A proposição dessa dissertação é demonstrar as características do processo comunicativo que acontece na relação médico-paciente, dentro do ambulatório, a fim de compreender sua função como mediadora da tensão existente entre as expectativas do paciente quanto ao atendimento idealizado e o serviço público realmente prestado na área da saúde em São Paulo. Considerou-se pertinente analisar a questão da comunicação na saúde pública em São Paulo, usando como parâmetro o Hospital do Servidor Público Francisco Morato de Oliveira, pertencente ao Instituto de Assistência Médica ao Servidor Público Estadual, o IAMSPE, por ser uma instituição que poderá fornecer dados sobre uma população de usuários, de serviços e de médicos. Para isso foi preciso identificar as normas padrão de atendimento do hospital; a percepção do paciente sobre o médico e também de como acha que o médico o percebe, assim como do atendimento recebido pelo médico e pela Instituição. A percepção dos médicos sobre si mesmo, sobre o paciente e o atendimento oferecido por ele e pela Instituição. A noção de comunicação de ambos e a qualidade da comunicação nesta relação - procurando identificar os condicionantes que existem entre o atendimento esperado e o atendimento real. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo com médicos e pacientes dos serviços mais representativos (pela importância e população atendida) e essa amostra mostrou-se significativa, tanto pelos dados colhidos pelos questionários quanto pela observação feita pelos pesquisadores. Os resultados dos dados e das informações colhidas são um retrato temporal dos papéis percebidos e vividos por médicos e pacientes no contexto de uma instituição de saúde pública na cidade de São Paulo. / This dissertation aims to study the characteristics of the communication process between the doctor and the patient within the clinic, so as to better understand it and analyze it as the mediation between patients\' expectations - concerning idealized public health service - and the real public health service offered in São Paulo. Therefore, communication in Hospital do Servidor Público Francisco Morato de Oliveira (a public hospital), a division of Instituto de Assistência Médica do Servidor Público Estadual IAMSPE (Health Care System of the Public Sector), was analyzed. This institution provided valuable data and information about its patients, services and physicians. To carry this research out, it was necessary to identify how the hospital provides its service, how the patient perceives the physician and how he believes the physician perceives him -, how the patient perceives the services of the physician and of the Institution, and how the physicians perceive themselves, patients and the service offered both by himself/herself and by the Institution. The notion and the quality of the communication in this relationship were studied in order to identify the characteristics of both desired and real services. A field research was carried out with physicians and patients of the most representative services (ranked by importance and by the size of the population served), and this portion of the population proved itself to be significant, because of both the data collected through questionnaires and the researchers view point. The results of the data and information collected are a timely picture of the roles perceived and lived by doctors and patients in the context of a public health care institution in the city of São Paulo.

No description available.

The consultation is the GP’s form of work. How long a consultation should be, and what short/long consultations imply with regard to the satisfaction of patient and doctor has been much debated. The aim of this thesis was to study consultations with regard to content and time consumption in a short term and long term perspective. Three studies were carried out. 1. Consultations with the members of a group of GPs were investigated, where patients and doctors separately assessed different aspects of the consultation, and their ratings were related to the real length of the consultations. The following questions were posed: Was there time enough? Could the patient tell the doctor about her/his problems? Were the problems physical or psychological? 2. Nurses at the primary care health centres were interviewed about their considerations in booking short or long appointments for the patients. 3. Patients who frequently attended one health centre during one year and consumed much time were studied. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used. The results of the first study (Papers I-III) show that the average length of the consultations was 21 minutes; there was considerable variation (ranging from 3 to 60 minutes). (About 600 consultations with 7 male doctors were registered in two batches). The doctors’ mean consultation length also varied widely, from 13-28 minutes. Consultations dealing with psychological problems were longer than those dealing with physical problems. Older patients had longer consultations than younger patients, and female patients had somewhat longer consultations than male patients. The patients were generally more satisfied with the consultations than the doctors were, and there were no clear affinities between long consultations and high satisfaction. Male patients and patients with physical problems mainly received short consultations, whereas patients with ”mixed" problems and older patients received long consultations. The single factors most decisive for the length of a consultation were ‘the doctor factor’, the character of the problem and the age of the patient. "Good” consultations (operational definition) were associated primarily with ‘the doctor factor’, and the real length of the consultations was less important. The interviews with ten experienced primary care nurses (Paper IV) showed that the nurses worked in two perspectives: in the ”immediate” perspective, appointments were booked according to rules which directly impacted the length of the visit, and in the "reflective" perspective, appointments were booked with a view to the quality of the work at the health centre and the long-term time consumption. Other factors of importance were the patient’s age and problem(s), the doctor’s experience and working style, and the current situation at the health centre. Frequent attenders (FAs) at one health centre (Paper V) were compared with a contrast group of matched patients (CPs). The FAs represented 1.7% of the population of the catchment area and made 15% of the visits. The FAs were a heterogeneous group where small boys, women of working age and pensioners of both sexes were overrepresented. The FAs had higher consultation frequency than the CPs during the year of investigation, but few remained FAs for longer periods. The FAs had more problems and more complex problems than the CPs. Complaints regarding the musculo-skeletal organs, and psychosocial problems were common among these patients, often in combination. The present work thus shows that longer consultations do not naturally imply higher patient satisfaction. Other factors than the time factor, in particular ‘the doctor factor’ seem to be more important. ‘The doctor factor’, the characteristics of the patients, the type of problem and the situation at the health centre also have a bearing on consultation length and time consumption in a short-term as well as long-term perspective. The implications of these factors and their relative importance are discussed, but further studies of certain issues, such as ‘the doctor factor’, are necessary. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1995, härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

A proposição dessa dissertação é demonstrar as características do processo comunicativo que acontece na relação médico-paciente, dentro do ambulatório, a fim de compreender sua função como mediadora da tensão existente entre as expectativas do paciente quanto ao atendimento idealizado e o serviço público realmente prestado na área da saúde em São Paulo. Considerou-se pertinente analisar a questão da comunicação na saúde pública em São Paulo, usando como parâmetro o Hospital do Servidor Público Francisco Morato de Oliveira, pertencente ao Instituto de Assistência Médica ao Servidor Público Estadual, o IAMSPE, por ser uma instituição que poderá fornecer dados sobre uma população de usuários, de serviços e de médicos. Para isso foi preciso identificar as normas padrão de atendimento do hospital; a percepção do paciente sobre o médico e também de como acha que o médico o percebe, assim como do atendimento recebido pelo médico e pela Instituição. A percepção dos médicos sobre si mesmo, sobre o paciente e o atendimento oferecido por ele e pela Instituição. A noção de comunicação de ambos e a qualidade da comunicação nesta relação - procurando identificar os condicionantes que existem entre o atendimento esperado e o atendimento real. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo com médicos e pacientes dos serviços mais representativos (pela importância e população atendida) e essa amostra mostrou-se significativa, tanto pelos dados colhidos pelos questionários quanto pela observação feita pelos pesquisadores. Os resultados dos dados e das informações colhidas são um retrato temporal dos papéis percebidos e vividos por médicos e pacientes no contexto de uma instituição de saúde pública na cidade de São Paulo. / This dissertation aims to study the characteristics of the communication process between the doctor and the patient within the clinic, so as to better understand it and analyze it as the mediation between patients\' expectations - concerning idealized public health service - and the real public health service offered in São Paulo. Therefore, communication in Hospital do Servidor Público Francisco Morato de Oliveira (a public hospital), a division of Instituto de Assistência Médica do Servidor Público Estadual IAMSPE (Health Care System of the Public Sector), was analyzed. This institution provided valuable data and information about its patients, services and physicians. To carry this research out, it was necessary to identify how the hospital provides its service, how the patient perceives the physician and how he believes the physician perceives him -, how the patient perceives the services of the physician and of the Institution, and how the physicians perceive themselves, patients and the service offered both by himself/herself and by the Institution. The notion and the quality of the communication in this relationship were studied in order to identify the characteristics of both desired and real services. A field research was carried out with physicians and patients of the most representative services (ranked by importance and by the size of the population served), and this portion of the population proved itself to be significant, because of both the data collected through questionnaires and the researchers view point. The results of the data and information collected are a timely picture of the roles perceived and lived by doctors and patients in the context of a public health care institution in the city of São Paulo.

This thesis focuses on the socio-cultural and anthropological aspects of Tibetan medicine in contemporary Russia and investigates how Tibetan medicine is practised, consumed and represented in two major Russian cities, Moscow and St Petersburg. It is the first case-study of such kind in the context of Russian culture, as the anthropological aspects of Tibetan medicine in contemporary Russia have not yet been the subject of a systematic research. Up till now, scholarly publications on Tibetan medicine in Russia have dealt either with the translation and textual analysis of ancient Tibetan medical treatises or with the history of the first appearance of Tibetan medicine in Buriatia, the traditionally Buddhist region of Russia, and St Petersburg / Petrograd, paying little attention to contemporary developments and, most importantly, ignoring how Tibetan practitioners and their patients are making sense of Tibetan medicine. Based on twenty four interviews with practitioners and consumers of Tibetan medicine in the two Russian capitals, my research fills in this lacuna by looking at personal experiences, perceptions and accounts of my interviewees and exploring how they adapt Tibetan medicine to their skills, beliefs and ideas. My approach to sources is informed by Iurii Lotman's theory of intercultural communication. Although this theory was developed by Lotman for the analyses of the processes of cultural reception of literary texts, it is also relevant, with some modifications, for the analysis of the process of reception of non-textual cultural forms. The analysis of data collected from interviews with doctors and patients and the textual analysis of media, cinematic and literary sources has revealed two dominant trends and representational techniques. The first trend amounts to representing Tibetan medicine as unique and exotic, while the second trend amounts to the conceiving of Tibetan medicine as Russia's indigenous tradition, a part of Russian history, which had been subverted and suppressed in the Soviet period, yet rediscovered post-1991. Thus, we see here a co-existence of the inter-cultural dialogue between Russian culture and an exotic 'other' and the intra-cultural dialogue with a recently rediscovered part of 'self'. Both trends, which, at first glance, might appear to stand in contradiction to each other, sometimes coexist within a single explanatory narrative. The thesis also focuses on inter-cultural interactions between doctors and patients. It is argued that these interactions take place in the context of a noteworthy sociological and cultural phenomenon that the thesis calls 'mutual counter-adaptation'. Mutual counter-adaptation is the key mechanism used, consciously or spontaneously, by Tibetan doctors and their patients in order to facilitate the process of understanding between the parties involved in an inter-cultural dialogue around Tibetan medicine. The thesis finally reveals how this mutual counter-adaption takes place within a wider Russian cultural and media environment which exploits a set of specific symbols and images in order to make Tibetan medicine comprehensible and attractive to the wider Russian public.

<p>Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1999, Härtill 7 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

La médecine connaît actuellement en France une crise de ses repères et de ses valeurs conséquente aux bouleversements scientifiques, techniques et sociologiques qu'elle a connue au cours du XXe siècle. Cette thèse vise à explorer les tenants et les aboutissants de cette situation, à partir d'une étude historique et philosophique de l'émergence et du développement de la médecine française moderne puis contemporaine, entendue à la fois comme profession, discoursscientifique et pratique sociale. De la formation du corps médical à l'apparition d'un discours autonome des usagers de santé, nous défendons l'idée selon laquelle la genèse et l'évolution du discours médical, depuis le XVIIIe siècle jusqu'à nos jours, repose sur sa capacité à répondre à la question fondatrice des possibilités d'objectivation scientifique et technique de la subjectivité humaine. Ce problème, originairement épistémologique, se révèle au cours de notre généalogie de nature tant philosophique qu'éthique et sociopolitique, nous conduisant finalement àrechercher les outils de problématisation de la crise contemporaine au fondement de la relation médicale moderne. L'étude de la correspondance du médecin des Lumières Samuel-Auguste Tissot (1728-1797) nous offre finalement un contre-point essentiel pour préciser les conditions de possibilités d'une médecine, que nous souhaitons pour le XXIe siècle, et au sein de laquelle est assuré le respect de l'autonomie et de l'identité propres à l'ensemble des sujets, qu'ils soient soignés ou soignants. / Medicine in France is currently undergoing a crisis, with respect to its establishedreferences and values, as a result of the major technical, sociological and scientific changes undergone in the twentieth century. This thesis aims to explore the ins and outs of this crisis through an historical and philosophical study of the emergence and development of modern and contemporary French medicine as a profession, scientific discourse and social practice. From the forming of the medical body to the emergence of an autonomous non-professional discourse, wedefend the idea following which the genesis and evolution of medical discourse, from the eighteenth century to the present day, rests on its ability to answer the foundational problem of the possibility a scientific and technical objectivation of the human subjectivity. Originally of an epistemological nature, this problem reveals itself, through our genealogy, to be rather of a philosophical, ethical and sociopolitical nature, which leads us to conceive a frame of reference by means of which to better understand the contemporary crisis underlying the modern doctorpatient relation. Finally, a case study of the correspondence of Enlightenment's medical doctor Samuel-Auguste Tissot (1728-1797) offers an essential viewpoint from which to reflect on the possibility and conditions of a medical epistemology that ensures the respect of the autonomy andidentity of all subjects, patients and practitioners alike.