The aim of this thesis is to make a survey of vegetation present on permanent plots in the restored flood plain of the Hučina stream. Another a im is to compare the results with the results of Lazárková (2012), who studied the area before the restoration. The thesis includes also a herbarium and photo-herbarium demonstrating traits of the plant species. The study was conducted on 26 permanent plots laid on three transects. Permanent plots occurred in grasslandareas, in a woodyareas and the streambed. I created a list of all plant species and their abundances on each plot, separately for the moss, herb, bush and tree layers. . Overall, 48 plant species were found.

O Direito Internacional da Concorrência é o ramo do direito que protege o exercício da liberdade de concorrência. Liberdade esta que, com o desenvolvimento do mundo globalizado, vem sendo atacada pelas multinacionais, causando prejuízo às economias tanto locais quanto internacionais, assim como aos consumidores, se fazendo necessária a intervenção estatal para regulação desses conflitos. Entretanto, emerge um novo conflito quando o Estado detém o controle acionário de uma empresa, como é o caso das empresas estatais. Tal panorama vem se agravando e causando conflitos concorrenciais no cenário global. A China, país em que tradicionalmente o governo detinha controle de todas as empresas nele constituídas, após a abertura de mercado, vem adotando constantes reformas de políticas de mercado com o viés de introduzir a alta tecnologia e expandir as relações comerciais com os demais países do mundo. Hodiernamente, após as reformas comerciais e estruturais das empresas estatais, a China determinou que setores-chave considerados importantes para segurança econômica chinesa serão de controle estatal, isto é, com monopólio estatal. Isto posto, a presente investigação procurou verificar se as empresas estatais chinesas estariam abusando de sua posição dominante para além das fronteiras e infringindo, sobretudo, a própria legislação concorrencial da China, cuja promulgação fora exigida pelos demais membros da Organização Mundial do Comércio. A investigação se dividiu em três partes essenciais: primeiro sobre as transformações econômicas, mercantis, sociais e jurídicas chinesas, principalmente no período posterior ao século XX; na segunda parte, se tratou do direito concorrencial na China, confrontando-o com as empresas estatais; e no último capítulo, foram verificados casos administrativos e judiciais perante os órgãos de regulamentação concorrencial. Pretendeu-se, pelo método dedutivo de pesquisa, verificar se a dicotomia formada entre a proteção governamental às empresas estatais fere a liberdade de um mercado competitivo. Buscou-se, assim, verificar se a atividade das empresas estatais chinesas ocupou fatia relevante de mercado a ponto de abusar da sua posição dominante e se é a China um palco para a aplicação de penalidades, visando à ordem e à liberdade concorrencial. Conclui-se que ocorre tratamento desigual na imposição de penalidades por práticas de abuso de posição dominante quando se tratam de empresas estrangeiras e empresas estatais chinesas. Denotou-se por meio da análise casuística que os esforços dos órgãos de fiscalização concorrencial chineses no combate a práticas anticoncorrenciais são alcançados, até o presente momento, quando versam sobre empresas estrangeiras, enquanto que as empresas estatais recebem tratamento dessemelhante e permissivo às práticas monopolistas. / The International Competition Law is the law that protects the freedom of competition. Freedom of which, with the development of the globalized world, comes under attack by multinationals, causing damage to the economies both local and international, as well as consumers, making it necessary the state intervention to regulate these conflicts. However, emerges into a new conflict when the state holds a controlling stake of the company, such as state-owned enterprises. This scenario has been growing worse and causing conflicts competitive on the global stage. China, which traditionally held control of all companies set up in it, after the opening of the market, has been adopting constant market policy reforms with the bias to introduce high technology and expanding trade relations with other countries worldwide. In our times, after trade and structural reforms of state-owned enterprises, China has determined that key sectors of the economy considered important to China's economic security will be of state control. Accordingly, the present investigation sought to ascertain whether chinese state-owned enterprises were abusing their dominant position beyond the borders and in particular violating China's own competition law, which was demanded by the other members of the World Trade Organization The investigation was divided into three essential parts: first on the chinese economic, mercantile, social and legal transformations, mainly in the period after the twentieth century; on the second part, it dealt with competition law in China, confronting it with state enterprises; and in the last chapter, administrative and judicial cases were verified before the regulatory bodies of competition. It was intended, by the deductive method of research, to verify if the dichotomy formed between governmental protection of state-owned enterprises hurts the freedom of a competitive market. It was therefore sought to ascertain whether the activity of Chinese state-owned enterprises occupied a relevant market share to the extent of abusing its dominant position and whether China is a stage for the application of penalties for order and competitive freedom. It is concluded that there is unequal treatment in the imposition of consequences for abuse of dominant positions when dealing with foreign companies and chinese state-owned enterprises. The case-by-case analysis has shown that the efforts of Chinese competition authorities in the fight against anticompetitive practices have so far been reached when dealing with foreign companies, while state-owned enterprises are treated differently and permissively from monopoly practices.

Submitted by KARINE DUTRA ROCHA VIANA null (karidutra@hotmail.com) on 2016-06-19T02:37:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final Karine Dutra Rocha Viana.pdf: 4402952 bytes, checksum: 3f1548fe06e307d131540a1004d28153 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: Inserir a data de defesa na folha de aprovação. Corrija estas informações e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-06-21T20:11:48Z (GMT) / Submitted by KARINE DUTRA ROCHA VIANA null (karidutra@hotmail.com) on 2016-06-21T21:52:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação final Karine Dutra R. V..pdf: 4401459 bytes, checksum: c5e75833e3c5ed0d475d1e8e2a27ead2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-22T16:52:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 viana_kdr_me_arafcl.pdf: 4401459 bytes, checksum: c5e75833e3c5ed0d475d1e8e2a27ead2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T16:52:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 viana_kdr_me_arafcl.pdf: 4401459 bytes, checksum: c5e75833e3c5ed0d475d1e8e2a27ead2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-09 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objeto de pesquisa desta dissertação consiste em analisar, a partir da sociologia relacional de Pierre Bourdieu, como os discursos adotados pelas Escolas de Negócios (FGV-EAESP e Chicago Booth School of Business) contribuem para a consolidação de crenças dominantes no campo da Administração, e por qual motivo estes discursos são capazes de sensibilizar estudantes, majoritariamente provenientes de uma fração da elite do estado de São Paulo. Deste modo, busco trazer elementos das pesquisas empíricas desenvolvidas tanto no Brasil quanto nos EUA, de modo a estabelecer comparações principalmente entre os discursos e as crenças difundidas por estas Escolas. Assim, o estudo ora apresentado aponta que, para além da constatação de que tais instituições são formadas por agentes provenientes de uma elite educacional e econômica, situada principalmente no estado de São Paulo, é preciso considerar em que medida a posição profissional e as redes das quais estes agentes participam são capazes de criar e difundir crenças hegemônicas tanto no âmbito dos mercados quanto na formulação de ideias e teorias científicas no campo da Administração e da Economia. / The research object of this dissertation is to analyze, from the relational sociology of Pierre Bourdieu, how the discourse adopted by business schools (FGV-EAESP and Chicago Booth) contribute to the consolidation of dominant beliefs in the field of Administration, and for what reason these discourses are able to sensitize students, mostly from a fraction of the elite of the State of São Paulo in Brazil. In this way, I seek to bring elements of empirical research developed both in Brazil and in the USA, in order to draw comparisons between the discourses and the beliefs disseminated by these schools. Thus, the study presented here shows that, apart from the fact that such institutions are formed by agents from an educational and economic elite, located mainly in the state of São Paulo, one must consider to what extent the professional position and the networks of which these agents participate are able to create and disseminate hegemonic beliefs both in the markets and in the formulation of ideas and scientific theories in the field of Administration and Economics. / FAPESP: 2013/19448-1

O Direito Internacional da Concorrência é o ramo do direito que protege o exercício da liberdade de concorrência. Liberdade esta que, com o desenvolvimento do mundo globalizado, vem sendo atacada pelas multinacionais, causando prejuízo às economias tanto locais quanto internacionais, assim como aos consumidores, se fazendo necessária a intervenção estatal para regulação desses conflitos. Entretanto, emerge um novo conflito quando o Estado detém o controle acionário de uma empresa, como é o caso das empresas estatais. Tal panorama vem se agravando e causando conflitos concorrenciais no cenário global. A China, país em que tradicionalmente o governo detinha controle de todas as empresas nele constituídas, após a abertura de mercado, vem adotando constantes reformas de políticas de mercado com o viés de introduzir a alta tecnologia e expandir as relações comerciais com os demais países do mundo. Hodiernamente, após as reformas comerciais e estruturais das empresas estatais, a China determinou que setores-chave considerados importantes para segurança econômica chinesa serão de controle estatal, isto é, com monopólio estatal. Isto posto, a presente investigação procurou verificar se as empresas estatais chinesas estariam abusando de sua posição dominante para além das fronteiras e infringindo, sobretudo, a própria legislação concorrencial da China, cuja promulgação fora exigida pelos demais membros da Organização Mundial do Comércio. A investigação se dividiu em três partes essenciais: primeiro sobre as transformações econômicas, mercantis, sociais e jurídicas chinesas, principalmente no período posterior ao século XX; na segunda parte, se tratou do direito concorrencial na China, confrontando-o com as empresas estatais; e no último capítulo, foram verificados casos administrativos e judiciais perante os órgãos de regulamentação concorrencial. Pretendeu-se, pelo método dedutivo de pesquisa, verificar se a dicotomia formada entre a proteção governamental às empresas estatais fere a liberdade de um mercado competitivo. Buscou-se, assim, verificar se a atividade das empresas estatais chinesas ocupou fatia relevante de mercado a ponto de abusar da sua posição dominante e se é a China um palco para a aplicação de penalidades, visando à ordem e à liberdade concorrencial. Conclui-se que ocorre tratamento desigual na imposição de penalidades por práticas de abuso de posição dominante quando se tratam de empresas estrangeiras e empresas estatais chinesas. Denotou-se por meio da análise casuística que os esforços dos órgãos de fiscalização concorrencial chineses no combate a práticas anticoncorrenciais são alcançados, até o presente momento, quando versam sobre empresas estrangeiras, enquanto que as empresas estatais recebem tratamento dessemelhante e permissivo às práticas monopolistas. / The International Competition Law is the law that protects the freedom of competition. Freedom of which, with the development of the globalized world, comes under attack by multinationals, causing damage to the economies both local and international, as well as consumers, making it necessary the state intervention to regulate these conflicts. However, emerges into a new conflict when the state holds a controlling stake of the company, such as state-owned enterprises. This scenario has been growing worse and causing conflicts competitive on the global stage. China, which traditionally held control of all companies set up in it, after the opening of the market, has been adopting constant market policy reforms with the bias to introduce high technology and expanding trade relations with other countries worldwide. In our times, after trade and structural reforms of state-owned enterprises, China has determined that key sectors of the economy considered important to China's economic security will be of state control. Accordingly, the present investigation sought to ascertain whether chinese state-owned enterprises were abusing their dominant position beyond the borders and in particular violating China's own competition law, which was demanded by the other members of the World Trade Organization The investigation was divided into three essential parts: first on the chinese economic, mercantile, social and legal transformations, mainly in the period after the twentieth century; on the second part, it dealt with competition law in China, confronting it with state enterprises; and in the last chapter, administrative and judicial cases were verified before the regulatory bodies of competition. It was intended, by the deductive method of research, to verify if the dichotomy formed between governmental protection of state-owned enterprises hurts the freedom of a competitive market. It was therefore sought to ascertain whether the activity of Chinese state-owned enterprises occupied a relevant market share to the extent of abusing its dominant position and whether China is a stage for the application of penalties for order and competitive freedom. It is concluded that there is unequal treatment in the imposition of consequences for abuse of dominant positions when dealing with foreign companies and chinese state-owned enterprises. The case-by-case analysis has shown that the efforts of Chinese competition authorities in the fight against anticompetitive practices have so far been reached when dealing with foreign companies, while state-owned enterprises are treated differently and permissively from monopoly practices.

I have studied arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis of 44 herbaceous invasive neophytes occuring in the Czech Republic. My results show that about 70% of the examined species are capable to form symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the field. To my knowledge, mycorrhizal status of 23 invasive species is reported here for the first time. I predicted, based on the hypothesis of Urcelay & Díaz (2003), that the intensity of AMF in the roots of invasive species will be correlated with that of the native dominant species of invaded plant community, but collected data did not support this hypothesis. In addition, the effects of habitat and community characteristics on the intensity of AMF colonization of the invasive species{\crq} roots were tested. My results show that, at the within-species level, plants in the habitats with higher light and temperature conditions have less colonized roots whereas intensity of mycorrhizal colonization increases with habitat moisture. At the among-species level, invasive species occurring in the habitats with elevated nitrogen availability have higher mycorrhizal colonization of their roots. The effect of nitrogen availability is revealed at the among-species level and stays significant even after phylogenetic correction, suggesting this is an evolutionary adaptation rather than a phenotypic plasticity.

abstract: Metal hydride materials have been intensively studied for hydrogen storage applications. In addition to potential hydrogen economy applications, metal hydrides offer a wide variety of other interesting properties. For example, hydrogen-dominant materials, which are hydrides with the highest hydrogen content for a particular metal/semimetal composition, are predicted to display high-temperature superconductivity. On the other side of the spectrum are hydrides with small amounts of hydrogen (0.1 - 1 at.%) that are investigated as viable magnetic, thermoelectric or semiconducting materials. Research of metal hydride materials is generally important to gain fundamental understanding of metal-hydrogen interactions in materials. Hydrogenation of Zintl phases, which are defined as compounds between an active metal (alkali, alkaline earth, rare earth) and a p-block metal/semimetal, were attempted by a hot sintering method utilizing an autoclave loaded with gaseous hydrogen (< 9 MPa). Hydride formation competes with oxidative decomposition of a Zintl phase. The oxidative decomposition, which leads to a mixture of binary active metal hydride and p-block element, was observed for investigated aluminum (Al) and gallium (Ga) containing Zintl phases. However, a new phase Li2Al was discovered when Zintl phase precursors were synthesized. Using the single crystal x-ray diffraction (SCXRD), the Li2Al was found to crystallize in an orthorhombic unit cell (Cmcm) with the lattice parameters a = 4.6404(8) &Aring;, b = 9.719(2) &Aring;, and c = 4.4764(8) &Aring;. Increased demand for materials with improved properties necessitates the exploration of alternative synthesis methods. Conventional metal hydride synthesis methods, like ball-milling and autoclave technique, are not responding to the demands of finding new materials. A viable alternative synthesis method is the application of high pressure for the preparation of hydrogen-dominant materials. Extreme pressures in the gigapascal ranges can open access to new metal hydrides with novel structures and properties, because of the drastically increased chemical potential of hydrogen. Pressures up to 10 GPa can be easily achieved using the multi-anvil (MA) hydrogenations while maintaining sufficient sample volume for structure and property characterization. Gigapascal MA hydrogenations using ammonia borane (BH3NH3) as an internal hydrogen source were employed in the search for new hydrogen-dominant materials. Ammonia borane has high gravimetric volume of hydrogen, and additionally the thermally activated decomposition at high pressures lead to a complete hydrogen release at reasonably low temperature. These properties make ammonia borane a desired hydrogen source material. The missing member Li2PtH6 of the series of A2PtH6 compounds (A = Na to Cs) was accessed by employing MA technique. As the known heavier analogs, the Li2PtH6 also crystallizes in a cubic K2PtCl6-type structure with a cell edge length of 6.7681(3) &Aring;. Further gigapascal hydrogenations afforded the compounds K2SiH6 and Rb2SiH6 which are isostructural to Li2PtH6. The cubic K2SiH6 and Rb2SiH6 are built from unique hypervalent SiH62- entities with the lattice parameters of 7.8425(9) and 8.1572(4) &Aring;, respectively. Spectroscopic analysis of hexasilicides confirmed the presence of hypervalent bonding. The Si-H stretching frequencies at 1550 cm-1 appeared considerably decreased in comparison with a normal-valent (2e2c) Si-H stretching frequencies in SiH4 at around 2200 cm-1. However, the observed stretching modes in hypervalent hexasilicides were in a reasonable agreement with Ph3SiH2- (1520 cm-1) where the hydrogen has the axial (3e4c bonded) position in the trigoal bipyramidal environment. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Chemistry 2013

Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, Instituto de Ciências Humanas e da Informação, 2010. / Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-24T14:53:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao rozele borges nunes.pdf: 1401229 bytes, checksum: 2c0ef2d541e53e3406f430c3506ffa71 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-08-03T22:23:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao rozele borges nunes.pdf: 1401229 bytes, checksum: 2c0ef2d541e53e3406f430c3506ffa71 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-03T22:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao rozele borges nunes.pdf: 1401229 bytes, checksum: 2c0ef2d541e53e3406f430c3506ffa71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / A pesquisa se propôs a investigar as relações entre escola e cultura no município de Dom Feliciano. A problemática centra-se em responder como a escola pública de Dom Feliciano, com ênfase na disciplina de Geografia, trabalha com a diversidade cultural dos alunos. Para isso teve na Escola Estadual de Ensino Fundamental e Médio Dom Feliciano seu contexto investigativo, por constituir um espaço que abriga alunos oriundos de todas as localidades do município. Dessa forma foi possível caracterizar a diversidade cultural dos alunos, através de sua representatividade, manifestada na religião, linguagem, etnia e hábitos culturais, abordando também a sua origem, no caso, rural ou urbano. O direcionamento da pesquisa enfocou-se em analisar como acontece na escola a interação com os hábitos de culturas diferentes, verificando se existem preconceitos e discriminações. A revisão bibliográfica embasou-se em problematizar como ocorre a consolidação da ideologia dominante na sociedade e a contribuição da escola para dar sequência a essa padronização, vinculada às relações de poder estabelecidas sobre a cultura. Através de um olhar crítico procurou identificar o conceito de cultura, de multiculturalidade e de diversidade cultural, embasado na perspectiva freireana que procurou explanar as categorias analíticas que fizeram parte da investigação da realidade dos alunos no cotidiano escolar, como opressão e invasão cultural. Utilizou-se de uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa e quantitativa e dos seguintes procedimentos para a coleta de dados: análise documental, entrevistas semi-estruturada com a professora e direção, entrevistas estruturadas com os alunos e num segundo momento uma nova pesquisa com os casos mais representativos que participaram da primeira parte das entrevistas, onde foram aplicadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas e questionário sócio-econômico com os alunos. Ao final são informados os resultados da investigação onde se verificou a dicotomia existente entre a teoria e a prática nas aulas de Geografia, o campo de preconceitos e discriminações que se gerem no ambiente escolar e o total ocultamento à cultura rural na qual os alunos deram fortes indícios de opressão e invasão escolar. Como consequência desse processo foi identificada também evasão escolar dos alunos provenientes da zona rural. Dessa forma, a cultura está dissociada da escola que não utiliza a diversidade existente como objeto para desenvolver uma perspectiva de educação multicultural. / The research proposed to investigate the relations between school and culture in Dom Feliciano. The issue focuses on answering how Dom Feliciano’s public school, with emphasis in Geography, works with the cultural diversity of the students. For this, its investigative context happened in the State Primary and Secondary School Dom Feliciano because it is a space formed by students from every localities of the county. This way it was possible to characterize the cultural diversity of the students, through its representativeness, shown in religion, language, ethnicity and cultural habits, approaching also its origin, in this case rural or urban. The research direction focused on analyzing how the interaction with different cultural habits occurs, verifying if there is prejudice and discrimination. The bibliography review was based upon understanding how the consolidation of the dominant ideology in society occurs and the school contribution to continue this standardization, linked to power relations established over culture. Through a critical view this researched made an attempt to identify the concept of culture, multiculturality and cultural diversity, based on the freireana perspective which tried to explain the analytical categories that was part of the students’ reality in everyday school life, such as oppression and cultural invasion. A qualitative and a quantitative methodological approaches were used and the following procedures to data collection: documentary analysis, semi-structured interview with the teacher and the school management, structured interview with the students and in a second time a new research with the most representative cases that were part of the first interviews, in which semi-structured interview and socio-economic questionnaire were applied with the students. In the end the investigation results are informed in which an alive dichotomy between the theory and the practice was verified in Geography classes, the prejudice and discrimination field created in school environment and the total concealment to rural culture in which the students shown strong evidence of oppression and school invasion. As consequence of this process a school evasion was also identified from students who originate from countryside. This way, the culture is dissociated from school which does not use the existent diversity as an object to develop a perspective of multicultural education.

Este trabalho propõe-se a apresentar uma análise discursiva dos jornais Folha de S. Paulo e O Globo, durante a eleição presidencial de 2006, para verificar como esses meios de comunicação construíram o seu jogo discursivo nesse período. Para isso, foram analisadas 50 capas do O Globo e 80 da Folha de S. Paulo, de agosto a outubro. Porém, foram separadas 10 edições de cada impresso de forma aleatória devido à quantidade excessiva dos periódicos. A escolha desses jornais ocorreu pelo fato de serem considerados os mais vendidos do país e por pertencerem aos estados de maior influência nacional: Rio e São Paulo. A análise foi feita nas primeiras páginas, pois são vistas não só por leitores dessas mídias, mas por várias pessoas que passam pelas bancas diariamente. Esta pesquisa se fundamenta, principalmente, na teoria da ADF (Análise de Discurso de Linha Francesa), pois esclarece como ocorre o funcionamento dos veículos de comunicação. É, também, a partir da história da imprensa, dos jornais O Globo e Folha, que é possível compreender a relação desses veículos com a verdade, como esses a produzem. Os jornais, aparelhos ideológicos de Estado, divulgam a verdade construída, permitida, por uma classe sempre dominante. Os resultados comprovaram que os dois impressos construíram um discurso para beneficiar determinado candidato e prejudicar outro. Para isso, mascararam os aspectos negativos de um e evidenciaram os do oponente. / This work intend to show a discursive analysis of Folha de S. Paulo and O Globo, in the course of presidential election of 2006, to verify how these media built a discursive game in this time. Then 50 cape of Globo and 80 of Folha de S. Paulo was analyzed, between august and October. However, 10 editions were a random separated. The choice of these newspapers is because of these presses are considerate the most sold of Brasil and belong of the bigger importance states of nation: Rio and S. Paulo. This analysis was made in the first page of newspapers, because it can be seen only not its readers, any kind of people that goes to the newsstand everyday. This research use ADF tool (French line of Discourse Analysis), because it can explain how can be performance of these media. Trough press history could be possible understand better the relationship between media and truth, how these presses build this. The newspapers, ideological instrument of State, propagate the built truth, allowed, for always dominant class. The resulted showed that these newspapers built a discourse to benefit a candidate and prejudice the other. Then, these media masked negative aspects about one and evidenced these of opponent concurrent.

Neste texto nós discutimos o fluxo de energia em reações hadrônicas e em fotoprodução. Apresentamos um modelo de produção de partículas com o qual é fácil estudar a deposição de energia na região central e o efeito de partícula dominante. Analisamos dados de produção de partículas carregadas e charrnosas em várias energias. Discutimos o papel individual das interações soft e semi-hard. Fazemos, entre outras, a previsão de que a energia mais altas, uma fração maior da energia das colisões será depositada na região central e, como consequência, a assimetria observada na produção de charme vai diminuir. Estudamos e propomos um teste experimental para a produção de mesons pesados a partir da fragmentação de quarks leves. / We present and apply to several situations a model for particle production. With this model it is possible to understand the energy flow in hadronic reactíons, in photoproduction and also ma.ke predictions for the behaviour of some observables at higher energies. It is also possible to study the individual contributions of soft and semíhard interactions and the individual contributions coming from the central and fragmentation regions. We analyse charged and charmed particle production data at several energies. We predíct, among other things, that an increasing fraction of the reaction energy is going to be released in the central region. As a consequence the asymmetry observed in charm production will decrease. We study and propose as experimental test to heavy meson production from light quark fragmentation.

The purpose of this study is to examine ordinary people’s resistance against the king and queen between the years of 1718 and 1790 in Sweden. This is done by examining court cases of treasonous and defamatory words used against the king and queen. The criticism and resistance towards the king and queen are analysed and compared to see how men and women in powerful positions were perceived differently. This essay also tries to answer how the dominant elite respond to the resistance. To analyse the everyday resistance, James C. Scott’s theories about hidden and public transcript are used. Criticism against the royal family was illegal in 18th century Sweden and was therefore often spoken in private settings. When the criticism or defamation was spoken in public places, it was often the result of drunkenness, outbursts of strong feelings or mental illness. The resistance found in these words can also be publicly displayed when the sender was disguised, either by anonymous texts or using a physical disguise. The king was the main subject of the critique; in 17 of 21 cases the king was criticised and the queen in 6 cases. These numbers includes cases where both were criticised. Criticism against the king often concerned political issues or a person’s discontent about something. In contrast, the queen was subject to slander against her character. The king was also more often represented as an abstract power figure in the analysed cases. This is connected to the king’s formal power, whereas the queen’s power was more informal. Both the king and queen was criticised for their reckless spending, since society’s divisions affected both men and women. Class also affected how the resistance was performed, where people from higher classes gave written criticism and lower classes tended to express their criticism more spontaneously.