This paper examines how Hinduism and Buddhism are portrayed in three textbooks for an upper secondary school course in religion and is limited to a selection of books published in 2009. Based on a qualitative content analysis, the paper examines the extent to which there is an intentional division, that is to say a line between ‘them and us’ in the ways in which the religions are described, and to what extent the description of these religions in the textbooks are Eurocentric. The study focuses on whether or not there is a ‘them and us’ perspective in the different books and if so, the ways in which this approach is evident. The result of this study shows that traces of a ‘them and us’ perspective can be found in all three books. In some cases a homogeneous ‘us’ is contrasted with a homogeneous ‘them’; where the ‘us’ represents ‘Europeans’ and the Christian ‘West’ and the ‘them’ represents ‘the other’ that is to say Hindus and Buddhists as well as their religious beliefs. All of the books in the study contain terminology and images that present Hinduism and Buddhism as something ‘different’ and ‘exotic’ and thus reinforce the Eurocentric image of ‘the other’. The textbook’s authors often fail to differentiate between religion and culture which, in many cases, can lead to Hinduism being portrayed as irrational and primitive. In addition to this, the textbooks also ignore the religions individual in favor of a more generalized and collective stereotype of a ‘Hindu’ or a ‘Buddhist’.

This thesis explores Web Information Extraction (WIE) and how it has been used in decision making and to support businesses in their daily operations. The research focuses on a WIE system based on Genetic Programming (GP) with an extensible model to enhance the automatic extractor. This uses a human as a teacher to identify and extract relevant information from the semi-structured HTML webpages. Regular expressions, which have been chosen as the pattern matching tool, are automatically generated based on the training data to provide an improved grammar and lexicon. This particularly benefits the GP system which may need to extend its lexicon in the presence of new tokens in the web pages. These tokens allow the GP method to produce new extraction patterns for new requirements.

This thesis examines concrete poetry in England and Scotland from 1962 to 1975. Through the 1950s-70s, international concrete poetry evolved away from constructivist influenced, “classical” ideals of minimalism and iconic visual effect towards principles owing more to Dadaism and Futurism: spontaneity, maximalism, sonority and an emphasis on intermedial expression. Against this backdrop, using close textual analysis supported by primary research, I engage with four poets whose work collectively exemplifies the wide range of values which concrete poetry represented in England and Scotland during the period in question. A movement away from classical ideals can be tracked across the oeuvres of Finlay, Morgan, Houédard and Cobbing; but many aspects of their work cannot be accounted for by this general rubric. Finlay saw concrete poetry as a means of casting off Scottish literary tradition, but also of embodying an immutable vision of aesthetic and ethical order, using a marriage of the visual and linguistic to emphasise links between disparate ideas and things. However, his restless reconfiguration of poetry’s visual-physical aspects ultimately resulted in a re-separation of word and image which, together with an increasing historical-mindedness, ended his attachment to the style. Morgan, by contrast, used concrete poetry to redefine rather than repel Scottish literary culture, and was a more context-focused poet, using concrete grammar – whose sonic possibilities he exploited more than Finlay – to depict specific communicative scenarios, and thus to register ethical and political imperatives, often reflecting Scottish nationalist ideals. The emphasis on semantics common to Morgan and Finlay’s work, reflecting relative fidelity to classical principles, is overridden in Houédard’s concrete poetry, which came to employ a grammar of abstract visual motifs in which linguistic meaning was subsumed, related as much to apophatic theology as to classical concrete. For Cobbing too, concrete became a means of evading language, in his case to access a transcendent realm of “intermedial” poetry equally related to language’s sonic and visual dimensions, and influenced by various contemporary artforms, and by counter-cultural ideals. However, Cobbing’s emphasis on performing poems, and the reintegration of semantics into his work throughout this period, led by the early 1970s to an alternative poetic ideal of relativity.

Dans l'industrie aéronautique, la génération d'énergie dépend presque exclusivement de la combustion d'hydrocarbures. La meilleure façon d'améliorer le rendement de ces systèmes et de contrôler leur impact environnemental, est d'optimiser le processus de combustion. Avec la croissance continue du de la puissance des calculateurs, la simulation des systèmes complexes est devenue abordable. Jusqu'à très récemment dans les applications industrielles le rayonnement des gaz et la conduction de chaleur dans les solides ont été négligés. Dans ce travail les outils nécessaires à la résolution couplée des trois modes de transfert de chaleur ont été développés et ont été utilisés pour l'étude d'une chambre de combustion d'hélicoptère. On montre que l'inclusion de tous les modes de transfert de chaleur peut influencer la distribution de température dans le domaine. Les outils numériques et la méthodologie de couplage développés ouvrent maintenant la voie à un bon nombre d'applications tant scientifiques que technologiques.

To categorise people is by society viewed as a basic cognitive process. The process is described to occur frequently. The purpose of this study was to investigate teachers experience and views concerning the categorization "we and them", and its relationship to the education of religion. The study aims to explore how the categorisation is expressed and valued. The study also aims to investigate the relationship between the teaching and the student groups heterogeneity/homogeneity, but also the relationship between the categorisation and the teaching. The data was conducted true semi-structured interviews with experienced teachers. The results of the study showed that "we and them" exist in the education of religion. The results of the study did not show an unambiguous perception of how the categorisation is expressed and viewed. The result also showed that the heterogeneity, alternatively homogeneity, of the student groups affects the education. The result also showed that the categorisation is affected by the heterogeneity or homogeneity, of the student groups. / Att kategorisera människor betraktas i den samtida kontexten som en av människans grundläggande kognitiva processer. Kategoriseringen och därmed indelning av människor är en ständigt pågående process. Syftet med denna studie är där av att undersöka i vilken utsträckning kategoriseringen av ett "vi" tillika ett "dom" är påtaglig i dagens religionsundervisning. Studien ämnar att undersöka religionslärares erfarenheter och åsikter kring en eventuell kategorisering av "vi och dom " i religionsundervisningen. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur en eventuell kategorisering av "vi och dom" yttrar sig och hur kategoriseringen värderas. Tillika syftar studien till att undersöka hur religionsundervisningen påverkas om elevgruppen är heterogen alternativt homogen, samt vilken betydelse heterogena-/homogena elevgrupper spelar för den eventuella kategoriseringen. Empirin erhölls genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med erfarna religionslärare. Studiens resultat visade att kategoriseringen "vi och dom" existerar i religionsundervisningen. Resultatet visade inte på någon entydig uppfattning rörande hur kategoriseringen yttrar sig tillika värderas. Vidare visade resultatet att religionsundervisningen påverkas utifrån elevgruppens heterogenitet alternativt homogenitet. Resultatet visade tillika att kategoriseringen "vi och dom" yttrar sig på olika vis, beroende på om religionsundervisningen bedrivs i en heterogen- eller en homogen elevgrupp.

Examensarbetet behandlar påföljdskonkurrens i iterativa tillämpningssituationer som regleras i 34 kap. brottsbalken. Syftet är att undersöka om 34 kap. motsvarar vad som åsyftades med den reform som genomfördes år 2016. Därutöver avser jag att undersöka vilka teorier och principer som kommer till uttryck genom de nya reglerna och hur dessa överensstämmer med påföljdssystemet i stort. Den använda metoden är rättsdogmatisk. Arbetets slutsatser är att de nya 34 kap. uppfyller reformens syften avseende konsekvent behandling av återfall och i det att en fällande doms principiella betydelse kommer till uttryck. Reformen innebär delvis en förenkling av reglerna, men kapitlet är fortfarande komplicerat och reformen bidrar också med vissa nya svårigheter. Reformen ger också uttryck för bestraffningens kommunikativa funktion. 34 kap. står bättre i överensstämmelse med påföljdssystemet efter reformen än innan. Den inneboende motsättningen mellan återfallsskärpning och proportionalitet är  emellertid problematisk inom 34 kap. liksom den är inom den centrala påföljdsbestämningen.

Dans l'industrie aéronautique, la génération d'énergie dépend presque exclusivement de la combustion d'hydrocarbures. La meilleure façon d'améliorer le rendement de ces systèmes et de contrôler leur impact environnemental, est d'optimiser le processus de combustion. Avec la croissance continue du de la puissance des calculateurs, la simulation des systèmes complexes est devenue abordable. Jusqu'à très récemment dans les applications industrielles le rayonnement des gaz et la conduction de chaleur dans les solides ont été négligés. Dans ce travail les outils nécessaires à la résolution couplée des trois modes de transfert de chaleur ont été développés et ont été utilisés pour l'étude d'une chambre de combustion d'hélicoptère. On montre que l'inclusion de tous les modes de transfert de chaleur peut influencer la distribution de température dans le domaine. Les outils numériques et la méthodologie de couplage développés ouvrent maintenant la voie à un bon nombre d'applications tant scientifiques que technologiques. / In the aeronautical industry, energy generation relies almost exclusively in the combustion of hydrocarbons. The best way to improve the efficiency of such systems, while controlling their environmental impact, is to optimize the combustion process. With the continuous rise of computational power, simulations of complex combustion systems have become feasible, but until recently in industrial applications radiation and heat conduction were neglected. In the present work the numerical tools necessary for the coupled resolution of the three heat transfer modes have been developed and applied to the study of an helicopter combustion chamber. It is shown that the inclusion of all heat transfer modes can influence the temperature repartition in the domain. The numerical tools and the coupling methodology developed are now opening the way to a good number of scientific and engineering applications.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to define the basic features of traditional Mongolian treatment guidelines, with an emphasis on traditions of non-buddhist treatment. The main attention was paid to the healing method "dom", which stands on the border between folk medicine and magic, and is part of Mongolian cultural traditions. The first chapter "Classification of Mongolian traditional medicine" is dedicated to arranging the division of medical techniques in Mongolian territory and tries to set the techniques into historical context. The second chapter "Healing Tradition in the territory of Mongolia" focuses on the description of each treatment technique. The third chapter is devoted to the treatment of the Mongolian tradition called "dom". Since the Western literature refers to "dom" as magic, attention is paid first to magic. The second part consists of interviews on the issue and the definition of "dom" recorded in Mongolia and the final part follows with concrete examples of the "dom" set within the wider context of traditional methods of medical treatment. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

De flyktingströmmar som drabbat både Europa och Sverige på senare år har gjort att integrationsarbetet i kommunerna kommit att bli en viktig del i deras arbete att inkludera nya individer i samhället. Syftet med vår uppsats är att lyfta fram hur integrationen av nyanlända ser ut i olika kommuner i Sverige och målet är att belysa de svårigheter och ambitionen är att påvisa vikten av att inkluderas i samhället på ett tidigt stadie. Studien är kvalitativ och med hjälp av intervjuer tolkades sedan materialet. Vi bearbetade materialet utifrån teorierna Elias & Scotsons etablerade och outsiders och Bourdieus sociala kapital samt Ahrne & Papakostas om organisationer där studien visar att det finns svårigheter med fördomar och rykten, socialt kapital och organisationers samt politikens betydelse för inkludering i samhället. Materialet visade både på ett positivt och negativt sätt om hur kommunerna arbetar med integration och inkludering av nyanlända. Vår studie tyder på att kommunerna arbetar intensivt med integrationsarbetet men de befinner sig på olika nivåer. Sammantaget visar det sig att ett mindre samarbete förekommer mellan organisationerna Migrationsverket och kommunen vilket kan resultera till en sämre integration av de nyanlända. / The refugees suffered both in Europe and Sweden in recent years and has made integration work in the municipalities to become an important part of their work to include new individuals in society. The purpose of this essay is to highlight how the integration of immigrants looks in different municipalities in Sweden and the aims is to demonstrate the importance of being included in the community at an early stage. The study is qualitative and with the help of our interviews we interpreted the material. We processed the material based on the theories Elias & Scotsons established and outsiders and Bourdieu's social capital and Ahrne & Papakostas about organizations and the study shows that there are difficulties with prejudice and rumors, social capital and organizations and policy essential for inclusion in society. The material showed both positive and negative ways on how municipalities work with integration and inclusion of immigrants. Our study suggests that municipalities are working intensively on integration, but they are at different levels over all. It turns out that there are a minor co-operation between the organization Immigration Service and the municipality, which may result in a lower integration of the immigrants.

Les milieux littéraires fleurissent au siècle des Lumières sous la forme de cafés, de clubs, de salons, ou de façon plus institutionnalisée avec les académies et les sociétés savantes dont le nombre ne cesse de croître, tandis que les célèbres Congrégations de Saint-Vanne et de Saint-Maur exhortent leurs religieux à poursuivre l'oeuvre des illustres académies monastiques mises en place au siècle précédent. Cette dernière mission tient tout particulièrement à coeur à Dom Augustin Calmet, bénédictin lorrain connu dans toute l'Europe pour son oeuvre littéraire monumentale qui aborde à la fois l'exégèse, l'histoire et les curiosités, et pour les dignités qu'il a occupées au sein de la Congrégation de Saint-Vanne. Son élection à l'abbatiat de la riche et influente abbaye de Senones, dans les Vosges, le 9 juillet 1728, lui permet de concrétiser toutes ses ambitions. Le monastère, déjà ouvert sur le monde des Lettres par ses prédécesseurs, notamment Dom Mathieu Petitdidier, accueille l'érudit qui va développer dans ce foyer de spiritualité toutes les activités propres à un milieu littéraire : écriture, copie de textes, échange et commerce de livres, gestion de la bibliothèque, critique littéraire, liens avec l'édition. Qui mieux est, ces activités littéraires participent à l'ouverture de l'abbaye sur le monde qui l'entoure déjà favorisée par sa situation géographique et politique. Les correspondances de Dom Calmet et de son neveu et coadjuteur, Dom Fangé, témoignent du rayonnement de l'abbé de Senones auprès de ses contemporains religieux ou laïques, en Lorraine, en France et en Europe, et de ses relations avec les Grands et avec les académies. L'influence de Dom Calmet sur les philosophes des Lumières, notamment Voltaire, et son intérêt porté aux principales controverses de son siècle sur la Bible, le surnaturel et l'histoire, transforment ce milieu « littéraire » en un milieu éclairé digne de son temps. / During the Age of Enlightenment literary gatherings flourished in the form of cafés, clubs, salons, or of more institutionalized venues such as academies and learned societies which proliferated in number. Meanwhile the famous Congregations of Saint-Vanne and of Saint-Maur exhorted their religious to carry on the work of the illustrious monastic academies created in the previous century. This latter mission was particularly valued by Dom Augustin Calmet, a Benedictine from Lorraine. Calmet was renowned throught Europe for his monumental literary work, which approaches at once exegesis, history as well as curiosities, and for his positions and titles held in the Congregation of Saint-Vanne. His election on 9 July 1728 at the head of the rich and influential abbey of Senones, in the Vosges, allowed him to realize his ambitions. The monastery, which had already been opened to the world of letters by his predecessors, and by Dom Mathieu Petitdidier in particular, welcomed the erudite Benedictine. In this centre of spirituality Dom Calmet would develop all the activities peculiar to a literary milieu : writing, copy of texts, exchange and trade of books, management of the library, literary criticism, and connections with publishers. These literary activities, moreover, took part in the opening of the abbey on its surrounding world already favoured by its geographical and political position. The correspondence of Dom Calmet and of his nephew and coadjutor Dom Fangé attests to the influence of the Abbot of Senones on his religious or secular contemporaries in Lorraine, in France and in Europe, and to his relations with the Greats and the Academies. Dom Calmet's impact on the philosophers of the Enlightenment, and on Voltaire in particular, as well as his interest in the chief biblical controversies of his time, the supernatural and the history, transformed this "literary" milieu into an enlightened one deserving its century.