The most systematic work Martin Luther ever created was his De servo arbitrio / The Bondage of the Will (1525), his powerful polemic against the leading Humanist of his day, Erasmus, who had criticized Luther in his De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio / The Freedom of the Will (1524). Luther's The Bondage of the Will is regarded as a work representing the organic unity of his entire theological thought; it can be seen as his theology in a condensed form. In spite of the immense significance of Luther's magnum opus, its theological structure and content have so far not yet been satisfactorily revealed. Much research has been conducted on certain detailed aspects of this work of Luther's, such as the problems of the free will, determinism, and predestination. The basic weakness of those analyses is that the details of The Bondage of the Will can be correctly understood only on the basis of a comprehension of the basic systematic theological idea of his work. The very kernel of Luther's own thought and the deepest intentions of his theology in this work are best comprehended by analyzing the inner structure and cohesion of his own thinking and by seeing how his argumentation developed in his dispute with Erasmus. The task of this study is to expose the fundamental systematic theological idea and structure in Luther's The Bondage of the Will. The method employed in the present study is a comprehensive systematic analysis of Luther's thought in his work. Attention will be paid to the conceptualization of issues by Luther, to his main propositions and the arguments he uses to support his claims, and to the structural principles and the core body of his thinking system. The debate between Luther and Erasmus contained genuine paradigmatic differences in their understanding of the Christian faith, but also some misunderstandings, even intentional misinterpretations. The present study aims at clarifying these conceptual confusions and at exploring the possibility of some degree of reconciliation between the conflicting views. My hypothesis is that Luther's own specific and comprehensive understanding of the Trinitarian theology of grace, with special emphasis on Pneumatology, alongside the more obvious Christology, strongly linked with the theology of creation, is the fundamental thought structure of his magnum opus. This enables him to get rid of the common Late Medieval teaching of the free choice of the human being, represented by Erasmus. Above all, Luther is a theologian of grace, sola gratia. The Bondage of the Will, the most Pneumatological treatise he ever wrote, offers a radical and comprehensive Trinitarian theology of grace. Luther understands the human being as an "ecstatic" creature who receives his/her existence and the quality of his/her existence from extra se. Luther argues for this paradigm in terms of the theology of creation, Christology, Pneumatology, and soteriology. As such, the human being was created a creature which is destined for union with his/her Creator in the Holy Spirit who is the actual presence of the Creator in his creature, God sharing his life with the human being. After losing this original state of union, the human being became a battlefield of the opposing transcendental powers, Satan and sin on the one side, and God and his grace, on the other side. The human is free in "things below oneself," in matters that belong to daily human life, but he/she is not free in "things above oneself," in matters that transcend the human being. Luther sees sin as human infirmity, inability to get rid of unbelief and pride which destroyed the human's union with God. The human being cannot change his/her evil orientation but must continue such as he/she is: this is Luther's concept of "the necessity of immutability"; he applies this philosophical concept to soteriological usage. The human being is in a desperate situation in regard to his/her capacities of contributing to his/her own salvation; here Luther follows his logic of theologia crucis. Both in terms of creation and salvation, the human being is meant to be in a communion of life with the Triune God. Luther develops a strong soteriology, understood in terms of an intimate union between the Triune God and the human being. This union is not primarily a cognitive-rational and morally responsible relation, as Erasmus was inclined to think, but a union of being with Christ in the Holy Spirit, koinonia/unio cum Christo in Spiritu sancto. The quality of a human being's life in this world and his/her eternal beatitude depends on whether his/her person is or is not in union with the Holy Trinity. In his Trinitarian theology of grace, Pneumatology, arguably neglected in Medieval times, is powerfully revived. Luther's conception of divine grace, with some peculiarities of his own, recalls Augustine's doctrine of grace, differing from the soteriological views of Scholasticism and Nominalism. The present study culminates in a systematic presentation of the three dimensions of Luther's Trinitarian doctrine of grace: First, contrition, conversion, and faith are effected by God's Spirit, sola fide is a thoroughly Pneumatological concept - a fact not sufficiently emphasized in research. Second, Luther sees the union with Christ simultaneously as a Christological and as a Pneumatological reality - a view not underscored in research. Third, sanctification means growth in love by way of being increasingly controlled by the Holy Spirit, who is the essence of divine love. This three-dimensional conception of grace can be supported by other works of Luther's mature theology. There are strong points of contact with Johannine, Pauline, Augustinian, and Greek Patristic theology here; a more detailed analysis of these connections, however, is not in the scope of the study at hand. The results of the study intensify the ecumenical potential of Luther's doctrine of grace. Moreover, these results contribute an amendment to the Finnish school of Luther interpretation where the Pneumatological dimension is underemphasized in the first and the second dimensions of Luther's doctrine of grace. Finally, the possibility of some degree of reconciliation between the views of Erasmus and Luther will be considered.

邵倩文. / "2012年5月". / "2012 nian 5 yue". / Thesis (M.Div.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-54). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Shao Qianwen. / 摘要 --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / 目錄 --- p.iv / Chapter 第一章： --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- 現代化社會下的臨終者的處 境 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- 醫療化的死亡´ؤ´ؤ非人性化、割裂化之的治 療 --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- 在社會上隔離臨終 者 --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3. --- 視「死亡與臨終」爲禁忌，爲羞恥´ة爲失 敗 --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4. --- 小 結 --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2. --- 「死亡意識」運動興 起 --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- 教會、牧者在現今的社會中如何回應臨終者的處境 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- 基督教會放棄與「否認死亡」文化抵抗´ة間接隔離臨終者 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- 「牧養關懷」探索以基督的身份、角色去回應臨終者處境 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4. --- 本文硏究目的 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5. --- 本文硏究方法 --- p.11 / Chapter 第二章： --- 臨終者及臨終關懷者個人處境 --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1. --- 臨終者自身的需要´ؤ´ؤ靈性層面 --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- 臨終病者的靈性觀及靈性需 要 --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- 臨終病者期望怎樣的醫護人員能關顧他們的靈性需 要 --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2. --- 臨終關懷者的狀況´ؤ´ؤ提供靈性護理層 面 --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3. --- 臨終關懷者的給予關懷上的阻 礙 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- 不同的崗位，不同的功能´ؤ´ؤ牧關工作者的同在要 求 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- 牧關工作者「同在」的無助感、孤單感及耗盡 感 --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- 減輕牧關工作者的耗盡感及無助感的矛 盾 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4. --- 小 結 --- p.24 / Chapter 第三章： --- 莫特曼的十架三一神論 --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1 --- 莫特曼十架的三一神論建構的進路 --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- 從經驗苦難的生平，而引發的神學思 維 --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- 以回應社會處境´ة而引發三一論構思的演變進 程 --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2. --- 莫特曼三一論的特 色 --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- 莫特曼面對當下處境三一論說的扭 曲 --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- 以上帝的歷史的向度，對抗上帝爲「最高的實體」 --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- 以內在三一´ة對抗上帝爲「絶對主體」 --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3. --- 小 結 --- p.38 / Chapter 第四章： --- 莫特曼的三一論與牧養臨終者 --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1. --- 三一神論´ة提供牧養臨終者的原則 --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2. --- 從三一神論，去定義牧關工作者的身份與位置 --- p.42 / Chapter 4.3. --- 十架三一論，爲牧養臨終者的過程提供指引 --- p.44 / Chapter 4.4. --- 小結 --- p.47 / Chapter 第五章： --- 總結´ؤ´ؤ莫特曼的三一思維的進路限制與展望 --- p.48 / Chapter 第六章： --- 參考書目 --- p.50 / Chapter 6.1. --- 英文參考書目 --- p.50 / Chapter 6.2. --- 中文參考書目 --- p.53

Prophecy appears to play an important role in the Book of Mormon. The prophets evidently felt it necessary to include a considerable amount of prophetic material in this modern book of scripture. Three general divisions of book of mormon prophecy can be made: (1) prophecies which relate to the period of time prior to the year 421 A.D., the approximate date of the final writing on the plates of Mormon, (2) prophecies which relate to the period 421 to 1830, the publication date of the Book of Mormon, and (3) prophecies which relate to the period 1830 onward. The first two divisions above pertain to the period of time prior to the year 1830 A.D. and thus are not pertinent to the discussion under consideration in this thesis. It would be natural to suppose that many of the prophecies relating to the third division would have been already fulfilled. The evidence of fulfillment of prophecies following the publication of the Book of Mormon is added proof of its genuine authenticity. The scriptures indicate that the fulfillment of prophecies made by a prophet is one way of knowing whether or not he is a genuine prophet. There are a number of problems which present themselves as the prophecies of the Book of Mormon are read and considered. Some of these problems are: 1. How much importance is attached to prophecy? 2. What seems to be the purpose of prophecy? 3. Are the prophets dealing with similar basic issues in their prophecies? 4. If so, what are these issues? 5. Can a classification be made of the prophecies? 6. Are the prophecies which deal with the same subject consistent in that which is foretold? 7. Is there sufficient evidence to show fulfillment of the prophecies which should have come to pass since the publication of the Book of Mormon? This thesis will deal with the above problems. The writer will attempt to classify the prophecies of the Book of Mormon that relate to the period from 1830 onward and to present evidence in regard to the fulfillment of these prophecies.

Parents who experience their children's coming out encounter emotional reactions that could compromise their ability to function, particularly when challenged by the Catholic doctrine towards homosexuality. It is not well known how Latino parents experience their children's coming out and how they mediate their Catholic identity. The purpose of this research was to explore the experiences of these parents considering phenomenology as the method of inquiry. The theoretical lens was based on the parental acceptance-rejection theory. The research questions addressed how Latinos experienced the coming out of their children and how they mediated their identities as Catholics and as parents of a lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) child. The data for this study consisted of 12 interviews with parents using an open-ended, and a semistructured format. A total of 6 themes (disclosure of an LGB identity, conflicts, help towards conflict resolution, church support, acceptance, and identity consolidation) and 10 subthemes (suspicion of an LGB identity, unexpected disclosure, internal, family, cultural and church conflicts, God's love, unconditional love, parenting pride, and Catholic pride) emerged from the analysis. The results indicated that Latino parents underscored the positive qualities of their LGB children while other Latino parents criticize the Catholic doctrine towards homosexuality. In conclusion, the notion of an all-loving and all-accepting God prompted Latinos to consolidate their identities as Catholic and as parents of a LGB child. Implications for positive social change include the education of behavioral health professionals and the Catholic clergy to enhance their professional competencies to assist Latino parents seeking counseling services or seeking spiritual care within the Roman Catholic Church.

Les relations internationales du Brésil sont marquées par l'omniprésence états-unienne. Nous proposons ici de déconstruire en partie cette perspective, à l'appui d'archives inédites issues des ministères français des Affaires étrangères et de la Défense. Durant les années 50, 60 et 70, la France a envoyé ses plus grands spécialistes du renseignement au Brésil. Issus d'horizons politiques très différents, ces hommes ont assuré le transfert des doctrines coloniales de l'armée française vers l'armée brésilienne mais ils ont aussi créé des débouchés pour les industries françaises reconstituées dans l'après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En moins de vingt ans, l'armée française a entièrement remodelé la perception que les militaires brésiliens avaient de leur rôle. La technologie exportée n'était pas uniquement matérielle ; politique, elle a permis la construction d'un nouvel édifice militaire, fondé sur le principe de la guerre anti-subversive, sur l'action des services de renseignement et sur l'hégémonie des groupes industriels liés à l'armement. En ce sens, la France a largement contribué à ce que l'armée brésilienne atteigne son autonomie stratégique. Pourtant, sa technologie n'a pas apporté que des résultats positifs. Bien au contraire, à l'instar des guerres menées par l'armée française dans les colonies, la guerre anti-subversive au Brésil a refondu la société brésilienne.

Thesis (Th.M. (Ethics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kansas, History, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 267-275). Also available on the Internet.

<p>I tolkningen av vad en doktrin är, så finns både ett inriktande syfte och en slags ensning av det förhållningssätt som gäller och förväntas av Försvarsmaktens personal. Det innebär att man skulle kunna förvänta sig en tydlig viktning mot det internationella fokus som faktiskt klart kan sägas gälla efter försvarsbeslutet 2004. Frågan blir då om de tre svenska arenadoktrinerna är tillräckligt tydliga i att poängtera detta. Denna uppsats försöker därför analysera doktrinerna och utröna om det egentligen finns något fokus avseende nationella och internationella insatser och om det i så fall finns någon skönjbar förklaring till detta i doktrintexterna. Undersökningen består av en kvantitativ textanalys samt en kvalitativ undersökning av doktrinerna för luft-, mark- och marina operationer, som tillsammans angriper texterna baserat på två definierade indikatorer av fokuseringarna.</p><p>Analysen i uppsatsen ger vid handen att doktrinen för marina operationer visar en märkbart större fokusering vid internationella insatser än vad de andra gör. Detta kan bero på skillnader i påverkan av stridens genomförande av att insatsen sker nationellt eller internationellt.</p> / <p>In the interpretation of the meaning of a doctrine, there is both a purpose of direction as well as unifying the posture that all personnel in the Swedish Armed Forces are expected to have. That means that a corresponding prioritization could be equally expected of international missions, which are safe to say is the focal point for the Swedish Armed Forces after the defense policy decision made in 2004. The question therefore arises whether or not the three Swedish arena doctrines are adequate in showing these postures. This essay comprises both a quantitative and a qualitative text analysis of the arena doctrines, which together penetrates the texts based on two defined indicators of these focal points.</p><p>The results of this essay are that the doctrine for maritime operations shows a noticeable larger focusing on international missions than the other two does. This might come from the difference in how the arena is affected in the basic tasking depending on whether the mission is conducted nationally or internationally.</p>

<p>NATO, USA, Storbritannien och Ryssland m.fl. använder sig av stridsuppgiften räd för markstridskrafter och erfarenheter från bl.a. Irakkriget 2003 visar att de kan få stor betydelse. Räder anses överensstämma med manöverteorin, men räder återfinns inte som stridsuppgift för svenska markstridskrafter.</p><p>Denna uppsats analyserar stridsuppgiften räd för markstridskrafter, operationaliserar två indikatorer för räder och med hjälp av dessa undersöks hur räder är förenligt med FM nuvarande doktrin och Reglemente för Markoperationer (RMO).</p><p>Undersökningen visar att räder inte är förenliga med nuvarande doktrin och RMO. Bl.a. så uppfattas det sakna överensstämmelse att avsiktligt inte bibehålla öppna landförbindelser. Däremot är delar av indikatorerna direkt eller indirekt att anse som förenliga.</p> / <p>NATO, USA, Great Britain and Russia are among others using the task raid for ground forces and experiences from e.g. the war in Iraq 2003 have shown that they could have great importance. Raids are considered to correspond to manoeuvre theory, but raids are not to be found as a task for Swedish ground forces.</p><p>This paper is analyzing the task raid for ground forces, developing two indicators for raids and with the help of these examining how raids are compatible with the armed forces present doctrine and field manual for ground operations.</p><p>The investigation shows that raids are not compatible with the present doctrine and field manual for ground operations. E.g. is it considered to disagree not to keep land lines of communications open. Parts of the indicators are however directly or indirectly considered compatible.</p>

<p>Förändringar i den svenska säkerhetspolitiken under 2000-talet har gjort att Försvarsmakten i större utsträckning bidrar med trupp till internationella fredsfrämjande insatser världen över. Dessa har endast varit i konfliktområden med så kallade irreguljära aktörer. Förändringarna har gått fort och det finns delar av Försvarsmakten som inte hunnit med i omställningen. Reglementen och doktriner är ett av dessa områden. Arbetet med doktrinerna har precis börjats men det finns idag inget arbete som påvisar hur relevanta doktrinerna är för den verksamhet som Försvarsmakten bedriver i internationella insatser idag.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att börja fylla detta kunskapshål och undersöka i vilken grad Försvarsmaktens militärstrategiska doktrin är tillämpbar för irreguljära konflikter och besvara frågeställningen: Är <em>Militärstrategisk doktrin</em> relevant som vägledning för att lösa Försvarsmaktens uppgifter i irreguljära konflikter?</p><p>I uppsatsen beskrivs irreguljära konflikters bakgrund och karaktär samt aspekter som anses viktiga för att insatser skall lyckas med att skapa fred i konflikterna. Utifrån teorin formas operationella indikatorer vilka används i en kvalitativ textanalys för att undersöka den militärstrategiska doktrinen. Resultatet visar att Försvarsmaktens Militärstrategiska doktrin inte är relevant som vägledning i irreguljära konflikter. Den innehåller inte tillräckligt mycket information som anses vara viktig för att insatser skall lyckas. Doktrinen fyller inte längre sitt syfte utan behöver revideras.</p> / <p>Changes in the Swedish security policy during the 21^st century have made the armed forces extending their international peacekeeping efforts worldwide. These missions have only been in conflicts with so-called Irregular armed forces since year 2000. The changes have been rapid and there are areas within the Armed Forces who haven’t kept up with them. Regulations and doctrines is one of those areas. The work with revising these doctrines has just begun but there is currently no efforts being made to demonstrate the relevance of the doctrines for the work the Armed Forces is undertaking in international operations.</p><p>The purpose of the paper is to start the process of amending this lack of knowledge and to examine to what extent the Armed Forces military strategic doctrine is applicable for conflicts with irregular armed forces and also to answer the question: Can the military strategic doctrine be considered a relevant guide in solving the tasks of the Armed Forces in conflicts with irregular armed forces?</p><p>The paper describes the background and characteristics of conflicts with irregular armed forces. It also describes aspects of these conflicts which are considered essential for the efforts to succeed in establishing peace. Using this theory as a starting point, operational indicators are formed that can be textually analysed qualitatively to investigate the military strategic doctrine. The result shows that the Armed Forces Military Strategic doctrine cannot be considered a relevant guide when dealing with conflicts with irregular armed forces. The doctrine does not contain enough information deemed essential for success. The doctrine no longer fills its purpose, but needs to be revised.</p>