Yes / Fourth generation systems require the use of both amplitude and phase modulation to efficiently utilize the available spectrum and to obtain high data rates, hence imposing stringent requirements on the power amplifier in terms of efficiency and linearity and requires the power amplifier to operate linearly and efficiently. The B3G base station transceiver Doherty power amplifier was designed to operate over the frequency range of 3.47GHz to 3.53GHz mobile WiMAX band using Freescale¿s N-Channel Enhancement-Mode Lateral MOSFET Transistor, MRF7S38010HR3; The performances of the Doherty amplifier are compared with that of the conventional Class AB amplifier. The results of 43 dBm output power and 66% power added efficiency are achieved.

Yes / Much attention has been paid to making 5G developments more en-ergy efficient, especially in view of the need for using high data rates with more complex modulation schemes within a limited bandwidth. The concept of the Doherty power amplifier for improving amplifier efficiency is explained in addi-tion to a case study of a 70W asymmetrical Doherty power Amplifier using two GaN HEMTs transistors with peak power ratings of 45W and 25W. The rationale for this choice of power ratio is discussed. The designed circuit works in the 3.4GHz frequency band with 200 MHz bandwidth. Rogers RO4350B substrate with dielectric constant εr=4.66 and thickness 0.035 mm is used. The perfor-mance analysis of the Doherty power amplifier is simulated using AWR MWO software. The simulated results showed that 54-64% drain efficiency has been achieved at 8 dB back-off within the specified bandwidth with an average gain of 10.7 dB.

In this thesis, novel designs for adaptive power amplifiers, capable of maintaining excellent performance at dissimilar signal parameters, are presented. These designs result in electronically reconfigurable, single-ended and Doherty power amplifiers (DPA) that efficiently sustain functionality at different driving signal levels, highly varying time domain characteristics and wide-spread frequency bands. The foregoing three contexts represent those dictated by the diverse standards of modern communication systems. Firstly, two prototypes for a harmonically-tuned reconfigurable matching network using discrete radio frequency (RF) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switches and semiconductor varactors will be introduced. Following that is an explanation of how the varactor-based matching network was used to develop a high performance reconfigurable Class F-1 power amplifier. Afterwards, a systematic design procedure for realizing an electronically reconfigurable DPA capable of operating at arbitrary centre frequencies, average power levels and back-off efficiency enhancement power ranges is presented. Complete sets of closed-form equations are outlined which were used to build tunable matching networks that compensate for the deviation of the Doherty distributed elements under the desired deployment scenarios. Off-the-shelf RF MEMS switches are used to realize the reconfigurability of the adaptive Doherty amplifiers. Finally, based on the derived closed-form equations, a tri-band, monolithically integrated DPA was realized using the Canadian Photonics Fabrication Centre (CPFC??) GaN500 monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) process. Successful integration of high power, high performance RF MEMS switches within the MMIC process paved the way for the realization of the frequency-agile, integrated version of the adaptive Doherty amplifier.

In this thesis we introduce a two-way Doherty amplifier architecture with multiple feedbacks for digital predistortion based on impedance-inverting directional coupler (transcoupler). The tunable two-way Doherty amplifier with a tuned circulator-based impedance inverter is presented. Compact N-way Doherty architectures that subsume impedance inverter and offset line functionality into output matching networks are derived. Comprehensive N-way Doherty amplifier design and analysis techniques based on load-pull characterization of active devices and impedance modulation effects are developed. These techniques were then applied to the design of a two-way Doherty amplifier and a three-way Doherty amplifier which were manufactured and their performance measured and compared to the amplifier performance specifications and simulated results.

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The number of mobile wireless devices on the market has increased substantially over the last decade. The frequency spectrum has become crowded due to the number of devices demanding radio traffic and new modulation schemes have been developed to accommodate the number of users. These new modulation schemes have caused very poor efficiencies in power amplifiers for wireless transmission systems due to high peak-to-average power ratios (PAPR). This thesis first presents the issue with classical power amplifiers in modern modulation systems. A brief overview of current attempts to mitigate this issue is provided. A new RF power amplifier topology is then presented with supporting simulations. The presented amplifier topology utilizes the concept of negative conductance and load modulation. The amplifier operates in two stages, a low power stage and a high power stage. A negative conductance amplifier is utilized during peak power transmission to modulate the load presented to the input amplifier. This topology is shown to greatly improve the power added efficiency of power amplifiers in systems with high PAPR.

In today's digital world, information and communication technology accounts for 3% and 2% of the global power consumption and CO2 emissions respectively. This alarming figure is on an upward trend, as future telecommunications systems and handsets will become even more power hungry since new services with higher bandwidth requirements emerge as part of the so called ¿future internet¿ paradigm. In addition, the mobile handset industry is tightly coupled to the consumer need for more sophisticated handsets with greater battery lifetime. If we cannot make any significant step to reducing the energy gap between the power hungry requirements of future handsets, and what battery technology can deliver, then market penetration for 4G handsets can be at risk. Therefore, energy conservation must be a design objective at the forefront of any system design from the network layer, to the physical and the microelectronic counterparts. In fact, the energy distribution of a handset device is dominated by the energy consumption of the RF hardware, and in particular the power amplifier design. Power amplifier design is a traditional topic that addresses the design challenge of how to obtain a trade-off between linearity and efficiency in order to avoid the introduction of signal distortion, whilst making best use of the available power resources for amplification. However, the present work goes beyond this by investigating a new line of amplifiers that address the green initiatives, namely green power amplifiers. This research work explores how to use the Doherty technique to promote efficiency enhancement and thus energy saving. Five different topologies of RF power amplifiers have been designed with custom-made signal splitters. The design core of the Doherty technique is based on the combination of a class B, class AB and a class C power amplifier working in synergy; which includes 90-degree 2-way power splitter at the input, quarter wavelength transformer at the output, and a new output power combiner. The frequency range for the amplifiers was designed to operate in the 3.4 - 3.6 GHz frequency band of Europe mobile WiMAX. The experimental results show that 30dBm output power can be achieved with 67% power added efficiency (PAE) for the user terminal, and 45dBm with 66% power added efficiency (PAE) for base stations which marks a 14% and 11% respective improvement over current stateof- the-art, while meeting the power output requirements for mobile WiMAX applications.

High efficiency is an essential requirement for any system, where the energy can be saved with full retention of system performance. The power amplifier in modern mobile communications system consumes most of the supplied power through the dissipated power and the required cooling systems. However, as new services were added as features for the developed mobile generations, the required data rate has increased to fulfil the new requirements. In this case, the data should be sent with the allocated bandwidth, so complex modulation schemes are used to utilise the available bandwidth efficiently. Nevertheless, the modulated signal will have a Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) which increases as the modulation complexity is increasing. In this case, the power amplifier should be backed off and designed to provide good linearity and efficiency over high PAPR. Among the efficiency enhancement techniques, the Doherty technique (Load modulation technique) is the simplest one, where no additional circuity nor signal processing is required. In this work, the theory of load modulation amplifiers is investigated through two asymmetrical Doherty Power Amplifiers (DPA) targeting 3.3-3.5 GHz were designed and fabricated using two transistors (25 W and 45 W). In addition, more compact load modulation amplifiers targeting sub 6-GHz bandwidth of 5G specifically 3.4-3.8 GHz is discussed including the theory of implementing these amplifiers, where different amplifier capabilities are explored. Each amplifier design was discussed in detail, in which the input and output matching networks were designed and tested in addition to the design of the stability circuit to make sure that the amplifier is stable and working according to the specified requirements. The fabricated circuits were evaluated practically using the available instrument test, whereas Microwave Office software was used for the simulation purpose, each amplifier was designed separately, where all the designed amplifiers were able to provide the targeted efficiency at different back-off power points. Besides, some additional factors that affect the designed load modulation amplifiers such as the effect of the harmonics at the back-off and mismatching the amplifier is discussed. / European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (SECRET)

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