searching for interesting association rules in different data, that is applied on STULONG medical data afterwards in order to get instigations for it's revision, is the produce of this thesis. Used data that come from EuroMISE are concern with cardiological patients.

Data mining techniques are used by companies to gain competitive advantages. In today's marketplace, they are also used by marketers mainly for personalization of advertising and for maintaining long-term relationship with customers. Progress in knowledge discovery in databases and availability of computational power comes not only with positive impact, but also with challenges. The practical part of the thesis aims to explore and describe data mining techniques applied to e-commerce dataset. Dataset consists of transaction and web analytics data. The goal of experimental application aims to make a selection of users who most probably react to a marketing communication and to identify the factors which influence them. Target segment of users is obtained through the use of data mining technique clustering. The classification model uses decision tree algorithm to predict whether users submit transaction with an accuracy of 75%. The results are useful for optimization of marketing and business strategy.

Software as a service (SaaS) är en affärsmodell som syftar till att användaren prenumererar på en mjukvara Mjukvaran levereras över internet vilket medför att användaren inte behöver tänka på mjukvaruuppdateringar och driftunderhåll av servrar. Churn innebär att användaren avslutar sin prenumeration hos ett företag och därmed slutar vara kund. Förvärv av nya kunder är en dyr process, som kan kosta upp till fem gånger mer än att sälja till en redan befintlig kund. Tidigare forskning inom churn har främst varit koncentrerad till telekombolag. Undersökningar har specialiserats på maskininlärningsmetoder för att studera churn. Tidigare studier beskriver att det finns begränsad forskning för churn inom SaaS-företag med B2B kunder. De studier som har undersökt churn har främst varit fallstudier där olika kundattribut har studerats utifrån generella- och beteendekundattribut. Studien har i samarbete med ett SaaS-företag undersökt flera kundattribut på ett lönehanteringssystem. Syftet har varit att undersöka vilka kundattribut som är intressanta att ta ut statistik på när churn studeras. Ovanstående ska medföra att det studerade företaget kan införskaffa insikter och arbeta mer med datadrivna beslut. För att förstå vilka kunder som väljer att avsluta sin prenumeration behövs data samlas in om kunderna. En kvantitativ fallstudie utfördes genom att undersöka flera kundattribut hos de kunder som har churnat. Undersökningen utfördes med modellen CRISP-DM för att genomföra dataanalysen på ett systematiskt tillvägagångsätt. Undersökningen studerade kundattribut utifrån variablerna generella- och beteendekundattribut. Dataanalysen genomfördes med hjälp av Python-kod och resultatet presenterades med grafer och tabeller. Studiens resultat visade att vissa värden på följande kundattribut var överrepresenterade vid churn: Kundtyper, Bolagsform, Antal Anställda, Licenser, Antal skickade specifikationer och inloggning. Tidigare forskning har undersökt olika kundattribut och funnit att de kan behöva anpassas för det studerade företaget. / Software as a service (SaaS) is a business model that aims the user to subscribe to a software. The software is delivered over the internet, which means that the user does not have to consider updates and operational maintenance of servers. Churn means that the user cancels his subscription with a company and thereby stops to be a customer. Acquiring new customers is an expensive process, which can cost up to five times more than selling to an existing customer. Previous research in churn has mainly been concentrated in the telecommunications industry. In the mentioned area, churn has long been a problem for companies. Research has concentrated on machine learning methods for studying churn. Previous research describes that there are limited studies in churn with SaaS as a business model. Studies about churn have mainly been case studies where different attributes have been studied based on general and behavioral customer attributes. This study has in collaboration with a SaaS company, examined several customer attributes on a salary management program. The purpose has been to investigate which customer attributes that are interesting to collect statistics when churn is studied. This should enable that the studied company can acquire insights and work more with data-driven decisions. To understand which customers that unsubscribe, data needs to be collected about the customers. A quantitative case study was performed by examining several customer attributes of the customers who have churned. The survey was carried out with the CRISP-DM model to accomplish the data analysis in a systematic approach. The survey studied customer attributes based on the variables general and behavioral customer attributes. The data analysis was performed using Python code and the results were presented with graphs and tables. The results of the study showed that certain values of the following customer attributes were overrepresented in churn: Customer types, Business type, Number of Employees, Licenses, Number of specifications sent and Login. Previous research has examined various customer attributes and found that they may need to be adapted for the studied company.

Machine learning is when a computer can learn from data and draw its own conclusions without being explicitly programmed to do so. To implement machine learning effectively and correctly, it is important to have a structured framework to follow. Today, there exist several different frameworks but no framework is suited for all purposes of machine learning. This thesis evaluates three chosen frameworks CRISP-DM, SEMMA and KDD for the purpose of imple- menting machine learning in signal processing. This study was conducted at Saab AB in Ja¨rf¨alla. The specific problem area of signal processing that was evaluated in the thesis was radar warn- ing systems. A hypothesis is that they could become more efficient with machine learning. To evaluate the chosen frameworks, it was studied what was demanded from a framework when implementing machine learning in the chosen problem area. The evaluation was done with a theoretical comparison where no implementations of the different frameworks were done. The frameworks were evaluated through an evaluation method created by the authors. The evaluation method was used for the purpose of finding a framework suitable for signal processing when developing the software for a radar warning system. The result is that CRISP-DM is the most well-suited of the three frame- works. This because it originates from a business perspective, is distinct in how to use it and is easy to implement in an agile process like Scrum. / Maskininlärning är när en dator kan lära sig från data och dra egna slutsatser utan att specifikt vara programmerad att göra det. För att lyckas med att implementera maskininlärning på ett effektivt sätt så krävs det att man följer ett tydligt ramverk. Idag finns det många ramverk men inget som är lämpat för alla typer av maskininlärning. Denna rapport utvärderar tre valda ramverk: CRISP- DM, SEMMA och KDD. Detta med syftet att implementera maskininlärn-ing i signalbehandling. Studien utfördes på Saab AB i Järfälla. Det specifika problemområde inom signalbehandling som utvärderades i rapporten var radarvarningssys- tem. En hypotes är att de kan bli mer effektiva med maskininlärning. För att utvärdera de valda ramverken så studerades vad som krävdes av ett ramverk för det valda problemområdet. Utvärderingen skedde genom en teoretisk jämförelse där ingen implementation av de olika ramverken genomfördes. Ramverken utvärderades genom en utvärderingsmetod skapad av förfat-tarna. Utvärderingsmetoden användes med syftet att finna ett ramverk som var lämpligt för signalbehandling vid utveckling av mjukvara för ett radarvarningssystem. Resultatet var att CRISP-DM var den mest lämpade metoden. Detta för att den utgår från ett affärsperspektiv, har tydliga riktlinjer hur den ska användas och att den enkelt kan implementeras i agila processer såsom Scrum.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

OBJETIVO: Determinar si el síndrome de ovario poliquístico es un factor asociado para diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en pacientes de 15 a 45 años atendidos en el servicio de Endocrinología del Hospital María Auxiliadora de enero-julio del 2015. METODOLOGIA: El estudio es observacional, analítico, retrospectivo, de casos y controles. Se estudio a 360 pacientes 15 a 45 años, de las cuales eran 180 mujeres con diagnóstico de DM-2 (casos) y 180 mujeres sin diagnóstico de DM-2(controles). Fue realizado de datos dados por la Oficina de Estadística de la consulta externa del Servicio de Endocrinología. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante SPSS versión 20. RESULTADOS: Las <40 años fue mayor con 58.3%. La edad y DM-2 tuvo X2 0,011 y p=0.915, los <40años tuvieron OR 1.047; IC95%, 0,688-1,592, que los >o=40 para DM-2. Los <30kg/m2 fue mayor con 53.1%. El IMC y DM-2 tuvo X2 1,606 y p=0.205, los >o=30kg/m2 tuvieron OR 1.337; IC95%, 0,883-2,025 que los <30kg/m2 para DM-2. De las >o=40años con SOP y DM-2 tuvo X2 0,103 y p=0.748, las >o=40 años con SOP tuvieron OR 1.365; IC95%, 0,480-3,878 que los sin SOP para DM-2. De las pacientes >o=30kg/m2 con SOP y DM-2 tuvo X2 0,17 y p=0.895, las >o=30kg/m2 con SOP tuvieron OR 1,203; IC95%, 0,458-3,160 que los sin SOP para DM-2. Las pacientes con SOP fue de 7.5%. El factor SOP y DM-2 tuvo X2 1,441 y p=0.230, SOP tuvo OR 1.773; IC95%, 0.789-3.986 que los sin SOP para DM-2. CONCLUSIONES: La DM-2 fue más frecuente en los <40 años. La edad no se asoció con DM-2. La DM-2 fue más frecuente en los >o=30kg/m2. El IMC no se asoció con DM-2. El factor SOP fue mayor en las >o=40 años y obesas (>o= 30kg/m2) con DM-2. Las pacientes >o=40años con SOP no se asociaron con DM-2. Las pacientes >o=30kg/m2 con SOP no se asociaron con DM-2. El SOP fue mayor en DM-2. El SOP no se asoció con DM-2.