Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka attityder som finns bland recipienter och donatorer angående de riktlinjer som bör efterföljas för ägg- och spermiedonation. Syftet var även att undersöka om det finns skillnader i attityder inom grupperna recipienter kvinnor respektive män och donatorer till huruvida barnet har rätt att få kunskap om sitt ursprung. Studien blev en del av ett stort nationellt projekt. Data samlades in med enkäter som berörde de tidigare beskrivna områdena. Enkäterna var utformade med påståenden att ta ställning till som ”instämmer” eller ”instämmer inte”. Antal deltagare var 333 stycken och data samlades in från april 2005 till och med våren 2008. Huvudresultatet som framkom i studien var att för donatorernas attityder gällande barnets rätt att få kunskap om sitt ursprung så visade det sig att kvinnorna var i flera påståenden i signifikant högre grad mer positiva än männen. I resultatet angående attityder till riktlinjer som bör efterföljas för könscellsdonation så hade recipienter och donatorer snarlika inställningar, om än inte fullt ut. Gällande för recipienter så var det endast kvinnorna som hade en signifikant skillnad i ett påstående, i övrigt fanns det inga skillnader för de båda grupperna i attityderna till barnets rätt att få kunskap om sitt ursprung. / The purpose of the study was to describe what attitudes there were among recipients and donors about the guiding principles that should comply with oocyte- and sperm donation. The purpose was also to investigate if there were any differences within the groups of recipient women and men and the donor group considering disclosure to the child about their origin. The study became a part of a national project. Data were collected with questionnaire that included earlier described aspects. It was formed with statements to take stands towards in form of “agree” or “disagree”. Number of participants were 333 and data were collected from April 2005 until spring 2008. The main results found that among donors and the attitudes toward the child’s right to get knowledge about their origin showed that women was significantly more positive in several aspects then the men. The results also showed that considering the guiding principles that should comply with gametes donation the recipients and donors had just about similar attitudes. For the recipients there was only the women who had a significant difference in one of the statements, otherwise there was no difference in either of both groups for the attitudes about disclosure to the child.

The decision to become an organ donor involves considering both self-relevant risks and the needs of others. This study applied prospect theory to examine how message frames that focus on the possible survival or death of a potential organ transplant recipient affect participants' willingness to become organ donors. Perceived personal risk and ambivalence were examined as moderating variables. Results indicate that risk, rather than ambivalence, played an instrumental role in participants' decisions to donate. Although no main effects or interactions related to message frame emerged in initial analyses, a supplemental analysis revealed a modest persuasive advantage for the loss-framed message among low-risk participants. Additional analyses revealed that for low-risk participants, perceived benefits of organ donation were higher for the loss frame than the gain frame, whereas the opposite pattern was found for high-risk participants. Findings suggest that decisions about organ donation may be associated with unique responses to message frames.

Bakgrund: För att kunna bli organdonator måste en patient avlida i total hjärninfarkt medan han/hon vårdas i respirator. Det är få personer som avlider på detta sätt.  När döden har fastställts får medicinska åtgärder inte fortsätta mer än 24 timmar. Sjuksköterskan som bör vara med i hela processen, står inför flera utmaningar; är patienten lämplig som organdonator? vad är patientens önskan? vad är anhörigas önskan? m.m. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa sjuksköterskans upplevelse av att vårda en potentiell organdonator med diagnostiserad total hjärninfarkt. Metod: Litteraturstudie baserad på nio vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i kategorierna; att möta anhöriga, behovet av kunskap och sjuksköterskans yrkesroll. Familjeperspektivet involverar etik, lagar och känslomässiga aspekter. Många sjuksköterskor uttryckte att de hade bristande kunskap och att det fanns ett stort behov av utbildning kring hur information och stöd ska ges till anhöriga samt hur en potentiell organdonator identifieras. Vård av en organdonator kräver extra resurser och mer emotionellt engagemang, i jämförelse med att vårda levande IVA patienter. Slutsats: Mer forskning inom organdonation kan öka kunskapen och medvetenheten hos allmänheten och sjukvårdspersonal, vilket kan leda till att öka antalet organdonationer. / Background: In order to become an organ donor, a patient must die of total cerebral infarct while he/she is placed in a ventilator. There are few people who die like that. When death has been established medical interventions may not continue for more than 24 hours. The nurse, who should be involved in the whole donorprocess, faces several challenges: is the patient suitable as an organ donor? what is the patient's wish? what is the family's wish? Etc. Aim: The aim of this study was to illuminate nurses' experience of caring for a potential organ donor diagnosed with total cerebral infarction. Method: Literature review based on nine scientific articles. Results: The results are presented in categories, to meet relatives, the need for knowledge and the nursing profession. Family perspective involves ethics, laws and emotional aspects. Many nurses expressed that they had a lack of knowledge and that there was a great need for education about how information and support should be given to relatives and how a potential organ donor is identified. Caring for an organ donor requires more resources and more emotional involvement, in comparison to caring for a living ICU patient. Conclusion: More research in organ donation can increase knowledge and awareness among the public and health professionals, which may lead to increasing organ donations.

This study sought to expand current narrative persuasion models by examining the role of subtext processing. The extended elaboration likelihood model suggests that transportation leads to persuasion by reducing counterarguments to stories’ persuasive subtexts. The model implicitly argues that transportation should reduce total subtext processing, including counterarguments and intended elaboration. But this study reasoned that people with stronger eudaimonic motivation to have meaningful entertainment experiences, would put more effort into processing stories’ subtexts while engaging with the narrative. Because less eudaimonically motivated individuals may be at risk for missing the subtext, it was also expected that adding a supplemental conclusion scene that reiterates the intended message would facilitate persuasion.Following a pre-test survey, 201 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to view an episode of the crime drama Numb3rs: one of two versions of “Harvest,” designed to promote organ donation (with or without a conclusion scene), or a control episode. After viewing, participants completed a thought-listing task and second survey. Results show that “Harvest” did not result in persuasive outcomes related to organ donation. Transportation was a marginally significant positive predictor of total subtext processing. Contrary to predictions, eudaimonic motivation negatively predicted amount of total subtext processing.Eudaimonic motivation also negatively (but marginally) predicted doctor mistrust, but this effect was moderated by conclusion condition: eudaimonic motivation was negatively associated with doctor mistrust only in the no conclusion condition. Eudaimonic motivation was also negatively (but marginally) associated with intended elaboration. Further examination showed that, compared to people with low eudaimonic motivation, those with high eudaimonic motivation were less likely to engage in intended elaboration, but only in the no conclusion condition. This pattern of findings provides indirect evidence that intended elaboration was responsible for decreasing doctor mistrust among people with high eudaimonic motivation who saw the conclusion. But surprisingly, intended elaboration was not directly related to any persuasive outcomes.The findings tentatively suggest that transportation and subtext processing can coexist and that eudaimonic motivation can affect the extent to which viewers engage in subtext processing during narrative engagement. The results also indicate that supplemental conclusions may be useful tools for narrative persuasion.

These days, consumers are living in a flood of frequent sales promotion practices. They encounter every day low price, seasonal price off, special price discount, free gift, buy one get one free, and other promotions in their daily lives(Promo Magazine,2010).Sales promotions have become more usual, more repetitive, and longer practices than before. Exploration of sales promotion effect has become one of the most popular issue to discuss in the study of marketing. This study wants to examine what kind of promotion is the most effective. There were four kind of normal promotion: free gift for customer¡Bdiscount¡Bdonation with cash and donation with gift. We found that no matter who get the benefit from the promotion, monetary promotion will be more effective than non-monetary promotion in purchase intention and brand attitude of consumers. And this conclusion is different to the past study which said that monetary promotion will determine the brand attitude. The results indicate that monetary promotion can not only increase the purchase intention but also can improve the brand attitude. This study also compares two kind of promotion type one by one, so that company can choose the promotion type depend on which promotion activity the competitor use. And we found that it¡¦s may probably harder to induce student to donation because of the limitation of disposable income. So we can¡¦t use the cause-related promotion when our main customers are students.

Am 16. August 2007 überreichte der Vorstandsvorsitzende der AG DSN, Herr Martin Wilske, Student der Informationssystemtechnik im 7. Semester, dem Generaldirektor der SLUB Dresden, Herrn Dr. Bürger, und der Fachreferentin für Informatik, Frau Sabine Fügner, symbolisch einen Scheck über 2500.- EUR zum Kauf von Informatikliteratur.

Involving patients in medical decisions by acknowledging patients personal values and individual preferences has become an important goal of providing ethical medical care. Despite a general movement towards a model of shared decision-making, many patients do not fully meet their preferred role in practice. The decision whether or not to accept a kidney once it is offered to a patient awaiting transplant has historically been made predominantly by the transplant surgeon with little involvement from the patient. Because dialysis can provide long-term renal replacement, declining a kidney is a viable option. Patient changes over time and inherent heterogeneity of donor kidneys make this an authentic decision requiring careful analysis of costs and benefits from the patient perspective. The purpose of this study is to improve our understanding of how patients and transplant surgeons prioritize different factors when deciding whether or not to accept a kidney that has become available, in order to empower patients to become more involved in the decision-making process. Phase I: We developed a comprehensive list of factors that patients might consider important through qualitative interviews with patients, and deliberation with a transplant surgeon (SK) and a transplant nephrologists (RF). Phase II: We quantified the relative importance of each factor for patients on the transplant list and for transplant surgeons with a computerized survey using Maximum Differences Scaling. We developed relative importance scores using Heirarchical Bayes analysis, and tested for associations between patient characteristics and relative importance scores using Spearmans correlation coefficient and the Mann Whitney U test for continuous and categorical variables respectively. Of the factors evaluated, patients placed the greatest value on Kidney quality, How closely matched you are to the kidney, and How strongly your surgeon feels you should accept the kidney. Relative importance of different factors did not change based on patient demographic characteristics. Patients who are on the waiting list longer give less importance to kidney quality (standard beta estimate -0.23, p value 0.03) and more importance to How difficult it is for you to be matched to a donor (ie whether or not you are sensitized) (standard beta estimate 0.28, p value 0.01). Surgeons placed the greatest value on Kidney quality, How difficult it is for the patient to be matched to a kidney (ie whether or not the patient is sensitized), and The age of the donor. This pilot study suggests a role for standardized education tools to help empower patients to be involved in this difficult decision. Development of decision aids can be guided by the results of this project.

Thesis (L.L.M.)--York University, 2000. / "Graduate Programme in Law, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University." Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ59546.

The decision of an estate owner to employ a trust as an estate planning instrument normally involves the disposal of all or part of his growth assets to the trust. This is done to ensure that the value of such growth assets is pegged down in his personal estate, whilst any growth in the assets occurs in the trust. The objective is to minimise any estate duty that will be payable after his death. The transfer of such assets and the concomitant negotiation of the settlement of the purchase price are normally agreed to occur on loan account which will be repayable on demand. Subsequent to the disposal of the assets, it is a well established estate planning technique for the estate owner to reduce the loan account by annually waiving R30 000 of such loan in favour of the trust. This results in reducing the debit loan (asset) in the hands of the estate owner and thereby also improving his position from an estate duty point of view. The liability (credit loan) of the trust is thereby annually reduced. Because an individual can donate R30 000 annually free of donations tax, no additional donations tax liability will be incurred when applying this technique. Most estate owners that have applied the abovementioned technique, include in their will a provision whereby they bequeath any outstanding loan from the trust at the date of the testator's death, to the trust as a legatee. On 1 October 2001 South Africa entered into a new tax dispensation with the introduction of capital gains tax (CGT). Comprehensive legislation was included in the Income Tax Act (8th schedule) to regulate this new form of taxation. Paragraph 12(5) of the 8th schedule specifically stipulates that a reduction or waiver of a loan/debt will attract CGT. Therefore the above mentioned techniques of donating a portion, and subsequently bequeathing the outstanding loan amount to a trust suddenly became the target of SARS' close scrutiny from a CGT perspective. Hence, it was no surprise that the first High Court decision on CGT had recently been delivered in this regard. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate and scrutinise, not only the decision in the abovementioned court case, but also the various opinions and arguments raised on this topic. The submission is that the findings and conclusions of such an investigation should enable those involved in estate planning and the preparation of wills to be wary of the CGT risks attached to the abovementioned techniques and to avoid the pitfalls. Certain recommendations and conclusions to achieve the same estate planning result, are proposed in this dissertation. Certain suggestions were also made with regards to the wording of provisions to be included in a will in order to bequeath a loan or debt to a trust without the risk of attracting unforeseen CGT. / Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

This thesis investigates the role of Canadians in the international trade in human organs and the factors influencing patient decision making, assuming that patients make decisions regarding the management of their illness in a complex social, cultural, political and economic nexus. It engages a broad theoretical question of whether Canadians uphold values consistent with a commitment to consumerism, commodifying organs as needed and afforded, or altruism, supportive of voluntary organ donation systems. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with hemodialysis patients and their care givers in a southern Ontario hospital. Based on this analysis, Canadians appear to fall somewhere in the middle of the consumer-altruist divide. The dominant sentiment among participants was that Canadians ought not to be commodified, but the organs of foreign others in places removed from the Canadian value system hold potential, and provide opportunities for participating in a market when the supply of organs falls short of demand.